Showing posts with label Question-Answer. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Question-Answer. Show all posts

Characteristics of Series Circuit

What are the basic characteristics of a Series circuit?

  • Single path for current
  • Same current throughout
  • Voltage Adds up
  • Resistance Adds up
  • Current divider rule
  • Diminished current with more components
  • Used in specific applications
  • Total resistance is greater than the largest component
  • Voltage divider rule
  • Equal current for component
  • One component failure affects the entire circuit

Let us understand the characteristics of a series circuit 

  • The electric current in a series circuit has only one path. 
  • Every component in the circuit experiences the same amount of current.
  • The voltage loss across each component adds to the circuit's overall voltage.
  • The sum of individual resistances of each component makes up the total resistance in a series circuit.
  • When more parts are included in a series circuit, the total resistance rises, resulting in a reduction in the circuit's overall current.
  • Each component in a series circuit receives the same amount of current since the current is constant throughout the circuit.
  • A series circuit can be interrupted if one component fails, rendering the entire circuit inoperable.
  • The voltage divider rule, which is based on the relationship between a component's resistance and the total resistance, can be used to determine the voltage drop across each component in a series circuit.
  • Each component's resistance determines how much voltage is dropped across it. The voltage dips of components with higher resistance will be greater.
  • The total resistance in a series circuit is always bigger than or equal to the resistance of the largest component.
  • Series circuits are frequently employed in situations where current must flow sequentially through each component, such as in string light.
Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in your mind on the Characteristics of Series Circuit then please ask us in the comment section below.

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Digital signature how to create

If you have an individual or entity is asked to digitally sign in a document, they can do so with utmost ease by following simple steps are followed, upon receiving an e-mail containing a link to the document which needs to be digital signed, here what one should do. You can also check out the basic key difference between a digital signature and an electronic signature to better understand this topic.

How to create a digital signature?


Steps:


Step1: On clicking the link, your document opens in an electronic signature tool.
Step2: The user will be asked to agree to the electronic signing. After the user confirming the agreement and if the document was sent via focusing, you should stage with instructions to start or sign.
Step3: Clicking each tag and adhering to the instruction, the user can add the digital signature.
Step4: The final and most important step is that is to verify one's identity and follow the instruction to add the digital signature.

Benefits of digital signature

At the very core of digital signature processing and verification are security, encryption, and the use of algorithms. You can also check out the information about the advantages and disadvantages of digital signature to better understand this topic.

Benefits of digital signature:

  • It is cost-saving and environmental sustainable.
  • It is better time management.
  • It is accessible from anywhere at any time.
  • In digital signature is more than a scribble on the screen of a device. 
  • Multiple signatures can be obtained in less time, streamlining administrative and legal processes.
  • It is helpful to identify and authenticate signatories and collect data that can later serve as evidence.
  • It offers a higher level of security than the paper contract signature.

Features of digital signature

One of the main key features of a digital signature provides is the highest level of security and acceptance available. You can also check out the main key difference between a digital signature and an electronic signature to better understand this topic.

The main key features of the digital signature are listed below:


  • All signatures are encrypted.
  • Accepted and enforceable in nearly any industry.
  • Signer authentication.
  • Data integrity.
  • While using the digital signature the sender can use the private key to sign the document.
  • It has long term retention and access to documents.
  • The signature is time-stamped when the document is signed and it becomes invalid if changed.
  • Non-repudiation means a sender cannot deny sending a message which has a digital signature.
  • An error-detecting code and verification feature used in the digital networks and it can storage devices to detect changes to raw data.
  • Global acceptance and legal compliance.
  • The recipient uses the public key to authenticate the document.
  • Perform mathematical calculations on the document and generate hash value unique to the message.
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Effect of gravity of mass and weight

How gravity affect mass and weight?


