Showing posts with label Wireless communication. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Wireless communication. Show all posts

What is UHF

What is ultra-high frequency(UHF)?

The band of electromagnetic radiation with a radio frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as ultra-high frequency(UHF). With a wavelength ranging from 1 to 1 dm, this band is also referred to as the decimeter band. UHF radiation is less impacted by environmental conditions, they are more frequently utilised for channel broadcasting and TV and radio transmission. They have high directivity, but the receiving error also rises at the same time.

UHF radio uses a wide variety of frequencies:

  1. 450 MHz:  Commercial radio services, such as land mobile radio systems used by transportation corporations. 
  2. 470-512 MHz: Public safety radio services, like communications between the police and fire. Department : 
  3. 800 MHz: Public safety radio services and mobile phone communication both use the 800 MHz frequency.
  4. 90 MHz: This frequency is utilised for business and industrial purposes, including wireless data transfer.

Benefits of RFID

RFID stands for radio frequency identification, and it is becoming increasingly popular in the supply chain as a method of identifying and tracking products and assets.  So here this article gives the benefits of RFID to better understand this topic.

Benefits of RFID:

  • RFID support tag reading with no line of sight or item by item scans required.
  • All RFID tags within range can be detected and matched with information in your database in real-time.
  • RFID reduces capitals costs.
  • The RFID reader can read multiple RFID tags simultaneously, offering increased inefficiency.
  • Assets can be cross-referenced against their assigned location and marked as present, absent, or relocated.
  • RFID can be combined with both active scanning and fixed readers to create a fully automated tracking solution.
  • Scanners that support both RFID and barcoding are now available, allowing you to upgrade at your own pace.
  • It provides information to help you make better decisions.
  • RFID technology automates data collection, reducing human effort and error significantly.
Explore more information:

What is z wave

What is a Z wave?

Z Wave is a personal area network that is used like Zigbee, it is a proprietary wireless communication protocol designed for home automation. It employs low-power wireless communication technology to control home-based electronic products such as smoke alarms and remote control. It is used for low overhead commands such as lighting, entertainment, and housekeeping. 

It operates at 900 MHz rather than 2.4 GHz and is less susceptible to interference. In comparison to the 2.4 GHz signal, the 900 MHz signal is stronger and can travel longer distances, piercing through walls, floors, and ceilings with greater power.

Manufactures of Z wave in Europe:

Wintop electric QEES as remote technology ltd chromatic ever spring industry co LTD chromatic ever spring industry co.

Why can you find a Z wave?

Almost all of the major home security and home automation manufacturers sell Z wave smart home accessories. But first, you will need a Z wave hub to connect the system to the internet in order to set up a Z wave network. In some cases, the Z wave hub may be integrated into another of your devices. In others, you will have to buy a separate hub.

How does Z wave work?

Z wave technology creates a wireless mesh network, which is a group of devices that connect and communicate with one another without the use of wires. Devices mesh together using Z wave technology by sending signals over low-energy radio waves at a specific frequency. Every Z wave device includes a small built-in signal repeater that sends and receives network data.

2G technology features

2G technology uses digital signals and this digital signal uses for voice transmission. This signal provides services to deliver text and picture message at low speed (in around kbps range). Here this post gives information about 2G technology features to better understand this topic.

 2G technology is a second-generation wireless telephone technology, It is based on the technology known as the global system for mobile communication or in short we can say GSM. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone network to provide services such as text message, picture message, and also  MMS called multimedia messages. All text message is digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.

Basic key features of 2G technology:
  • Utilized digital signal processing rather than the analog signal used in 1G.
  • Digital signaling processing allowed the network to support data transfer as well as the voice traffic previously supported by analog signaling
  • 2G became very popular because the user was capable of connecting their mobile devices to the internet and business work.
  • It supports phone calls.
  • It provides better quality and capacity.
  • It supports MMS
  • 2G technology has steadily improved with increased bandwidth as well as packet routing, and the introduction of multimedia.
  • 2G provided speeds of 135 Kbps to customers at its peak.
  • It can uses send/ receive an email message.
  • 2G is a digital version of 1G technology.
  • 2G technology became very popular because users were capable of connecting their mobile device to the internet and business networks.
  • 2G technology is utilized in digital signaling processing rather than the analog signaling used in 1G.
  • 2G technology support voice as well as data.
  • TDMA, as well as CDMA technology, must be used for multiple access
  • 2G technology must be used digital signal processing so it allowed a network to support data transfer as well as the voice traffic previously supported by analog signaling.
  • 2G became very popular because the user was capable of connecting their mobile devices to the internet and business network.
  • It takes time 6 to 9 minute  to download a 3 minute MP3 songs

Applications of 3G

3G technology stands for third generation technology, 3G is wireless based network technology which is utilized in smart phones such as i-phones, blackberries, 2G technology. This post we have to discuss a 3G application to understand better knowledge about the 3G network.

