Time shifting operations :
The different time-shifting operations are as follow :
- Time delay
- Folding
- Time advance
- Folding
- Folding and advance
- Folding and delay
1. Time delay :
In the case of a discrete time signal, the given sequence can be delayed by a few samples. We know that the discrete time signal is denoted by x (n).
Suppose we want to delay this sequence by "k" sample. It will be denoted by x (n-k).
x (n) = Original sequence
x (n-k) = Original sequence delayed by k samples.
Here k is an integer
x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, k=2
↑
x(n-2) = { 0, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
2. Time advance :
Time advance operation is opposite to the time delay operation. Consider the same sequence is shown given below :
x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
x(n+2) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
3. Folding :
Folding is also called as reflection. Thus if x (n) represents input signal then x (-n) represent folded input signal.
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
x (-n) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }
↑
4. Folding and delay :
- First fold the sequence x(n); that means obtain x (-n)
- Then delay the folded sequence by k sample
delay
x (n) → x (n-k)
delay
x (-n) → x [- (n-k) ] = x (-n+k)
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
x (-n) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }
↑
x (-n+2) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }
↑
advance
x (n) → x (n+k)
advance
x (-n) → x [- (n+k) ] = x (-n-k)
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
x (-n) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }
↑
x(-n-2) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0 }
↑
Time scaling operation :
- Downscaling
- upscaling
1. Down scaling :
consider the same sequence x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
y (n) = x (2n)
Now from given sequence x (n) we can write :
x(0) = 1
x(1) = 2
x(2) = 3
x(3) = 4
x(4) = 5
This gives the value of x (n) for different value of n;
y(n) = x (2n)
y(0) = x (0) = 1
y(1) = x (2) = 3
y(2) = x (4) = 5
y(3) = x (6) = 0
y(n) = x (2n) = {1, 3, 5, 0.....}
↑
2. Up scaling or expansion :
Consider same input sequence x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } is applied to certain device which produces output y(n) = x(n/2). ↑
Thus in this case :
y(n) = x(n/2)
y(0) = x(0/2) = x(0) =1
y(1) = x(1/2) → No sample
y(2) = x(2/2) = x (1) = 2
y(3) = x(3/2)= x(1.5) → No sample
y(4) = x(4/2) = x (2) = 3
y(5) = x(5/2) = x (2.5) → No sample
y(6) = x(6/2) = x (3) = 4
y(7) = x(7/2) = x (3.5) → No sample
y(8) = x(8/2) = x (4) = 5
y (n) = x (n/2) = { 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 5 }
↑
Amplitude scaling operation :
- Up-scaling
- Down-scaling
- Addition
- Multiplication
1. Up-scaling :
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
x(0) = 1
x(1) = 2
x(2) = 3
x(3) = 4
x(4) = 5
y (n) 2 x(n) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
↑
2. Down-scaling :
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
y (n) = x (n) / 2 = { 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 }
↑
3. Addition :
x1(n) = { 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 }
↑
x2(n) = { 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 }
↑y (n) = x1(n) + x2(n)
y (n) = { 3, 3, 0, 3, 3 }
↑
4. Multiplication :
x1(n) = { 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 }
↑
x2(n) = { 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 }
↑y (n) = x1(n) * x2(n)
y (n) = { 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 }
↑
Time shifting operations :
The different time-shifting operations are as follow :
- Time delay
- Folding
- Time advance
- Folding
- Folding and advance
- Folding and delay
1. Time delay :
In the case of a discrete time signal, the given sequence can be delayed by a few samples. We know that the discrete time signal is denoted by x (n).
Suppose we want to delay this sequence by "k" sample. It will be denoted by x (n-k).
x (n) = Original sequence
x (n-k) = Original sequence delayed by k samples.
Here k is an integer
x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, k=2
↑
x(n-2) = { 0, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
2. Time advance :
Time advance operation is opposite to the time delay operation. Consider the same sequence is shown given below :
x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
x(n+2) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
3. Folding :
Folding is also called as reflection. Thus if x (n) represents input signal then x (-n) represent folded input signal.
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
x (-n) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }
↑
4. Folding and delay :
- First fold the sequence x(n); that means obtain x (-n)
- Then delay the folded sequence by k sample
delay
x (n) → x (n-k)
delay
x (-n) → x [- (n-k) ] = x (-n+k)
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
x (-n) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }
↑
x (-n+2) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }
↑
advance
x (n) → x (n+k)
advance
x (-n) → x [- (n+k) ] = x (-n-k)
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
x (-n) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }
↑
x(-n-2) = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0 }
↑
Time scaling operation :
- Downscaling
- upscaling
1. Down scaling :
consider the same sequence x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
y (n) = x (2n)
Now from given sequence x (n) we can write :
x(0) = 1
x(1) = 2
x(2) = 3
x(3) = 4
x(4) = 5
This gives the value of x (n) for different value of n;
y(n) = x (2n)
y(0) = x (0) = 1
y(1) = x (2) = 3
y(2) = x (4) = 5
y(3) = x (6) = 0
y(n) = x (2n) = {1, 3, 5, 0.....}
↑
2. Up scaling or expansion :
Consider same input sequence x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } is applied to certain device which produces output y(n) = x(n/2). ↑
Thus in this case :
y(n) = x(n/2)
y(0) = x(0/2) = x(0) =1
y(1) = x(1/2) → No sample
y(2) = x(2/2) = x (1) = 2
y(3) = x(3/2)= x(1.5) → No sample
y(4) = x(4/2) = x (2) = 3
y(5) = x(5/2) = x (2.5) → No sample
y(6) = x(6/2) = x (3) = 4
y(7) = x(7/2) = x (3.5) → No sample
y(8) = x(8/2) = x (4) = 5
y (n) = x (n/2) = { 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 5 }
↑
Amplitude scaling operation :
- Up-scaling
- Down-scaling
- Addition
- Multiplication
1. Up-scaling :
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
x(0) = 1
x(1) = 2
x(2) = 3
x(3) = 4
x(4) = 5
y (n) 2 x(n) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
↑
2. Down-scaling :
x (n) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
↑
y (n) = x (n) / 2 = { 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 }
↑
3. Addition :
x1(n) = { 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 }
↑
x2(n) = { 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 }
↑y (n) = x1(n) + x2(n)
y (n) = { 3, 3, 0, 3, 3 }
↑
4. Multiplication :
x1(n) = { 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 }
↑
x2(n) = { 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 }
↑y (n) = x1(n) * x2(n)
y (n) = { 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 }
↑