Bluetooth range

There are three types of classes in different Bluetooth specification.

Class 1 - Range of fewer than 10 meters

Class 2 - Range of 10 meters (33 feet)

Class 3 - Range of 100 meters (328 feet)

Facts :

• The range depends on atmospheric, geographic, urban conditions.
• The range not only depends on the transmitter but also on the mobile phone which is receiving files.
• The bigger the range, the slower transmission speed.
• Here above Bluetooth range described above. There are three types of classes. class 1 devices transmit at 1 mW with the range of fewer than 10 meters. Class 2 devices transmit at 2.5 mW with a range of 10 meters or 33 feet. Class 3 devices transmit at 100 mW with the range of 100 meters or 328 feet.

WiMAX technology

WiMAX is similar to Wi-Fi technology. both create hot-spots. Wi-Fi can cover several hundred meters while WiMAX covers a range of 40-50 km. It provides a wireless alternative to cable, DSL, and also have broadband access.

WiMAX can be used as a complementary technology to connect 802.11 hotspots to the internet. Mobile-Fi is the mobile version of WiMAX. It is used to provide internet access to mobile users at data rates even higher than available in today broadband links.

A wireless broadband solution that offers various features of WiMAX with a lot of flexibility in terms of potential service offering is WiMAX.

A Mobile-Fi user can enjoy broadband internet access even while traveling in a moving car or train. WiMAX could potentially be deployed in a variety of spectrum bands like in different range 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz.

A WiMAX architecture consists of two major parts: Main part is to be (i) A WiMAX base station (ii) A WiMAX receiver.

Following Major principles :

• Spectrum is − able to be deployed in both licensed and unlicensed spectra.
• Topology − supports different Radio Access Network topology.
• IP connectivity network − supports a mix of IPv4 and IPv6 network interconnects in application and clients servers.
• Mobility management − It is a possibility to extend the fixed access to broadband multimedia services delivery.
• Interworking − WiMAX support independent RAN architecture to enable seamless integration and interworking with 3GPP2, 3GPP, and  WiFi networks.

A wireless broadband solution that offers various features with a lot of flexibility in terms of potential service offering is WiMAX.

• WiMAX support multipath.
• WiMAX must be provided up to 50 km of service area range.
• WiMAX uses OFDM technology.
• WiMAX support TDD and FDD.
• WiMAX offer modulation and error correction.
• Adaptive modulation enables a WiMAX system to optimize the throughput based on the when propagation conditions apply.
• Very scalable bandwidth and high-speed data rate.
• WiMAX benefits are that it is flexible and dynamic per-user resource allocation.
• Support for advanced antenna techniques.
• Support for mobility.
• Portable internet usage.
• Quality of service support.
• It is IP based architecture.
• WiMAX is always best connected.
• The most important application of WiMAX technology offered by  is business, Multiplayer interactive gaming, backhaul, consumer connectivity, large area coverage access

WiMAX standard :

These standards were issued by IEEE 802.16 into the subgroup of 802.16a / REV d / e standard that originally covered the Wireless local loop (WLL) technologies with radio spectrum from 10 to 66 GHz. Recently were extended below 10 GHz.

In the year of January 2003, the approved IEEE 802.16a as an amendment to IEEE  802.16 defining as a line of sight capability (LOC).

In the year of 2004, the IEEE 802.16 Revd was introduced to support indoor customer premises equipment through additional radio capabilities like antenna beamforming and OFDM sub channeling.

WiMAX supported to different frequency band considered as a different range.

In the year of 2005, an IEEE 802.16e variant was developed for supporting total mobility.

Following are the details of various IEEE 802.16 standard related to WiMAX.

