Advantages of Packet Switching over Circuit Switching

Packet switching is a communication technology that divides data into smaller units known as packets and transfers them over a network. Each packet contains the source and destination addresses, as well as additional routing information. Packets may take alternate paths to their destination and be broadcast out of order or delayed owing to network congestion.

Advantages of Packet Switching:

1. Packet switching is more reliable than circuit switching.
2. Packet switching has increased efficiency and reduced bandwidth network waste.
3. Packet switching operates at an ideal speed with low latency factors.
4. Packet switching enhanced the circuit's fault tolerance.
5. Packet switching is more adaptable and can handle a wider range of data speeds and packet sizes than circuit switching.
6. Packet switching is cheaper than circuit switching since resources are shared by multiple users.
7. Packet switching is efficient because it distributes bandwidth among several users and allocates resources only when data has to be transferred.
8. Packet switching networks are often more fault tolerant because data can use alternate pathways if one path becomes unavailable, ensuring continuous communication even in the event of a network breakdown. 

Packet switching offer greater flexibility, efficiency and resilience compared to circuit switching, making it more suitable for modern, data intensive networks. 

Pros and Cons of DSL

DSL stands for Digital subscriber line. The same pair of copper wires that carry your phone service are also used by DSL to carry internet data to an advanced modulation technique. DSL is frequently called a last mile technology because it is only utilized for connection made between switching stations that is from one phone station to another, instead of between switching stations. 

Advantages of DSL | Pros of DSL

1.Speed: DSL provides high speed internet access, it is far better than that of normal modems. It allowing user to stream, download and upload large amount of data quickly.

2. Reliable:  DSL is a reliable alternative for internet connection since it is constant dependable technology with continuous performance. 

3. Cost effective: DSL internet is a low-cost alternative to cable connections that offers high-quality connectivity.

4. No additional cables: DSL connection utilizes your existing phone line, eliminating the need for expensive phone system upgrades.

5. Widespread availability: DSL is accessible in numerous locations, including rural areas, as it operates over phone lines.

6. Easy installation: DSL is an excellent alternative for people who are new to the internet or need to go online quickly because it is straightforward to set up and does not require any additional equipment.

7. Support multiple devices: DSL is great choice for homes with a lot of users and gadgets because it can support several devices at once. 

Disadvantages of DSL |  Cons of DSL

1. Limitation on distance: The primary disadvantages of DSL connection drops with increasing distance from the central office. This may restrict the amount of high speed internet that is available in remote or rural locations that are far from the main office. 

2. Telephone line dependence:  DSL technology relies on copper telephone lines, which can be affected by interference from various electronic devices such as televisions and microwaves.

3. Bandwidth constraints: The efficiency of a DSL connection can be influenced by factors such as the number of users on the network, the distance from the central office, and the quality of the copper cable, resulting in variations in performance and speed.

4. Availability of service providers: DSL services are typically offered by telephone companies, but in certain areas, the options for service providers may be limited. This can make it challenging for customers to select the most suitable plan or provider for their requirements.

5. Installation restrictions: The installation of a new DSLAM at the central office, which is required for DSL technology, can increase costs and time for enterprises. It also need new infrastructure and wiring, which may be challenging in particular areas.

What is AVCHD

AVCHD stands for advanced video coding high definition, It captures 1080i and 720p with ease, this format is typically used for Hi-Def videos. The AVCHD format was jointly developed by Sony and Panasonic in 2006. Additional characteristics that make this video format ideal for media presentations include menu navigation, basic slide and subtitles. You may effectively burn high definition video into a conventional disc players by using this format.

How to open AVCHD files

• Know the location of the AVCHD file you want to open.
• Launch creator NXT. File>Open>.
• Select the files and select open.
• Edit the file with creators many audio and video editing tools.
• Before you choose creator, be sure to save your file. File > Save As, And name it as  desired. 

The fundamental component of this format is an MPEG transport stream that contains the H.264 video codec and Dolby AC-3 audio, along with additional restrictions related to the camcorders. Additional characteristics that make this video format ideal for media presentations include menu navigation, basic slide and subtitles. 

AVCHD Pros

• It is able to record good quality live pictures.
• It is compatible with blu ray disc format.
• It produce good quality audio.
• AVCHD can easily record 1920 by 1080 resolution at 16:9 aspect ratio, 60i, 50i footage.

AVCHD Cons

• It is difficult to save in one file because of the .m2ts file format.

AVCHD Vs MP4 | Difference | Comparison

Regarding AVCHD Vs MP4 for editing, are you confused? What is superior? The sizes, video quality, frame rate, audio codec, video codec and other features of these two media formats have been compared here. Let's continue to examine the differences between them.

What is AVCHD?

AVCHD, Advanced video Codec High definition, is a file based format used for digital HD video recording and playback. The high efficiency compression coding technologies used in the development of the AVCHD format by Sony and Panasonic jointly included H.264 and MPEG-4 part 10 for video compression and Dolby AC-3 and pulse code modulation for audio compression. 

You can record HD video to hard drives, memory cards, and DVDs using AVCHD. AVCHD enables direct HDMI port connections to HD TVs and other compatible devices. 