  • Mass is a measure of the amount of matter that an object has or how much stuff it is made up of. While the weight is a measure of how much gravity pulls on a mass or object
  • The weight of the .object depends on gravity at that place while mass is always a constant at any place and any time.
  • On the moon, there is less gravity pulling on the object so their weight is less. 
  • For example, a rock that weighs one pound while the earth will weigh less than that if it is taken to the moon.
  • But does its mass change just because it is on the moon? No, it is still the same size and looks the same. It just has less gravity pulling on it, so it weighs is less.
  • That is why an object that seems heavy to use on earth ends up being light enough to float around if they are taken into space.
  • Something similar happens is very high places like tall mountain peaks.
  • There is less gravitational pull in high places, so you would weigh a tiny bit less on the top of Mt. Everest.
  • This is because the peak of the mountain is higher and further away from the center of the earth, so the pull of gravity is that spot is weaker than at the bottom of the mountain.
  • Even if they weigh less because of a change in gravity force on your body, your body' s mass of still the same.
  • As your body grows you will have more mass which also means you will weight more. That's because when you are on the earth, the amount of gravity that pulls on you stays the same.
  • So when your mass changes, so do your wright.

Wattmeter | Definition | Symbol | Formula | Types | Uses

Definition of  Wattmeter:


The wattmeter is an electric instrument that is used to measure the electric power of various electric circuits. It consists of the current coil and voltage coil. These instruments are widely used for transmission and distribution of electric power and these are also used for protection purposes.


Wattmeter Symbol:

Wattmeter Symbol


Wattmeter Formula:


The wattmeter measure power of the various electric circuit. It works on a using power formula.

P = IV COSΘ

The exact wattmeter reading formulas are given below:

  • Wattmeter reading in single-phase = Power load (VICOSφ) + Power in the current coil ((I2r)
  • Wattmeter reading in single-phase  = VICOSφ + I2r
  • Three-phase wattmeter reading = √3 (VIcosφ + I2r)

Type of  Wattmeter:


There are two types of Wattmeter given below:
  • Dynamometer Type Wattmeter
  • Induction type Wattmeter

1. Dynamo type Wattmeter working principle:

Dynamo type wattmeter is a moving coil instrument and their operating field is produced in by other fixed coil. These instruments consist of a fixed coil having two equal sections which are parallel to each other. These two fixed coils are forced to avoid hysteresis losses. When an alternating current passes through the fixed coil, it produces a magnetic field and moving coil starts moving and the pointer is attached to the moving coil with a spring and it starts moving when moving coils move.

Advantages of Dynamometer type wattmeter:
  • These instruments provide full accuracy on direct current.
  • These instruments are made to give very high accuracy when these are used 

2. Induction type Wattmeter working principle:
These instruments are used on both of AC as well as DC supplies. These wattmeters provide accurate readings only when the frequency and supply voltage are constant. These wattmeters consist of two laminated electromagnets and one of them is excited by the current with exciting winding. This winding is connected in series of the circuit. The other magnet is excited by the current which is promotional to the current. Its exciting coil is parallel connected in the circuit. The winding of the first magnet carries line current and the other coil carries voltage and is highly inductive. This coil is connected to the supply and the flux is 90 degrees behind the voltage. The torque is produced and is proportional to the power in the load circuit. The torque acts on the disc and the force is produced in the disc. The disc started moving and the pointer is attached on it with a spring and it shows reading on its scale.

Advantages of induction type wattmeter:
  • They are inexpensive as compared to moving iron type instrument. 
  • They rating their accuracy over a wide range of temperatures as well as loads.
  • Long scale, freedom from the effect of start field.
  • They have high torque is to weight ratio as compared to other instruments or devices.
Disadvantages of induction type Wattmeter:
  • Change in temperature cause variation in the resistance of the moving element, affect the eddy current therein and so the operating torque. The error due to this is in part offset by a balancing effect due to a change in temperature of the windings.
  • Change in frequency from that of the calibration value causes variations in both reactance of the voltage coil circuit. Which is highly inductive and also in the amount of compensation from the phase compensating circuit. Within the limit of frequency met within the practice on the main.

Uses of Wattmeter:


The wattmeter is used in various like:
  • Laboratories
  • Industries 
  • Measurements of power in distribution and transmission power.
Explore more information:
  1. Ammeter 
  2. Voltmeter
  3. Colorimeter
  4. Ohmmeter

Application of Galvanometer

A galvanometer is used for detecting and measuring electric current. The most common use of galvanometers was as instruments use an analog measuring instrument called as ammeter used to measure the direct current an electric circuit. Here this article gives what is the applications of Galvanometer to better understand this topic.