1. 802.16

• Spectrum - 10-66 GHz
• Configuration  - Line of sight
• Mobility - Fixed
• Channel bandwidth - 20,25 MHz
• Typical cell radius - 1-3 miles
• Modulation - QPSK-16 QAM 64 QAM
• Completion  - December 2001

2. 802.16a

• Spectrum - 2-11 GHz
• Configuration  - Non-Line of sight
• Mobility - Fixed
• Channel bandwidth - Selectable, 1.25-20 MHz
• Typical cell radius - 3-5 miles
• Modulation - total 256 subscriber, OFDM using QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256-QAM
• Completion - January 2003

3. 802.16e

• Spectrum - <6 GHz
• Configuration  - Non-Line of sight
• Mobility - Fixed
• Channel bandwidth - 5 MHz planned
• Typical cell radius - 1-3 miles
• Modulation - 256 subscriber, OFDM using QPSK16, QAM, 64 QAM, 256-QAM
• Completion - 2nd half of 2005

WiMAX architecture :

A WiMAX system consists of two major parts: Main part is to be (i) A WiMAX base station (ii) A WiMAX receiver.

Let us take a look at the WiMAX architecture to shown in the figure.

A WiMAX base station :

WiMAX base station is very similar to accessing a wireless access point in a Wi-Fi network, but the coverage is greater than to other networks.

In general WiMAX base station can provide a very large area up to a radius of 6 miles. A WiMAX base station consists of indoor electronics and as we know that WiMAX tower similar look like to a cell phone tower.

Each base station provides wireless coverage over an area called a cell. The WiMAX base station also uses a multiple antennas point in a different direction. This area covered by one antenna signal is called a sector.

The uplink and downlink channel are shared among the many subscriber stations in a given sector. WiMAX can also have support bursty data and high-quality telephone and high volume multimedia.

The uplink and downlink channels are divided into slots of equal size. A WiMAX frame takes multiple slots. The different frame takes a different number of slots. The downlink channel easy to subdivide into the connection as only the base station sends on that channel.

A WiMAX receiver : 

A WiMAX receiver may have a separate antenna or could be a stand-alone box or a PCMCIA  card present in your laptop or any other device. It is called Customer premise equipment (CPE).

In most of the cases, a simple plug and play terminal, similar to a DSL modem provides connectivity as shown in the figure.

For customer located several kilometers from the WiMAX base station, a self-install outdoor. The antenna may be required to improve transmission quality. 

For customer requesting a voice in addition to broadband services, specific CPE will allow the connection of standard or VoIP phones.

                   WiMAX architecture

Application of WiMAX :

• It is a wireless alternative to many existing wired and late miles coverage deployments such as cable modem, digital subscriber line, T and E-carrier system and optical carrier technologies.
• The most important application offered by WiMAX technology is business, Multiplayer interactive gaming, backhaul, consumer connectivity, large area coverage access.
• Using WiMAX technology it can offer broadband wireless access at data rates of multiple Mbit/second to the end user and also within a range of several kilometers. So in this technology, the same radio technology will also offer high-speed data services to all the nomadic terminal like laptops. PDAs, and several other devices. 
• IEEE 802.16 -Fixed users.
• IEEE 802.16e - portable user.
• Backhaul side - Point to point antenna is used to connect base station located across a long distance.
• Last mile side - Residential and business subscriber are connected to the base station using point to multi-point antennas.
• Large area coverage access side - WiMAX also offer broadband connectivity in larger areas.

Wi-Fi and WiMAX offer complementary solutions with Wi-Fi being suitable for short range and WiMAX being suitable for long-range outdoor connection.

Zigbee protocol

Some of the technical details of the Zigbee protocol given below :

• Zigbee offers a wireless range of 70m indoors and 400m outdoor
• Zigbee protocol operates on a single frequency of only 2.4 GHz.
• Low latency and low duty cycle lead to achieving low power consumption giving sensors and the long-lasting battery life
• DSSS helps to the offers data rate for quicker response
• Cater to thousand of devices for spread networks
• It offers network flexibility to cover homes of all size by offering for multiple networks like point-to-point, point-to-multipoint mesh network
• Zigbee can easily integrate monitoring and control of light systems, security system, as well as motion detection

Zigbee protocol operate 802.15.4 physical layer specification and operate even in the unlicensed band including 2.4 GHz, 868 MHz, and 900 MHz 

Different types of layers :

1. Physical layer: This layer consists of modulation and demodulation operation upon transmitting and receiving signal respectively.

2. MAC layer: This layer can be used for synchronizing communication. It is a reliable transmission of data by accessing different network with CSMA.