What is MP4?

MP4 was developed by a team of motion picture professionals. Although it supports several different video codecs, the format favors H.264. It is supported by many modern devices. In relation to it, consumers of this format obtain videos of excellent quality in relatively tiny file sizes. Adding extra audio tracks and soft-subtitling MP4 movies is difficult. MP4 videos are easily transferable. They support the HLS and MPEG-DASH streaming protocols.

AVCHD VS MP4 | Difference between AVCHD  and MP4

File Extension

AVCHD has the .mts format, but when stored in a computer, they require the .m2ts extension. On the other hand, All MP4 files have a .mp4 extension anytime. 

Video quality

An AVCHD video contains even the most minute details captured by camcorders. So, if you compare AVCHD vs MP4 for canon recording, AVCHD is good choice for quality. Whereas the MP4 can go up to 60 frames per second at 1080p.

Best for

AVCHD is best of playback of high definition video recording, Whereas MP4 is video and audio, and stream over the internet.

File Size

AVCHD files are larger than MP4 files in terms of size. AHCHD is less compressed than MP4. 

 Best for

AVHD playback of high definition video and digital recording, MP4 store video and audio, and stream over the internet.

Frame Rate

The frame rate of AVCHD is 24  frame/s  for 60 Hz models, and 50 frames/s for 50 Hz models, but the frame rate of MP4 is 24 frame/s for most movies, 25 frames/s and 30 frame/s for TV video.

Video Codec

Video codec AVCHD - MPEG-4 AVC/H.264, Video codec MP4 - MPEG-4 AVC/H.264

Audio Codec

Audio codec AVCHD - Dolby Digital AC - 3, Audio codec MP4 - MPEG-4 AAC LC.

Pros and Cons of Cable Internet

The switch of records for cable net operates via coaxial cable lines, which might be additionally applied for cable TV offerings. Unlike fiber generation that employs light, cable net makes use of strength to transmit records. While it can now no longer provide the equal excessive speeds as fiber, cable net connections are presently extra easily to be had and accessible.

Pros of Cable Internet | Advantages of Cable Internet

1. Speed of connection

In contrast to the choices available online, cable internet offers much faster internet speeds compared to other cables. Information can travel at a rapid pace when coaxial cables are utilized to transport it.

 2. Widespread Availability 

The coaxial cable infrastructure that helps each your cable tv and cable net offerings comes with some of critical benefits. Their accessibility is significantly extended through this not unusual place infrastructure, specifically in towns area. 

3. Weatherproof

Compared to satellite TV for computer internet, cable internet is unaffected by bad weather.

4. Affordable choice

Cable internet offers cost-effective connectivity for every households and wonderful corporations devices, delivering a several array of services and applications.

5. Reliability

Another advantages of cabIe internet is it is more dependable than a wireless connection. With a connected, signal interference is less likely to occur.

6. Better support for customers

The major blessings of Cable Internet is it's far in Customers in those occasions want a web connection that resolves speedy and it gives great purchaser provider.

7. Strong security

Because cable net makes use of a modem and router configuration, so it's far extra stable in opposition to hackers than a few different options.

8. Flexibility

Some providers frequently provide a range of plans at varying speeds and costs. Some even include combining with other services, such as phone or cable TV. 

Cons of Cable Internet | Disadvantages of Cable Internet

1. Installation

The main drawback of a cable internet connection requires the presence of existing coaxial wires. It could be necessary to hire a professional installer if you don't have them.

2. Distance Limitations

If you stay a long way from the provider carriers important office, the great and velocity of your DSL connection may also go through and now no longer to be good.

3. Standalone cost

When as compared to bundled services, having handiest cable net and no cable TV may also bring about extra expenses.

4. Latency

When as compared to extra current technology like fiber optic, cable net may also have a bigger latency. So, Games and different actual time programs can be impacted through this problem.

5. Slower in Comparison

DSL connection typically don't have speeds comparable to cable or fiber optic connections.

6. Not the fastest

Another major drawback is Fiber optic and fixed wireless internet are two possibilities for speedier internet. While their cable internet speed is no fastest compared to others.

7. Cost

Cable internet  costs a little bit more than DSL cable.

Fiber Vs Broadband | Difference | Comparison

In addition being reliable, fiber broadband is significantly faster than regular broadband. One kind of internet service that offer its customers high speed access is called broadband.  Let's discuss some key difference between Fiber Vs Broadband in the following points. 

What is Fiber?

Photons or light waves are used in fiber optics to carry data across a fiber optic cable. Because the refractive indices of the glass fiber core and cladding differ light entering the structure is bent at varying angles. Repeaters may need to be used on a regular basis during fiber optic transmission in order to restore or enhance the signal during the transmission. These repeaters regenerate the optical signal by first converting it to an electrical signal, then processing that signal, and finally retransmitting the optical signal. Signal up to 10 Gbps can currently be supported by fiber optic lines. In general, fiber optic cables get more expensive the higher their bandwidth capacity. 

What is Broadband?