Application of 3G network technology :
  • 3G mobile can be used as a modem for the computer that can easily access the internet.
  • 3G technology offers a high-quality voice as well as a video called.
  • 3G devices can offer data transmission speed up to 2Mbits/s when used in the stationary mode.
  • You can view live TV broadcasting in mobile and also you can get weather updates and news headlines in mobiles.
  • The 3G network provides with multimedia services such as sharing of digital photos and movies.
  • The 3G network can offer real-time multiplayer gaming and location-based services.
  • 3G allows the users to be online all the time and it also includes mobile office services, such as virtual banking, online selling as well as teleconferencing at work is one of the best applications.
  • It can be also used for secure mobile commerce transactions.
  • For a business aspect, it can be used for real-time financial information, sales force automation, VPN access etc.


4G applications

If you are a regular web suffer and you like to see online videos then you will fall in love 4G technology. Till the date, 4G technology is the best technology ever in the mobile networks to access video streaming without any interruption of buffering. This post will discuss 4G applications.

Most of us do not like the waiting time which a 2G or 3G network takes for opening the desired page, audio or video over the web. If you are suffering from the issue, then you should not wait for any more, enjoy the latest 4G technology with a superfast data speed of approx 10 times of the 3G.

Applications of  4G technology :
  • A user can access a database of street, building, large city etc
  • 4G will provide user services at all times, even if the user is off-site.
  • LTE advanced
  • IEEE 802.16m 
  • 3GPP long term
  • UMB
  • It will provide a good opportunity to people anywhere in the world to continue their education on a line in a cost-effective manner, best technology till date
  • Camera in traffic light
  • Flash OFDM
  • I burst and MBWA
  • Mobile WiMAX
  • 4G car
  • Telemedicine
  • Tele GEO processing applications
  • A sensor in public vehicle

Application of 5G

Applications of 5G are beyond our imagination. A user never experienced ever before such high-value technology which includes all type of advanced features. Some of the applications of 5G are:
  • We can able to charge our mobile using our own heartbeat.
  • We can able to feel our grandmother’s sugar level with our mobile.
  • We can able to know the exact time of our childbirth in nanoseconds.
  • Our mobile rings according to our mood.
  • We can vote for our mobile.
  • We can able to visualize lively all the planets and the universe. 
  • We can able to navigate a train for which we are waiting for them.
  • We can able to view our residence in our mobile when someone enters and also when some once open our intelligent car.
  • We can able to pay all our bills in a single payment with our mobile.
  • We can able to sense the Tsunami/Earthquake before it occurs.
  • We can access our office desktop, PC,  Laptop, car, bike using our mobile.
  • We can identify our stolen mobile within nanoseconds.
  • Our mobile can share our workload, identify the best server and also have intimate us before the call drops.
  • We can able to also expand our coverage using mobile phones.
  • We can able to fold our mobile as per our desire.

5G technology features

5G technology called as a 5th generation mobile-based technology. 5G mobile technology has changed the means to use cell phones within a very high bandwidth. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of cell phone technology. The 5G technology includes all type of advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in the near future.

Features of  5G technology :
  • 5G mobile technology providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
  • 5G offers transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
  • 5G provide large broadcasting.
  • It provides large bandwidth.
  • 5G technology provides high resolution for crazy cell phone users.
  • 5G is more attractive and effective.
  • 5G mobile technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
  • The traffic statistics by 5G technology make it more accurate.
  • It supports virtual private network.
  • The network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the world.
  • The uploading and downloading speed of 5G mobile technology touching the peak.
  • The new 5G technology will take delivery service out of business prospect.
  • The remote diagnostic is a great feature of 5G technology.
  • The advance billing interfaces of 5G technology make it more attractive and effective.
  • Through remote management offered by 5G technology, a user can get a better and fast solution.
  • It providing large broadcasting of data in gigabit which supporting almost 65000 connections. 

4G technology features

4G stands for the fourth-generation wireless mobile modem, with high data speed, The 4G can reach 100Mbps, 150Mbps, and 300Mbps, future will update to 1000Mbps, 4G mobile network offer amazing speed and efficiency and also they took the mobile market by storm. 