Different types of a layer in the Zigbee network

3. Network layer: This layer can be used for network set up, such as disconnect network, routing, device configuration, network set up, etc.

4.Application support sub-layer: This layer interface with the network layers for data managing services.

5. Application framework: This layer is responsible for detecting, initiating and binding other devices.

WiMAX frequency

WiMAX could potentially be deployed in a variety of spectrum bands uses like 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. There are different types of WiMax frequency range listed below:

1. IEEE 802.16d (Fixed WiMAX)

Frequency band - 2-66 GHz

Range - 31 miles

Number of users - 1000

2. IEEE 802.16e (Mobile WiMAX)

Frequency band - 2-11 GHz

Range - 31 miles

Number of users - 1000

3. IEEE 802.11 (WLAN)

Frequency band - 2.4 -5.8 GHz

Range - 100 meters

Number of user - Dozens

4. IEEE 802.11  (Bluetooth)

Frequency band - 2.4 GHz

Range - 10 meters

Number of users - Dozens

Zigbee technology

Zigbee is a wireless protocol used for wireless networking and also have connectivity. Zigbee network is the wireless language that every device used to connect to one another. It is the recently emerged technology of network communication based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard where IEEE stands for Institute of electrical and also have electronic engineers. Zigbee is a new standard developed by the Zigbee alliance for full form of PAN personal area network, consisting of more than 270 companies and many more. Let us now check it out basic features of Zigbee network to know more details about the Zigbee network.

Feature of Zigbee

• It incorporates power saving mechanisms for all device classes
• Discovery mechanism with full application confirmation
• Pairing mechanism with full application confirmation
• Various transmission option included broadcast
• It uses a small packet compared with other technology WiFi and Bluetooth
• Low data rate
• Low battery consumption
• The maximum range of operation for a Zigbee device is 250 feet
• Easy to implement
• Low cost
• It supports up to 65000 nodes connected in a network
• Support alliance standard or manufacturer specific profiles
• Zigbee uses small packets compared with  other technology WiFi and Bluetooth
• Multiple star topology and interpersonal area network communication
• It supports up to 65000 nodes connected in a network
• Zigbee can automatically establish its network

Zigbee network consists of three different types of devices such as like:

• Router
• Zigbee coordinator and 
• End devices.

At least one ZigBee coordinators are acts as root and bridge of the network. The coordinator is responsible for handling and storing the information while transmitting and receiving operation.

Coordinator and end devices always depend on the Different types of Zigbee topology like star, tree, and mesh.

Zigbee router is internal devices while end devices have limited functionality to communicate with parent nodes. So battery power is saved.

Zigbee architecture consists of various layers where IEEE 802.15.4 is defined as two layers a physical layer and MAC layers.

Zigbee specification has two implementation options or feature sets: 1. Zigbee and 2. Zigbee PRO. Zigbee feature set is designed to support smaller networks with more than hundreds of devices in a single network. Zigbee PRO feature set is the most popular device for the choice of developer and the specification used for most alliance developed standard. This article gives some basic feature of Zigbee networks, advantages and disadvantages and application of Zigbee networks.

Different types of layers :

1. Physical layer: This layer does modulation and demodulation operation upon both side transmitting and receiving signal respectively.

2. MAC layer: This layer can be used for synchronizing communication. It is a reliable transmission of data by accessing different network with CSMA.

Different types of a layer in Zigbee network

3. Network layer: This layer can be used for network set up, such as disconnect network, routing, device configuration, network set up etc.

4. Application support sub-layer: This layer interface with the network layers for data managing services.

5. Application framework: This layer is responsible for detecting, initiating and binding other devices.

Zigbee topology:

There are different types of topology like a star, mesh, tree topology.

1. Star topology :

A star network has a central node, which is linked to all other nodes in the networks. All messages travel via the central node.

The star topology consists of a coordinator and several end devices as shown in the figure. The end device must be communicated only with the coordinator. So any packet exchange between end devices first must go through the Zigbee coordinator.

The advantages of star topology are that it is simple and packet go through at most two hopes to reach their destination.

2. Tree topology :

A tree network has a top node with a branch like structure as shown in the figure. To reach its destination, a message travels up the tree and then go down the tree.