High speed internet connectivity that is always on and faster than dial up is generally referred to as broadband. Many high speed transmission systems are included in broadband such as:

• Digital subscriber Line(DSL) cable satellite fiber modem
• Broadband via power lines(BPL)

There are several elements that will influence the broadband technology you choose. These could include your locations, the cost and availability of broadband internet access and the way it is combined with other services. 

Fiber Vs Broadband | Difference between Fiber and Broadband 

1. Network

In fiber type broadband, fiber optic cables are used for sending the data. The hybrid fiber connection uses the copper wires. In a normal broadband, the copper circuits are used. 

2. Reliability

The fiber broadband is less reliable when it is compared to a broadband connection. But the broadband connection is more reliable compare to fiber broadband. 

3. Speed

The fiber broadband connection is very fast speed internet as it uses optical fiber for transmission of data. The fiber broadband is faster than broadband connection. On the other hand, The broadband connection is fast speed internet, but the speed is slower when it is compared to fiber connection. 

4. Cost

The fiber connection is not so cost effective as the fiber cables are costlier, increasing the cost if fiber connection setup. In contrast the cost of broadband setup is comparatively less to a fiber broadband connection. 

5. Target Audience

The main target audience for the fiber connection is office and corporate sector as the cost is high for this setup that the organization can afford. The fiber is a high speed internet connection that is the requirement of large scale organization.

The main target audience for the broadband connection is homes and personal uses as the cost of broadband connection is low and the connection is also reliable and fast speed internet. 

Conclusion

When you locate impacts whether to use broadband or fiber optics. User can easily get high speed internet with both fiber and broadband connections. The requirements and needs of the user will determine which option is best for them.

What is DSL Internet

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber line, it is technology where a DSL line is used to connect to the internet and transmit digital data through copper telephone lines. DSL is emerged as revolutionary and innovative technology solution in the 1980s and 1990s. In-depth discussion of DSL, Addressing connection, Types, Full form, and network topology is provided in this article.

DSL full form:

DSL stands for digital subscriber Line. This nomenclature is rooted in the technology fundamental function. The subscriber line is part of the name indicates that the technology is used on the individual lines of subscribers, typically ordinary telephone line that connect homes and business to the telephone company's  central office. 

There are three types of DSL:

• ADSL: With asymmetric DSL, download rates are quicker. Data reception is quicker than data transmission. 20 Mbps for downloads and 1.4 Mbps for uploads are possible.
• SDSL: Because symmetric DSL evenly divides the incoming and outgoing frequencies, the bitrates for uploads and downloads are equal.
• VDSL: Very high speed digital subscriber line, an upgrade on their prior HDSL, VDSL connects to extremely high frequencies providing download speed of up to 52 Mbps and upload speed of up to 16 Mbps. VDSL2 can provide speed up to 1000 Mbps for both upload and download.

How does DSL operates?

DSL transmit data by using copper telephone lines higher frequency channels. Because of this strategy, phone and internet services can operates simultaneously on the same line without interfacing with one another. A DSL modem, which modulates and demodulates data signals, and a DSL cable, which connects the modem to the phone line, are the essential part of a DSL connection. User will always have a dedicated line for internet access due to this configuration.

5G Vs Fiber | Difference | Comparison

Many people have asked about the difference between fiber optic internet and the 5G network since their launch. We all need to have access to fast internet since things are changing quickly in this world and because people rely more and more on it. You may be wondering how 5G differs from fiber optic. Here this article gives the information about the difference between 5G and Fiber to better understand about this topic. 

What is 5G?

5G(Fifth Generation) is wireless technology expected to offer customers download rates that can reach 10 times the speed of fourth generation(4G) technology. 5G networks provide users higher upload and download speeds by combining several technologies, such as beamforming, huge MIMO antenna arrays and millimeter waves. While 5G is currently only available in a few places and is still in the early stages of implementation, it should soon be available everywhere. 

Pros of 5G

• 5G network can offer up to 10 times faster speeds compared to 4G networks.
• 5G network can support more devices simultaneously compared to previous generations of wireless technology.
• 5G network offer lower latency.

Cons of 5G

• 5G technology is more expensive compared to other broadband technology.
• It is few areas have access it.

What is Fiber?

Many businesses have adopted fiber optic as their internet communication method. Though it is offered via the use of a copper wire connection. Fiber optic internet operates on a somewhat different concept. It is one of the most popular option because the connection primarily uses light, rather than power to transmit data. 

Pros of Fiber

• It is symmetrical speeds
• Lots of plan and price options.
• It is long lasting.
• It is greater bandwidth.
• It is cheap to replace.
• Less interference.
• It is multi gigabit speeds.

Cons of Fiber

• It is expensive to install.
• It is limited nationwide availability.
• It is not available everywhere.
• It may slow down during high traffic periods.
• It is not as fast at transferring data as 5G.

5G Vs Fiber | Difference between 5G and Fiber

1. Technology

5G is the 5th generation of mobile wireless system, which use radio wave for sending and receiving data. But the Fiber uses light to transmit data through fiber optic cables. 

2. Speed

5G can reach up to the scale of 20 Gbps Downlink, and 10 Gbps uplink. Fiber optic can reach up to 1 petabit per second. However the practical speed up to 100 Gbps. So the fiber download speed are quicker than 5G download speeds.