 4G network technology is a theoretically will have a higher data transfer rate over 3G network technology, with the appropriate amount of spectrum and good network engineering, 4G LTE network is very fast, the long term evolution based network has the potential to reach 100 Mbps, while the WiMAX network can top out at 70 Mbps. Here this article gives information about 4G technology to know more details about 4G advance technology.

 Features of 4G technology :
  • Fully IP based mobile system
  • This technology is high speed, high capacity and low cost per bit
  • Better spectral efficiency
  • Ad-hoc and multihop network
  • Seamless switching, and variety of quality of service
  • Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
  • An IP packet switched network
  • Interprobability with an existing wireless standard
  • 4G has better signal
  • Tight network security
  • Easy roaming 
  • Scalability
  • Enhance GPS services
  • Integrated wireless solutions
  • More user-friendly device
  • Better response time
  • Provide high flexibility as compared to already existing technology
  • Entirely packet switch network

Features of 3G technology

3G is third generation wireless technology It enhance the features that were available in the second generation and adds further advanced features. This technology is widely used in a mobile phone as well as data cards.

The ITU called international telecommunication union has proposed 3G telecommunications standard to provide cost-effective high quality, wireless multimedia applications, and enhanced wireless communications. The basic features are divided into two categories one is called data rates and the other is called security.

Features of 3G technology :
  • 3G technology is that support greater voice and data capacity and data transmission at low cost.
  • 3G technology has a large capacity and broadband capacity
  • 3G mobile can operate on 2G and 3G technologies.
  • 3G offer greater security features than 2G like network domain security, application security etc.
  • The 3G network has a much greater transmission capacity than 2G.
  • 3G technology provides major features like video calls, video conference, weather updates, accessing traffic etc.
  • 3G has improved security and performance.
  • 3G has a common spectrum worldwide. This result in seamless global connectivity.
  • 3G support a variety of terminals from like PDA to desktop.

1G technology features

1G technology is the first generation technology of wireless telephone technology. It was the analog telecommunications standard and it was introduced in the year of 1980, After that, it continued to replace by 2G technology.

Most popular 1G system during the year of the 1980s :
  • The first generation of cell phone technology
  • Advanced mobile phone system (AMPS)
  • Nordic mobile phone system (NMTS)
  • Total access communication system (TACS)
  • European total access communication system (ETACS)
  • Only referred to as 1G once 2G was introduced
The main difference between the 1G and 2G is that the radio signal used by 1G technology is analog while in 2G technology is digital.

Here this article gives some key features of 1G technology system :
  • Analog switching technology used
  • FM called frequency modulation is used
  • PSTN core network is used
  • Frequency around 800 MHz to 900 MHz
  • Bandwidth around 10 MHz
  • FDMA techniques must be used for access
  • Mode of voice service only 
  • Only capable of simple phone call calls 

What is wireless communication

History of Wireless Communication Technology : 

The birth of a wireless communications system when M.G.Marconi successfully established a radio link between a land-based station and a tugboat in 1901. After that, rapid strides have been made in the realm of wireless communication, enabling live a better life in this digital Era. 

After that what height of achievement wireless communication field reached which is following below year by year is given below:

1901 - Marconi successfully transmit wireless data 
1902 - First two-way communication was successful across the Atlantic
1909 - Marconi won Nobel price

Radio Transmission : 

1914 - First voice radio transmission 
The 1920s - Mobile receivers installed in vehicles First Time
1930s - Mobile transmitters developed and used the First Time 
1935 - Frequency modulation demonstrated the First Time 

Mobile Telecommunication :

1946 - Launch of Public Switched Telephone Network 
The 1960s - Launch of Improved Mobile Telephone Service ( IMTS )
1979 - First cellular communication system developed by NTT ( JAPAN ) 
1983 - Launch of Advanced Mobile Phone System called AMPS 
1989 - Launch of European Digital Cellular Standard for GSM technology by special mobile 
1991 -  Launch US Digital Cellular Phone System 
1993 -  Launch CDMA system
1994 -  Launch GSM system
2001 - Launch 3G technology in Japan 
2007 - 200 million 3G users across the world 
2010 - Nation-wide auction of 3G spectrum in India 

Wireless Local Area Network : 

1990 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11 to define standards for WLAN device
1997 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol 
1997 - 50 million cellular users in the US alone 
1999 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11b WLAN protocol 
1999 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11a WLAN protocol 
2000 - Launch of Bluetooth standards 
2003 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11g WLAN protocol 
2008 - Cellular provides no longer required to provide analog support 
2009 - Release of IEEE 802.11n WLAN protocol 

What is WIRELESS COMMUNICATION?

The word wireless is a dictionary defined 'having no wires' in a communication system.