Uses of Galvanometer:

  • It is used for measuring the current.
  • The voltage between any two points of the circuit is also determined through the galvanometer.
  • It is used for detecting the direction of current flow in the circuit.
  • It also determines the full point of the circuit. The null point which means the situation in which no current flows through the circuit.
  • They are used in a film camera to get the reading of photoresistors in the metering mechanisms.
  • They are used in CD/DVD played and hard drives for controlling the position of head servos.
  • They are used in the control system, laser engraving, laser TVs, laser sintering, of head servos.

Why is Voltmeter connected in Parallel?

As shown in the figure, a voltmeter is connected in parallel with circuit elements because it is used to measure the voltage of the device. So important is that because elements in series have a high potential difference and high internal resistance. The amount of current passing through very less. Therefore the current through the circuit is unaltered. 

Parallel Connection
          Parallel Connection



If the voltmeter is connected in series with the circuit, it will change the potential difference which will minimize the current in the circuit as it has very large resistance and you will get faulty reading. Thus the disturb the reading of the voltmeter.




Why voltmeter has high resistance?

Voltmeters supposed to have infinite/very high resistance to avoid loading effect. The voltmeter is constructed with very high internal resistance the reason of that it measures the potential difference between the two points of the circuit. At that time, the voltmeter does not change the current of the measuring device.

 If we consider the resistance of the voltmeter won't be high, it would draw some current and the other resistors connected in parallel with it will not get enough current through them.

If the voltmeter considers being to be low resistance the current passes through it, and the voltmeter gives the incorrect or wrong result. The high resistance of the voltmeter does not allow the current to pass through it and thus that time the correct reading is obtained.

What is voltmeter?

Definition of voltmeter?


A voltmeter is also known as the voltage meter. It is an instrument that measures the voltage or potential difference in voltage known as the voltmeter. As we know, The voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the circuit. Some voltmeter is intended for the direct current called as a DC circuit and other designed for alternating current called the AC circuit.

It works on the basic principle that the torque deflects the pointer of the instrument. Thus defection of the pointer is directly proportional to the potential difference between the points.

Symbolic represantation of voltmeter?


Voltmeter symbol
Voltmeter symbol


Type of voltmeter:


Voltmeter types
Voltmeter types 


1. Classification  on the basis of Output:


  • Analog voltmeter 
The analog voltmeter uses for measuring the AC voltage. An analog voltmeter consists of a sensitive galvanometer in the series with high resistance. In this type, the internal resistance of a voltmeter must be high. The sensitivity of the galvanometer and the value of the series resistance determine the range of voltage that the meter can display.


  • Digital voltmeter 
The voltmeter which displays the values or reading in the numeric form is known as the digital voltmeter. The digital voltmeter gives an accurate result.

2. Classification on the basis of construction

  • Rectifier type voltmeter 
This type of instrument is used as the AC circuit for voltage measurement. The rectifier instrument converts the AC quantity into the DC quantity with the help of the rectifier. And this can the DC signal is measured the PMMC instrument.
  • MI voltmeter
MI instrument means that moving iron instrument. It is used for both AC and DC measurements, just because the deflection proportional to the square of the voltage assuming impedance of the meter to constant, so whatever is the polarity of the voltage it shows directional defection.

The moving iron instrument is classified into two categories:
  • Attraction type moving iron instrument
  • Repulsion type moving iron instrument
  • PMMC voltmeter


This voltmeter can work on the principle that the current-carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field and because of the current force acting on the conductor. The current induces in the PMMC because of the measured voltage, and this current deflects the pointer of the meter.



3. Classification on the basis of Measurement 

The voltmeter which measures the direct current is known as the DC voltmeter and is used in the AC circuit for alternating voltage measurement called  AC voltmeter.