3. Cost

5G is lot of cheaper to install and roll out, but the operational cost of 5G is significantly higher than fiber optic. 

4. Distance

5G reach up to few 100 meters, On the other hand, Signal over  Fiber can travel up to 70 Km without losing signals. Where's the cost of the end user is also considerably lower than fiber. 

5. Security

Fiber internet is generally more secure due to being wired. 5G network utilize end to end encryption. This makes 5G the more secure choice.

6. Response Time

5G is slower than fiber optics whereas Fiber is faster than 5G.

7. Latency

5G has a latency of around four milliseconds, Whereas the fiber figure of one millisecond.

8. Set up

5G is wireless, it is simple and easy to set up. For 5G connection, first you'll need to check whether a 5G connection is available at your address. On the other hand, Fiber optic connection is a lot of more complex, and you'll require a fiber optic cable running from a junction box to the place you want the modem installed in your home. 

Conclusion

As you can see, 5G is certainly an advantages for smartphones, the technology isn't yet ready to completely replace fiber to the home internet service. These two technologies share many characteristics but also offer differ in a few ways. The most important is speed. The bandwidth of fiber optic is significantly more than of a 5G network. 

Similar Reads:

1. Difference between connection-oriented and connectionless services
2. Difference between Ethernet and Internet
3. Difference between the DSL modem and cable modem
4. Difference between router and bridge
5. Difference between UTP and STP
6. Difference between optical fiber and coaxial cable
7. Fiber Vs DSL

Fiber Vs DSL | Difference | Comparison

Nowadays, the internet plays an important role in personal and business usage. In this post, our focus will be on Fiber Vs DSL, the two types of physical wire for internet connection. As discussing, Fiber internet and DSL(Digital Subscriber Line) will all grant you a connection to the internet. 

What is Fiber?

Fiber optic internet connect to the web via fiber optic cable. Fiber internet cable is the fastest and best internet you can get. Fiber optic internet making more faster and more reliable service. It is newer technology than DSL and requiring less upkeep. This type of cable is most advanced and fastest option for internet connectivity.

Key Fact of Fiber

• Fiber is symmetrical upload and download speeds.
• It is capable of supporting several devices simultaneously.
• Fiber is typically a more expensive option.
• It is not available everywhere.
• Speeds are consistent even when fibers are very long.

Pros of Fiber 

• It is more secure from cyber crimes
• It is not vulnerable to inclement weather damage, and human or electrical interference.
• It is faster connection speed and carrying capacity than DSL and cable.

Cons of Fiber

• It is not widely available, offered by select internet service providers.
• Typically expensive than DSL and cable.
• Speed can be slower during peak hours.
• It require professional installation.
• It require new infrastructure. 

What is DSL?

DSL is stand for digital subscriber line. It uses a sophisticated modulation scheme to pack internet data into the same pair of copper wires that carry your phone service. DSL is sometimes referred to as a last-mile technology. It is used to connect a telephone switching station to a home or office rather than between switching stations.

Key Fact of DSL

• DSL is slow upload and download speeds.
• It is not ideal for larger households.
• DSL speeds decrease when wires are long.
• It is only enough bandwidth to support basic internet surfing.

Pros of DSL

• It is available in rural areas.
• It doesn't require new wiring.
• Connection isn't slowed down by neighbors.

Cons of DSL

• Services not available everywhere.
• It is not the fastest high speed internet option
• Speed depends on how close you are to providers central office.

Fiber Vs DSL | Difference between Fiber and DSL 

Speed: Fiber can reach download speeds of up to 5000Mbps with upload speeds to match, on the other DSL speeds won't typically reach much higher than 100Mbps for uploads. Fiber is always going to offer higher data transfer speeds.

1.Cost

The average price of fiber internet is $60 to $300 a month, whereas The average price of DSL internet is $30 to $60 a month.

2. Availability

Fiber is fastest and most reliable internet connection available. It is typically available in select urban areas. On the other hand,  Especially in urban and suburban regions, DSL internet cable is more available. 

3. Security

Fiber optic cables are the most secure ones with high security and low privacy risk, on the other hand, DSL provided customers with dedicated line, therefore it is less likely to cause internet security issues.

4. Installation

DSL cable installation and setup are extremely quick, simple, and easy. Depending on how many rooms you need wired, this could end up costing $1000 or even more. DSL cable need is a router, modem and phone card in order to connect them. Fiber installation costing between $50 and $100 depending on how close you live to a fiber network and what type of building you live in. 

Conclusion

In this article finally we conclude that, Fiber optic cables are fast speeds and high security provides, while DSL is suitable for rural customers, ethernet cable is ideal for people who don't have access to fiber or they have no requirement for lightning fast speeds.

Similar Reads:

1. Difference between connection-oriented and connectionless services
2. Difference between Ethernet and Internet
3. Difference between the DSL modem and cable modem
4. Difference between router and bridge
5. Difference between UTP and STP
6. 5G Vs Fiber 
7. Difference between optical fiber and coaxial cable

Advantages and Disadvantages of Circuit Switching

This post is cover the advantages and disadvantages of Circuit switching. Some main Advantages and Disadvantages of Circuit Switching are as follows. 