A wireless communication system is the fastest growing and also the most vibrant technological area in the communication field. It is a method of information is transmitting from the transmitter to the receiver side that is placed over a limited distance.    

In wired communication, the medium is a physical path like co-axial cables and optical fiber links which guides the signal to propagate from one point to other is called as Guided Medium. On the other hand, Wireless communication technology doesn't require any physical medium but propagates the signal through space is called as Unguided Medium. 

The question is that if there is no physical medium, even no cables used then how does wireless communication transmit signals?  The transmission and reception of signals are accomplished with Antennas. 

The wireless network device can utilize specific equipment such as NICs and Routers in place of wires (copper or optical fiber used).

Types of wireless communication : 
  1. Television and Radio Broadcasting 
  2. Satellite Communication 
  3. Radar
  4. Cellular Communication  
  5. GPS Communication 
  6. WLAN & Wi-Fi Communication 
  7. Bluetooth Communication 
  8. Infrared Communication 
  9. Paging 
  10. Cordless phones 
  11. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) 
Explore more information about Wireless Communication : 

Advantages of wireless communication :
  • Convenience 
  • Mobility 
  • Flexibility 
  • Less cost 
  • Easy to Install 
  • A large number of Users 
  • Rapid Disaster Recovery 
For detailed information 
Read more >>  Advantages of Wireless communication 

Disadvantages of wireless communication :
  • Interface
  • Security
  • Health 
  • Hazardous 
For detailed information 

Applications of wireless communication : 
  • Wireless power transfer 
  • Television remote control 
  • Home automation
  • Cellular telephone 
  • Home and office security systems 
  • IoT
  • Radar
  • Space 
  • Military 
  • Computer interface devices
For detailed information 

Features of CDMA

The main features of the CDMA system are given below :

  • The CDMA system users share the same frequency either  TDD or FDD can be used.
  • CDMA has a soft capacity limit.
  • In the CDMA system the number of users increases, the system performance decreases.
  • While using in CDMA system near-far problem arises at the receiver end.
  • Multipath fading can be reduced as the signal is spread over a large spectrum.
  • CDMA is an interference-limited system.
  • Higher frequency reuse. 
  • CDMA uses the co-channel cell.  So the spatial diversity can be used to provide soft handoff.
  • The channel data rates are very high. Hence, the symbol duration is short and less than the channel delay spread. A rake receiver can be used to improve the reception by collecting a time-delayed version of the required signal.
  • CDMA is a protocol implemented in a wireless network device. It is the most famous protocol and implemented in all over the world because it offers several advantages.
  • There is not a sheer cutoff in the number of users that it can support unlike TDMA full form or any other traditional cellular device. 
  • TDMA and FDMA both systems are suffering from hard hand-off. CDMA system has to eliminate the hard handoff by using a technique logically labeled the soft hand-off. 
  • CDMA has a too much higher user capacity than that of the TDMA disadvantages or FDMA disadvantages system.
  • CDMA is a secures its signals by encoding the user transmission in a unique code.

Number of channel in TDMA system

The number of channel slots that can be provided in a TDMA system is found by multiplying the number of TDMA slots per channel by the number of channels available.

N = m (Bt -2 Bguard) / Bc

m = Maximum number of TDMA users supported on each radio channel 
Bc =  Channel bandwidth
Bt = Total specturm allocation
Bguard = Guard band allocated at the edge of allocated spectrum

Frame structure of GSM

Each GSM user transmits data burst during a time slot that is assigned to it. The transmission of bursts occurs in a particular format called the GSM frame.

There are five types of data bursts for controlling the traffic bursts.

Normal burst :

The normal burst is used for TCH and the DCCH transmissions on the forward and reverses link. It consists of 148 bits that are transmitted at a rate of 270.83 Kbps. Only 114 bits are information bits that are transmitted as two sequences of 57 bits.

FCCH burst :

It consists of 3 start bits 3 stop bits with 142 bits between the start bits and stops bits. The stop bits are followed by a guard period of 8.25 bits.
RACH burst : 

 It consists of 8 start bits and 3 stop bits. It 41 bits for synchronization of transmitter and receiver, 36 bits of encrypted data an extended guard period of 68.25 bits.

SCH burst : 

It consists of 3 start bits, 39 bits of encrypted data, 64 training bits, 3 stop bits and a guard period of 8.25 bits.
                 
Dummy burst : 

 It consists of 3 starts and 3 stop bits. It contains two parts of 58 mixed bits that are separated by 26 training bits and a guard period of 8.25 bits.