 Explore more information:
  1. Why is Voltmeter connected in Parallel?
  2. Why voltmeter has high resistance?
  3. Advantages and disadvantages of digital voltmeter
  4. Advantages and disadvantages of digital voltmeter over Analog voltmeter
  5. Difference between digital voltmeter and analog voltmeter
  6. Difference between Galvanometer and voltmeter

Advantages and disadvantages of digital voltmeter over analog voltmeter

Whenever you measure electrical equipment, you will need a meter that can measure volts, amperes, and ohms. Most meters can do all three and have a voltmeter, ohmmeter and ammeter for features uses. However, there are two kinds of meters: Analog and digital. Here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of digital voltmeter over analog voltmeter to better understand this topic.

There are some advantages and disadvantages of digital voltmeter over an analog voltmeter are listed below :


Advantages of digital voltmeter:
  • A digital voltmeter gives good stability.
  • Digital voltmeter has an automatic range selection.
  • A digital voltmeter can be programmed so controlling by computer is achieved.
  • It provides a better resolution.
  • It has a high speed.
  • It is bipolar.
  • It is auto-ranging.
  • Extremely high input impedance.
  • The internal calibration does not depend on o the measuring circuit.
  • Reading can be taken very fast.
  • Digital voltmeter has an automatic range selection.
  • No moving part extremely rugged and able to be made impervious to drops and shock and vibration encountered with rough use handling.
  • Overrange protection.
Disadvantages of digital voltmeter:
  • It gives some extra feature are expensive.
  • This voltmeter is usually very hard to spot transient voltage spikes, etc.
  • The speed of operation is limited due to the digitizing circuit.
  • While we have to use the display depends on the external power source or battery.
  • Digital voltmeters are prone to damage if the voltage is too much increased beyond the limit.
  • It is very to spot the transient voltage spikes.
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Advantages of digital system over analog system

Nowadays the digital system is most widely used in the system, Though the digital system is advanced, there are some advantages in digital compared to an analog system. Some of the advantages of a digital system over an analog system are listed below.

What are the digital system over an analog systems?


  • Reproductiivity of the results.
  • Accuracy of results.
  • Flexibility and functionality.
  • Ease of design: No specific math skill needed to visualize the behavior of small digital circuits.
  • Programmability.
  • Due to the integration of millions of digital logic elements on a single miniature chip forming for very low cost integrated circuits.
  • More reliable than an analog system due to better immunity to noise.
  • Speed: A digital logic integration of millions of digital logic elements on a single miniature chip forming low cost integrated circuits.

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Advantages of digital circuits over analog circuits

What are the advantages of the digital circuits over the analog circuits?

  • The Digital circuit is very accurate.
  • The Digital circuit generates a digital signal which is more reliable than analog signals.
  • Compare to the analog circuits is that signal represented digitally can be transmitted without degradation due to noise. 
  • Digital signal can be used by digital circuit components, which are very cheap and easy to produce in many components on a single chip.
  • Enables transmission of signal over a long distance.
  • Digital signal maintains its quality over long distances better than analog signals.
  • Digital signals carry more information per second than analog signals circuit.
  • Digital signal is used to construct a digital circuit since the cost of digital components is very cheap.
  • Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than analog circuits.
  • Digital signal faster than the analog signal.
  • The hardware implementation in a digital circuit is more flexible than analog.
  • In a digital system, a more precise representation of a signal can be obtained by using a binary digit(0's or 1's) to represent it. Each digit handled by the same kind of hardware.
  • The signal processing function such as encryption and compression are employed in digital circuits to maintain the secrecy of the information.
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What are the application of an encoder?

An encoder is a device, algorithm, that is a software program or person that converts the information from one format or code to another. The main purpose of the encoder is standardization, security, speed or saving space by shrinking size.  The encoder is a combinational logic circuit and they are exactly the opposite of decoder.  They accept one or more inputs and generates a multibit output code. Here this article gives the application of encoder to better understand this topic.

Here give some of the Applications of Encoder is listed below:

  • Automatic health monitoring systems.
  • RF-based home automation system.
  • Robotics vehicle with the metal detector.
  • War field flying robot with a using night-vision flying camera.
  • Speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries.
  • Encoder for CNC machines.
  • Encoder for the medical industry most common for breast cancer treatment in the world.
  • Encoder for the electronics industry.
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What are the applications of decoders?