Advantages of Circuit Switching

Following are the Advantages or Benefits of Circuit Switching

1. Reliability

The main benefits of Circuit switching provides a high level of reliability. In this type of circuit a  dedicated circuit between path is reserved for the entire duration for the communication purpose. This is surety about that the data will be transmitted without any loss of corruption. 

2. Quality of Service

Circuit switching provides a guaranteed quality of service, Also this type of network is connection oriented network. So this type of  switching network can be used certain types of traffic such as voice and video.

3. Dedicated channel

Circuit switching networks reserve a dedicated communication channel circuit for communication, which only the two endpoint can access.

4. Guaranteed Bandwidth

Circuit switching network provides a dedicated path for communication purpose, This is conform that bandwidth is guaranteed for the duration of the communication. That's why it can be used for long distance communication. 

5. Predictable performance

The bandwidth is reserved, and there is no competition for resources So, Circuit switching network provides predictable performance because 

6. Security

Circuit switching network are more secure than packet switched networks. Due to having two communicating parities on a dedicated circuit.

7. Low Latency

Circuit switching offers reduced latency. Because there is no need to establish a connection for each data packet. The path is predetermined. Thus, real-time audio & video communication may be appropriate.  

Disadvantages of Circuit Switching

Following are the Disadvantages or Drawback of Circuit switching

1. Limited use

Circuit switch networks can only be used for  real time voice service. There are time required to establish the physical link between the two station is to long. They aren't available for other types of communication. 

2. Expensive

Circuit switching is an expensive technology compared to other type of switching network. This type of network require dedicated communication paths, which can be more expensive to set up.

3. Susceptible to failure

Circuit switching is susceptible to failure. As it require more bandwidth, and relies on a dedicated communication path. 

4. Inflexible

Only circuit switched  traffic is allowed to use a dedicated channel and it need to require  more bandwidth. So it is inflexible.

5. Unsuitable for irregular traffic

Data is transmitted intermittently at regular intervals So Circuit switching is not suitable for bursty traffic.

6. Not effective

In circuit switching network is not more effective, When it's not in use, network bandwidth is totally wasted and circuit is continuously reserved. 

7. Limited Mobility

Circuit switching network is not flexible. When we use circuit switch it need to be requires a dedicated circuit between the communicating devices. The circuit cannot be used waste of resources for any other purpose until the communication is complete, which limits the flexibility of the network.

Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in mind on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Circuit Switching then please ask us in the comment section below.

Explore more information:

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching

Circuit switching techniques | Characteristics | Types | Advantages | Applications

Circuit switching is a network configuration operates almost the same way as the telephone system works. In this network configuration, two network endpoints are connected via a dedicated physical path for the duration of the dedicated connection.  Before communication to occur, there needs to be a complete end-to-end channel. Regular telephone service makes use of circuit switching. 

There are three phase of circuit switching which are as follows:

Circuit Establishment:

A dedicated physical route is established between the sender and the receiver. The path may include a number of intermediate switching centers.

Transfer of Data:

After the establishment or setup phase, data is transferred through the dedicated path.

Circuit Disconnect:

Once the data transfer is done, the circuit is disconnected from one of the ends. All the intermediate links are disconnected in this phase. 

Circuit Switching

Circuit Switching Example:

• Analog telephone network
• Optical mesh network
• Physical switch telephone network(PSTN)

Characteristics of Circuit switching:

• It is fixed amount of data is transferred.
• Circuit switching is capable of handling both data as well as voice signals.
• The data is process at the source end.
•  It implemented at the physical layer.
• A dedicated connection is required for circuit switching.
• It is usually used for voice communication.

Types of switches in Circuit Switching:

Space Division Switches

• Space division switching, the paths in the circuit are separated from each other.
• The main reason of the space division was for the analog network. 
• It is mostly used for both analog and digital switching.
• It is mostly find application like digital communication and semiconductors gates.
• Switching in space division has a great capacity and speed. as well as non-blocking switches.

Time Division Switches

• In the time division switching method, the number of connections travels along the same trunk line.
• Time division multiplexing is used to divide the streams into segments and ensure that the segments are supplied at specific times. 
• The detection of the elements happens with the help of de-multiplexer.

Following are the Advantages of Circuit Switching:

• Circuit switching has fixed bandwidth
• This type of switching the communication channel is dedicated.
• Circuit switching are more secure than packet switching.
• This types of switching reordering is not required.
• It also applied for data traffic.

Following are the Disadvantages of Circuit Switching:

• Circuits switching takes long time to establish connection approx 10 seconds.
• They required more bandwidth in setting up dedicated channels.
• It need to requires a dedicated circuit between the communicating devices, so circuit switching is not flexible.
• This type of switching technology the establishment time is high.
• Circuit switching is expensive technology as compared to other type of switching technology.
• Circuit switching is not suitable for bursty traffic.

Circuit Switch Applications:

It is used in variety of application. Some uses of it are as follows:

• It is mostly used in mobile communication.
• This type of switching is widely used for long distance communication is required for long period of time. 
• Public switch telephone network(PSTN).
• It is used in Landline telephones.
• It is communally used in private wide area network.
• Internet via dial up service which in turn uses landline cables.