The frame structure of GSM :



GSM frame structure 

FCCH in GSM

FCCH stands for the Frequency correction channel in GSM.
It is a base to mobile channel that provides information for carrier synchronization. It is a special data burst that occupies the TS0 slot for the first GSM frame. It is repeated every ten frames within a control channel multi-frame.


The FCCH allows the mobile subscriber to synchronize its internal frequency standard with the frequency of the base station.


In the first burst of FCCH, all zero bits are sent to indicates the unmodulated carrier.

FCCH burst structure

Synchronization channel

This channel acts as a base to the mobile channel. The mobile channel carries the information for identification and frame synchronization of the base station transceiver.

It also comprises the frame number in relation to the hyper frame and the BASIC ( Base station identity code ).

In the frame that after the FCCH, in time slot TS0 BTS transmit with SCH. The SCH has a unique burst structure. It comprises of 64-bit binary sequence that is common throughout the GSM networks.

The BASIC is assigned to each BTS in the GSM system. The SCH is transmitted once every ten frames within the control channel multi-frame.
Synchronization burst structure

GSM channel types

GSM channels help to maintain the GSM network. It also helps GSM mobile phones connect to the GSM network and maintain the connection. 

This article is very helpful in GSM network and also to learn more details about the different types of channels used in GSM system and how to work. 

The figure below mentions all the channels used in GSM. 

There are two main types of GSM channel : (i) Traffic channel (ii) Control channel


The following logical channels are defined in GSM :

TCH : Traffic channel. 

TCH/F : Full rate traffic channel.

TCH/H : Half rate traffic channel.

BCCH : Broadcast control channel for describing the current control channel structure.
BCCH is a point to multi point channel ( BSS to MS ).

SCH : Synchronization channel for the MS.


FCCH : Frequency correction channel.

CCCH : Common control channel. 

PCH : Paging channel terminating call announcement.

AGCH : Access grant control channel.

RACH : Random access control channel for access requests, response to call announcement, location update etc.

DCCH : Dedicated control channel. 

SACCH : Slow associated control channel for TCH in-band signaling for link monitoring.

SDCCH : Standalone dedicated control channel for signaling exchanges during call setup, registration / location updates.

FACCH : Fast associated control channel for time-critical signaling over the TCH for handover signalling.

Notes : For more detailed information about these channels click on the respective channel name.  

GSM network block diagram

Before we learn about the GSM block diagram first let us check out what is the full form of GSM. The transceiver antenna transmits or receives the RF signal. The analog to digital and digital to analog conversion are done in the opposite direction depending on transmission or reception.
Functional block diagram of a GSM phone 

 The microphone and loudspeakers are used in opposite directions.

 The channel coding is done in the opposite direction with the help of the interleaving method.

 Modulation is done by using the Gaussian minimum shift keying method.

 The antenna is MIMO. User authentication is also possible with GSM phones.

 Depending on the services provided by the GSM technology standard there are six examples :
  • Transnational service - shopping, booking
  • Traveling related -  roaming, weather
  • Mobile office - modem, fax, email
  • Fun - gambling, online games
  • Personal services - budgeting, health monitoring, paying bills
  • Security services - emergency calls, alarm provision

GSM system architecture

A GSM network consists of various functional entities. Those functional entities' functions and interfaces are specified. The figure shows the generic architecture of a GSM network. First of all, you should know the full meaning of GSM.

A  GSM architecture consists of three major subsystems that interact between themselves with the users through some network interfaces. 

The subsystems are :
  • BSS (Base station subsystem)
  • NSS (Network and switching subsystems)
  • OSS (Operation support subsystem)
Notes: You can check more basic information about that then check the link in the end of this post.
GSM architecture
The MS full form is Mobile station is also a subsystem. but it is considered to be part of BSS for architecture purposes.

The mobile station communicates with the base station subsystems over the radio interface

The BSS called as the radio subsystem provides and manages the radio transmission path between the mobile stations and the mobile switching centre. It also manages radio interface between mobile stations and other subsystems of GSM.

Each BSS comprises many base station controllers that connect the mobile station to the network and switching subsystem through the mobile switching center.

The NSS controls the switching function of the GSM system. It allows the mobile switching center to communicate with networks like PSTN full form, ISDN, CSPDN, PSPDN, and other data networks.

The operation support system ( OSS ) allows the operation and maintenance of the GSM system. It allows system engineers to diagnose troubleshoot and observe the parameters of the GSM system. The OSS subsystems interact with the other subsystems and is provides for the GSM operating company staff that service facilities for the network.

You may also know about full form of BSS, BSC, HLR, VLR, MSC, EIR, AUC, OMC
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