Here gives some application of decoder is listed below:

  • It is used in code conversion.  i.e analog to digital conversion in the analog decoder.
  • It may also be used for data distribution.
  • In a high-performance memory system, this decode can be used to minimize the effect of system decoding.
  • The decoder is used as address decoders in CPU memory location identification.
  • It is also be used in electronic circuits to convert instruction into CPU control signals.
  • They are mainly used in logical circuits, data transfer.
  • They can also be used to create simple other digital logics like half adders and full adders and
  •  some other digital design also.
  • Microprocessor selecting different I/O devices.
  • It decoding to binary input to activate the LED segments so that the decimal number can be displayed.
  • Microprocessor memory system selecting different banks of memory.
  • The decoder can be used as a timing or sequencing signals to turn the device on or off at specific times because when the decoder inputs come from a counter that is being continually pulsed, The decoder output will be activated sequentially.
  • The decoder is used whenever an output or a group of output is to be activated only on the occurrence of a specific combination of input signals.
  • They can be the application of switching function often with the fewer integrated circuit.
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SDH advantages over PDH

SDH is actually derived from the PDH but makes lots of improvements and changes on the basis of  PDH. Compared with PDH, SDH has a large number of advantages and benefits. SDH is most widely used in the telecommunication sector in the easy transfer of data. Earlier PDH was widely used but due to some of its problems and weaknesses, SDH has replaced the use of PDH. But not everywhere.  Here this article gives the what are the advantages of SDH over PDH to better understand this topic.

The main key advantages of SDH over PDH are listed below:

  • SDH is equipped with the powerful capabilities of networking and network protection.
  • SDH is cost-effective and reduces networking costs due to transversal compatibility.
  • SDH has excellent ability of DXC.
  • The standardized optical interface makes it very convenient for interconnection in lines.
  • The world standard frame structure and rate of digital signals make it easy to interconnect in all around the world.
  • The synchronous structure is possible.
  • SDH possesses forward and backward compatibility.
  • SDH adopts the synchronous mapping, encapsulation, and pointer to facilitate the add and drop branches.
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Advantage of STP over UTP Cable

Shielded twisted pair cable (STP) can reduce crosstalk with proper installation and maintenance. STP cables can resist signals from passing through the route coating and entering nearby wires by accident because of the special cable constructive.  Here this post gives information about what are the advantages of STP over UTP to better understand this topic.

Benefits or Advantages of twisted pair cable:

  • It is the least expensive medium of transmission for short distances.
  • It is relatively easy to implement and terminate.
  • It can be used to carry both pf the data analog and digital data.
  • It turn are less likely to cause interference themselves.
  • It is flexible and lightweight.
  • It is easy to set up and install.
  • Less susceptible to electrical interference caused by nearby equipment or uses of wires.
  • If the portion of twisted pair cable is damaged it does not affect the entire network.

Drawback or disadvantages of twisted pair cable:

  • Attenuation is very high.
  • It offers poor noise immunity as the result signal distortion is too much more.
  • STP called shielded twisted pair cable is more difficult to connect to a terminating block.
  • Being this cable is thin in size and they are likely to break easily.
  • Some transmission is limit.
  • Susceptible to noise and interference.
  • It supports lower bandwidth as compared to other media. It supports 10 Mbps up to a distance of 100 meters on a 10 base-T.
  • It supports lower bandwidth as compared to other media.
What are the Benefits of STP over UTP?

STP stands for shielded twisted pair cable. It is one type of twisted pair cable. It is basically similar to the UTP. It is similar to  UTP in which the wire pair are twisted around each other. Here this post gives the advantages and disadvantages of shielded twisted pair cable (STP) are listed below.

Advantages of shielded twisted pair cable (STP):

  • Shielding reduces the chance of crosstalk and provides protection from interference.
  • The advantages of STP over UTP is that it offers greater protection from cross talk due to shielding.
  • It offers better electrical characteristics than unshielded cables.
  • It can be easily terminated with a modular connector.
But one of the disadvantages of STP is that this cable is heavier and costlier than UTP and require proper grounding at both the ends.