Differences between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

• In circuit switching there is no concept of store and forward transmission, whereas in packet switching network, each node may store incoming packets and forward them after use.
• Circuit switching is more reliable whereas the packet switching is not more reliable.
• In circuit switching, bandwidth is fixed because it is reserved in advance, whereas in packet switching it require bandwidth is dynamic because it can be released as it is needed.
•  Circuit switching is mainly preferred for voice transmission, on the other hand Packet switching is mainly preferred for data transmission.

Explore more information:

1. Advantages and disadvantages of  Packet switching
2. Advantages and disadvantages of  Message switching
3. Difference between packet and Message switching

Advantages and Disadvantages of Packet Switching

This post is cover the advantages and disadvantages of packet switching. Some main Advantages and Disadvantages of Packet Switching are as follows. 

What is Packet Switching?

Packet switching is a digital network communication method that groups all transmitted data into suitable small  sized blocks, call packets, which are transmitted via a medium that may be shared  by multiple simultaneous communication sessions. Packet switching increase network efficiency, robustness, enables technology convergence of many applications operating on the same network.

Following are the Advantages of Packets switching:

1. The advantages of packet switching is that it is cost effective, because switching devices do not need massive amount of secondary storage.
2. Line efficiency is higher while using packet switching.
3. Packet switching can be more reliable.
4. Packet switching can be rerouted if there is any problem, such as busy or disables links.
5. Another benefits of Packet switching offers improved delay characteristics, because there are no long messages in the queue.
6. The main advantages of packet switching is that many network users  can share the same channel at the same time. Packet switching can maximize link efficiency by making maximum use of link bandwidth.
7. Packet switching is mostly used for voice and video chats with apps like Skype, WhatsApp, Google Talk.
8. This type of switching has less bandwidth network wastages.
9. Packet switching can perform data rate conversion.
10. They improved fault tolerance of the circuit.

Following are the Disadvantages of Packets Switching:

1. Packet switching is useless for real transmission.
2. Another drawback of packet switching is it is inefficient for high congestion.
3. Packet switching can be a bit more complex.
4. This type of switching is only beneficial for small messages or small data.
5. Another drawbacks of packet switching is that it is not security protocol are not used during packet transmission.
6. They are not ideal for application that are in constant use, such as high volume voice calls.
7. While using packet switching, transmission delay is more because of rerouting.
8. Packet switching can add some initial cost in implementation.
9. While using packet switch we need to provide sequence number for each packet. 
10. If packet is lost sender need to retransmit the data. 

Related Post:

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching

Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching

This article gives the Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching. 

What is Message Switching?

Message Switching

The smallest individual unit is a message. The sender and recipient do not have a direct connection either. Many intermediate nodes transmit out data to guarantee that the message gets to its target recipient. Thus message switched data networks are sometimes known as hop-by-hop networks. Message switching is lower complexity, highly reliable, and reduces traffic congestion. Message switching requires more time than packet switching since the entire message continues to be stored at each hop point until it is received in its entirety.

Advantages or Benefits of Message Switching

1. The main advantage of Message switching is that the devices communicate with each other to exchange data channels, which increases the effectiveness of using available bandwidth.
2. Another benefit of message switching in contrast to circuit switching, it does not require the source and destination devices to be physically connected. 
3. While using message switching, it is possible to change the message size that gets sent across the network. As a result, it can accommodate data of any length.
4. Message switching offers a higher channel efficiency than circuit switching since multiple devices can transfer messages over the same channel; at the same time.
5. It allows for infinitely long messages.
6. While using a message switch the message is simply maintained in the nodes, which can help reduce traffic congestion.
7. Properties can be added to the message as they are being delivered using the store and forward techniques.

Disadvantages or Drawbacks of Message Switching

1. The main drawback of message switching is that the real-time application can't utilize message switching because storing messages causes delays.
2. This method is expensive due to the cost of the store and forward devices. This is because maintaining long messages for a long duration of time requires huge storage disks.
3. While using in Message switching every intermediate device in the network needs a large storage capacity since the message requires the message to be stored.
4. While using Messaging switching priorities can be incorporated into the message as they are being delivered using the store and forward technique.
5. Another drawback of message switching is that a dedicated path is not established between the devices by the message switching type. Communication is not dependable when there isn't a direct connection between the sender and the recipient.
6. Using this switching complexity of the system, users frequently don't know if messages are transferred effectively. S the social relationship issues could result from this. 
7. And last, this method is expensive due to the cost of storing and forwarding devices. This is the result of the need for a lot of systems to hold long communications.

Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in mind on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching then please ask us in the comment section below. 

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UHF VS VHF | Difference | Comparison

When selecting the best two-way radio for your purposes, it can be helpful to know the difference between UHF or ultra-high frequency and VHF or very high frequency.  Which is better UHF or VHF? So let us check out the difference between UHF and VHF to better understand this topic.

What is the difference between UHF and VHF?

What is UHF?

UHF stands for ultra-high frequency. Within the electromagnetic spectrum, it is the range of radio frequencies that fall between 300 MHz and 3 GHz. UHF signals are widely utilised in radio and television broadcasting, usually delivering TV signals on channels 14 through 83, because they are least impacted by external conditions.