As shown in the figure, the network terminal consists of a central node, which is a coordinator, several routers and end device.

So in this topology, the total task of the router is to extend the coverage of the network. The end nodes connected to the routers or the coordinator are referred to as children. Only the coordinator and the routers can have children like that.

The coordinator and the routers can have children. Hence only they can be parents. A special case of tree topology is called a cluster type tree topology. In it, a parent with its children is called a cluster, as shown in the figure.

One of the disadvantages of tree topology is that if two nodes are located close to each other, they can not directly communicate.

3. Mesh topology :

A mesh topology looks like a tree structure, in which some leaves are directly linked. A message can travel across the tree when a suitable route is available.

It is also called peer to peer topology. It consists of one coordinator several routers,, and end device as shown n figure. 

Following characteristics of a mesh topology

• Dead zone eliminated in this topology
• In this topology, the device can be placed close to each other so that they use less power
• Adding or removing a device is very easy in this topology
• Any source of a device can communicate with any destination in the network
• It uses a more complex routing protocol in comparison to the star topology

                              Zigbee topology

Zigbee is a wireless protocol used for wireless networking and connectivity. Zigbee is the wireless language that every device used to connect to one another. It is the recently emerged technology of network communication based on the used IEEE 802.15.4 standard where IEEE stands for Institute of electrical and also for electronic engineers. Zigbee is a new standard developed by the Zigbee alliance for used personal area network (PAN), Consisting of more than 270 companies. 

Let us now check it out the application of the Zigbee network to know more details about the Zigbee network.

Home automation :

• Heating, lighting
• Cooling, door locking mechanisms
• Home security system
• Smoke detector

Telecom application :

• Used to transmit and receive the message
• Share ring tone, images, and contacts
• Emergency services

Industrial automation :

• Personal tracking
• Livestock tracking
• Record and transmit critical data like pressure, temperature and also a vibration

Security :

• Home security
• Fire detection

Some other applications :

• Health care
• Smart energy
• Remote control for consumer electronics 
• Hotel room access
• Smart metering

Zigbee architecture

Zigbee network consists of three different types of devices following below :

• Router
• Zigbee coordinator and 
• End devices

At least one zigbee coordinators are acts as a root and bridge of the network. The coordinator are responsible for handling and storing the information while transmitting and receiving operation.

Coordinator and end devices always depends on the types of topology like star, tree and mesh.

Zigbee router are internally devices while end devices have limited functionality to communicate with parent nodes. So battery power is saved.

Zigbee architecture consists of various layes where IEEE 802.15.4 is defined as a physical layer and MAC layers.

Different types of layers :

Physical layer : This layer does modulation and demodulation operation up on transmitting and receiving signal respectively.

MAC layer : This layer can be used for synchronizing communication. It is releible transmission of data by accessing different network with CSMA.

Different types of layer in Zigbee network

Network layer : This layer can be used for network set up, such as disconnect network, routing, device configuration, network set up etc.

Application support sub layer : This layer interface with the network layers for data managing services.

Application framework : This layer is responsible for detecting, initiating and binding other device.

WiFi frequency

Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity uses two frequency bands available to use when setting up Wi-Fi network.

• 2.4 GHz
• 5 GHz

So now let us talk about where and which types of frequency most widely used in daily life.

In general 2.4 GHz is the most universally used frequency. 2.4 GHz is the most compatible with standard for building a wireless network known as 802.11b and 802.11g.

This frequency most common one, because it can result in device interfering with each other.

5 GHz is less common, It is range about 30 meters. Result is not good too much compare to 2.4 GHz. But sometimes it achieve high speed reason of less crowded frequency.

5 GHz is the most compatible with standard for building a wireless network known as 802.11a and 802.11n.

Now let us check it out some advantages and disadvantages of 2.4 GHz frequency and 5 GHz frequency :

2.4 GHz :

Advantages :

• Accessible from greater distance
• Compatible with lots of devices

Disadvantages :

• Crowded frequency from all the device that supports 

5 GHz :

Advantages : 

• Lots more bandwidth
• Generally less interference on 5 GHz because the frequency is not as crowded

Disadvantages :

• Available for shorter distances
• Not compatible with as many devices 

WiFi bandwidth

Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity uses two frequency bands available to use when setting up a Wi-Fi network.