Why induction motor is widely used in industry?

First, let us understand the basic key features of an induction motor:
  • It is easy and simple and rugged construction.
  • It is a low cost and minimum maintenance.
  • High dependability and sufficiently high proficiency.
  • Needs no additional starting motor and necessary not to be synchronized.

Some of the key points that why induction motor is widely used in industry?

  • The induction motor is a singly excited motor whereas the synchronous motor is a doubly excited one. 
  • The induction motor is cheaper than a  synchronous motor.
  • The induction motor is a self-starting motor, whereas the synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor 
  • Induction motor robust in construction and it can also work in any dusty environment. DC and the synchronous motor can't work industry and need regular maintenance.
  • synchronous motor and DC motor, these cannot work in a harsh environment whereas  Induction motor can.
  • When the coming to efficiency, the upper hand is for the synchronous motor but the starting mechanism adds up extra cost so even though a less efficient induction motor is implemented. 
  • As we know that the Dc motor has to use brushes, the synchronous motor has slip rigs where induction motor doesn't have, So reduced losses, efficiency due to o frictional lossless would be present.
  • The main requirement in the industry is to operate the motor at different loads and different speeds to drive mechanical load so this induction motor is the best to choose in the industry just because it has so many types of speed control whereas the synchronous motor always runs at synchronous speed.
Explore more information:
  1. Advantages and disadvantage of induction motor
  2. Advantages of three-phase converter over single-phase converter
  3. Advantages of three-phase rectifier over a single-phase rectifier
  4.  Advantages and disadvantages of polyphase system
  5. What is the difference between single-phase and three-phase induction motor
  6. Advantages and disadvantages of dc motor
  7. Advantages and disadvantages of dc shunt motor
  8. Advantages and disadvantages of universal motor
  9. Advantages and disadvantages of brushed DC motor
  10. Advantages and disadvantages of brushless DC motor
  11. Working Principle of a Synchronous Motor

                      Advantages of three phase transformer over single phase transformer

                      What are the  main key advantages of three-phase transformer over single-phase transformer

                      • Low cost.
                      • Light in weight.
                      • Low size.
                      • Need less space.
                      • Easy to install.
                      • More economical.
                      • Easy to assembling.
                      • High efficiency.
                      • Must be assembled for a short time.
                      • Easy to modify.
                      • Easy to transportation and installation.
                      • Deliver more power.
                      • Bas bar structure and switchgear installation for a single three-phase unit are simple.
                      • Only three-terminal are required to be brought out in case of a three-phase transformer compared to six terminals from three single-phase transformer.

                      Advantages of three-phase system over single phase systems

                      The main advantages of 3 phase system compared to a single-phase system:

                      • The output of 3 phase machine is always greater than a single-phase machine of the same size.
                      • The three-phase system gives a steady output.
                      • For a given frame size a polyphase machine gives a higher output than the use of a single-phase machine.
                      • The power factor of single-phase machines are poor compared to three-phase machines.
                      • 3 phase motor will have uniform torque whereas single phase motor will have pulsating torque.
                      • Single-phase systems can be obtained from the three-phase supply system, vice versa is not possible.
                      • Polyphase systems can set up a rotating magnetic field in stationary windings.
                      • The parallel operation of a three-phase generator will be simple as compared to single-phase generators because of pulsating reaction in a single-phase generator.
                      • The power delivered is constant. In the single-phase circuit, the power delivered is pulsating and objectionable for many applications.
                      • For transmission of electrical power, a three-phase supply requires less copper or some less conducting material than that use of a single-phase system, for a given voltage compare and voltage rating.
                      • Single-phase machines are not self-starting machines, on the other hand, three-phase machines are self-starting due to the rotating magnetic field.
                      • For a while in use a three-phase system, converting systems like rectifiers the DC voltage waveform becomes smoother with the increase in the number of phases of the system. 
                      • In polyphase induction motors are self-starting and are more efficient while in single-phase motor has no starting torque and require an auxiliary means for starting.
                      • Three-phase motors are very robust, cheap, smaller, provide a steadier output and require little maintenance compared with single-phase motors.

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