What is VHF?

The VHF stands for very high frequency and describes the radio frequency band span from 30 MHz to 299 MHz.  In addition to broadcasting television and FM radio. VHF is also used for traffic control, radar, military and local mobile radio, radio modem transmissions, marine navigation systems, and air navigation systems. Typically, VHF television channels range from 2 to 13.

UHF Vs VHF  | Difference between UHF and VHF

Following are the differences between UHF and VHF are given below:

1. Antenna: UHF antenna length is often short and stubby, whereas VHF frequently requires a floppy longer antenna that is at least 4 inches long.
2. Budget: Because they can withstand more disturbances, UHF radios are frequently more expensive. On the other hand, Models that operate on VHF radio frequency are often more affordable.
3. Signal strength: Low band usually overlaps with high band UHF. A high band will offer the least number of disturbances, but it will require a longer antenna. Whereas the VHF is stronger the signal, the more it can withstand without disruption. Radios that this frequency will be a better choice for outdoor use.
4. Environment: UHF is ideal for an indoor environment. VHF works best in outdoor environments.
5. Signal type: UHF operates 403470 megahertz, offering a decent distance while working well inside buildings. while The lower the frequency, the farther it can travel. VHF operates between 30 to 300 MHz. This has excellent distance on flat ground but works very poorly in buildings.
6. Distance: The overall UHF distance is shorter. However, it can maintain its strength while passing through more obstructions in close areas. While they are easily obstructed VHF radios are effective across long distances. If you are working in a wide open space without trees or hills, you can travel for up to 100 miles and maintain communication.
7. Interference: UHF perform better when you have a large number of different short-range signals working in the same area. While the VHF has fewer channels available which can lead to congestion and interference from other nearby two-way radios
8. Power: UHF radios need more power and need to be charged more frequently due to their higher frequency. Whereas the battery life of VHF radios will be significantly longer because they have stricter limits on transmit power and frequency.
9. Application: UHF is often used by public safety, medical staff, schools, warehouses and retail stores, on the other hand, VHF is better suited for outdoor professions like golf courses, marine applications, forestry and oil.

Conclusion:

The purpose for which you want to use a VHF or UHF frequency will determine which to use. VHF should mostly be used outside, away from obstruction of any kind. If there are no obstructions in the way, VHF frequencies can reach farther. The only situation in which you should VHF is when you are outside on a field or other open area. Due to its lower frequency, VHF frequently causes interference with other radios. 

In contrast, UHF is a superior signal for long-distance communication overall. When utilising radio indoors, such as in buildings or in urban areas, UHF is preferable. One advantage of using UHF is that other two-way radios are less likely to interfere with you. Because the UHF signal penetrates concrete, steel and wood more effectively than VHF signals can, they are more effective for indoor use and can penetrate deeper inside buildings.  In general, there is no definitive difference between UHF and VHF, the choice between the two depends entirely on the use of your communication device.

Explore more information:

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of UHF
2. Advantages and disadvantages of visible light

Application of Visible Light

The visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum is known as visible light. It is the range of wavelengths that causes humans to perceive brightness and colour. It is located between UV and infrared radiation and most people can visually detect wavelengths between approximately 400 nanometers and 780 nanometers. Here this article gives the application of visible light to better understand this topic.

What are the applications of Visible light?

1. Photography: One of the use of visible light can be essential use for photography, as cameras capture light reflecting off objects to create images.
2. Lighting: Visible light is utilised to provide lighting in a variety of locations, including public, outdoor, and residential areas. 
3. Medicine: Surgical techniques utilising lasers or other light-based technology, as well as light therapy for the treatment of specific skin problems and mood disorders, all make use of visible light.
4. Communication: Optical communication systems, including fibre optic networks, employ visible light to send data at fast speeds via light pulses.
5. Solar energy: Using photovoltaic cells, which turn sunlight into electricity, visible light from the sun is captured for solar energy production.
6. Art and entertainment: Painting, theatre, film and light shows are just a few of the artistic and entertaining mediums that use visible light to create visual experiences and communicate ideas and feelings.
7. Agriculture: The process of photosynthesis, which transforms sunlight into chemical energy utilised by plants for growth and reproduction, depends on visible light for plant growth.
8. Spectroscopy: Based on the absorption or emission spectra of material and celestial bodies visible light spectroscopy is used in chemistry, physics and astronomy to identify elements and compounds and analyse their properties.

What is UHF

What is ultra-high frequency(UHF)?

The band of electromagnetic radiation with a radio frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as ultra-high frequency(UHF). With a wavelength ranging from 1 to 1 dm, this band is also referred to as the decimeter band. UHF radiation is less impacted by environmental conditions, they are more frequently utilised for channel broadcasting and TV and radio transmission. They have high directivity, but the receiving error also rises at the same time.

UHF radio uses a wide variety of frequencies:

1. 450 MHz:  Commercial radio services, such as land mobile radio systems used by transportation corporations. 
2. 470-512 MHz: Public safety radio services, like communications between the police and fire. Department : 
3. 800 MHz: Public safety radio services and mobile phone communication both use the 800 MHz frequency.
4. 90 MHz: This frequency is utilised for business and industrial purposes, including wireless data transfer.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared Transmission

When there is a line of sight(LOS) between the sender and the receiver, infrared technology uses focused light instead of light that is diffuse and reflected at objects like walls and furniture. One type of electromagnetic radiation that is included in the electromagnetic spectrum is infrared light. It is undetectable to the human eye and originates from heat and thermal radiation. Senders in infrared transmission might be as basic as laser diodes or light-emitting diodes (LEDs).  Massive bandwidth that is available for usage but has not yet been fully utilised is the benefit of infrared transmission. The main drawback is that the sun emits light in the infrared spectrum. This may cause many infrared transmission interference. Following are The advantages and disadvantages of infrared transmission given below.

Advantages of Infrared Transmission:

1. The main advantage of infrared transmission is it provides secure communication due to the line of the site being from point to point to the mode of communication.
2. Infrared transmission is a very high-speed transmission.
3. Infrared transmission provides a wireless link between two systems.
4. There is no requirement for a license to do it.
5. PDAs, Computers, Notebooks and mobile phones all include an infrared data association(IeDA) interface.
6. Electrical devices cannot interface with infrared transmission.
7. Infrared transmission is very simple to create and very cheap.
8. Because of the decreased power consumption, the battery in the infrared device lost charge for a longer amount of time.
9. It responds faster than thermocouples.
10. It has good stability over time and larger bandwidth.

Disadvantages of Infrared Transmission:

1. The lower bandwidth of infrared transmission in comparison to other LAN technologies is one of its drawbacks.
2. Infrared transmission cannot be used for long-range communication.
3. The fact that infrared can be easily shielded is their primary drawback.
4. Infrared transmission has limited transfer rates to 115 Kbit/s, yet even 4 Mbit/s is not a particularly fast data rate.
5. Line of sight(LOS) is required for high data rates and good transmission quality.
6. Infrared transmission cannot permeate the barrier.
7. There is also the issue that infrared does not penetrate solid items like concrete, wood and even opaque polymeric materials.

Conclusion:

Every technology has advantages and disadvantages of its own, which makes it perfect for specific conditions and environments. So here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of infrared transmission to better understand this topic.

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SSD Vs HDD? Which one is better?

Has your PC's performance slowed? Are you going to update your hard drive to an SSD? Or are you planning to create a new desktop computer in the near future? Let's look into HDD vs SSD to assist you decide which is a better option. 

Difference between SSD and HDD

1. If you require storage space and have a limited budget, then an HDD is a better solution. On the other hand, if you want good powerful performance, fast boot and improved overall speed, with budget is not your concern, then SSD is the best alternative.
2. SSDs are faster than HDDs. Thus, It is used for gaming, photo and video editing and other intensive tasks. 
3. SSDs start from 128 GB to 1 TB. Whereas, HDDs range is higher it can go up to 16 TB and more.
4. SSD store data on electronic circuit called flash memory, while HDD store data on mechanically moving, magnetic disk. SSDs are a newer technology that uses physical and chemical properties of silicon to offer more storage volume, speed and efficiency. 
5. The SSD copies data to a new block, then erases the old block, then again writes new to old block by changing its charges. Whereas HDD moves head to the nearest available location by changing the charge of bits in that area to read and write data. 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Visible Light

Imaging applications that work on different sections of the electromagnetic spectrum include visible light, low light and infrared thermal imaging. There are various uses, benefits and drawbacks of these technologies. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of visible light to know more about this article.

Advantages of visible light 

1. Comparing visible light to microwaves and radio waves, visible light uses much less energy.
2. It is the only electromagnetic spectrum light widely used by humans and visible to the human eye.
3. In addition to using radio waves, MRI scanners also employ visible light, which is safe for people to be around and has many applications.
4. Visible light cameras are less expensive to purchase than thermal cameras since they are so often utilised. In addition compared to thermal imaging, the technology is more developed and simpler to use and incorporate.

Disadvantages of Visible light

1. Due to air absorption, beam dispersion, and other factors, visible light transmission has a minimal range. Additionally, both the sender and receiver must be in line of sight.
2. Compared to radio waves, visible light poses significantly fewer risks and causes less damage. However, extended exposure to visible light may damage the eye and result in major health issues.
3. If the protective on film cameras and x-ray machines are removed, visible light can permanently damage these equipment. Protective coverings control the quantity of light that can enter their spaces.
4. Using LED lighting along with visible light cameras at night results in a significant amount of light pollution, which may be problematic for anyone living near the cameras.
5. Only during the full day can be visible light camera function properly. LED lighting is required for the cameras to function at night. LED lighting is not very energy-consuming, but it does require maintenance because of the added lights.
6. Compared to thermal cameras, their positions are more visible and their viewing is easy to avoid.

Conclusion:

Every technology has advantages and disadvantages of its own, which makes it perfect for specific conditions and environments. Whereas low-light imaging allows improved vision in low-light conditions, visible imaging generates images of high quality.

Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in mind on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Visible Light then please ask us in the comment section below. 

Explore more information:

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of UHF
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Radio Frequency