How to set up 20 MHz or 40 MHz bandwidth?

In this article, we will go over some simple rules to help you decide the best bandwidth to use for the wireless network.

How we can choose 20 or 40 MHz?

This answer is very simple it can only depend on the devices that you have in your house. The best radio broadcast can be found without 2.4 GH vs 5GHz wireless guide.

When we have to use the 2.4 GHz frequency. you should use 20 MHz for channel width because of it is really a supportive measure for your older device.

When we have to use the 5 GHz frequency. you should use 40 MHz bandwidth. So we can use 5 GHz frequency, the network consisted of the latest device that supports 802.11n.

When we can use of 20 MHz / 40 MHz combination if one of your devices require it. If not required, just set it to 40 MHz.

GPRS network

We learn about GPRS network before we check it out GPRS full form. General packet radio services GPRS uses on the same network and also have to use the same base station but nowadays GPRS are upgraded.

It is allowed the 2G, 3G, W-CDMA mobile network to transmit the IP packet to an external network such as the internet. So the GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem.

General packet radio services (GPRS) uses upgraded network for 3G deployment UMTS Rel 9. GPRS prepares core infrastructure later evolution to a 3G W-CDMA / UMTS.

So now in this article, you learn about the basic process of GPRS network :

1. Attach process: MS full form is mobile station attaches to the SGCN 
2. Authentication process: SGCN authenticates the mobile subscriber. 
3. PDP activation process: Session is established between MS and destination network.
4. Detach process: MS detach from the SGCN.
5. For static IP address network initiated PDP request: By using static IP address call from a packet data network reaches the MS. 
6. For dynamic IP address network initiated PDP request: By using dynamic IP address call from a packet data network reaches the MS.

GPRS module

GPRS full form module is a unique and it can be differentiated by its full form of IMEI number. IMEI is a 15 digit unique number associated with mobile phone, and other GSM network services.

GSM module operate frequency are 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz.

In general GPRS module uses in IC or chip that connect to the GSM network using a SIM and radio waves. So we need to set up like shown in following image.

So shown in figure GPRS module, slot for inserting a SIM card, RS-232, interface for connecting with computer or a micro controller, signal status LED full form, power supply and a provision for connecting microphone and speaker.

We can do following task, with the help of GPRS module.

• Send, receive or delete SMS message in the SIM card
• Add, read and search the contact in the SIM card
• Make receive or reject voice calls
• Send and receive data to / from the GSM / GPRS network through GPRS

GPRS module

GPRS frequency

1. GSM band - T-GSM-380 MHz

• Frequency - 380 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 380.2-389.8 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 390.2-399.8 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - Dynamic

2. . GSM band - T-GSM-410 MHz

• Frequency - 410 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 410.2-419.8 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 420.2-429.8 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - Dynamic

3. . GSM band - GSM-450 MHz

• Frequency - 450 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 450.6-457.6 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 460.6-467.6 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - 259-293

4. GSM band - GSM-480 MHz

• Frequency - 480 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 479.0-486.0 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 489.0-496.0 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - 306-340

5. GSM band - GSM-710 MHz

• Frequency - 710 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 698.2-716.2 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 728.2-746.2 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - Dynamic

6. GSM band - GSM-750 MHz

• Frequency - 750 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 777.2-792.2 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency -747.2-762.2 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - 438 – 511

7. GSM band - T-GSM-810 MHz

• Frequency - 810 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 806.2-821.2 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 851.2-866.2 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - Dynamic

8. GSM band - GSM-850 MHz

• Frequency - 850 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 824.848.8 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 869.2-893.8 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - 128-251

9. GSM band - P-GSM-900 MHz

• Frequency - 900 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 890.0-915.0 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 935.0-960.0 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - 1 – 124

10. GSM band - R-GSM-300 MHz

• Frequency - 900 MHz
• Up-link frequency- 876.0-915.0 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency- 921.0-960.0 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - 955 – 1023, 0 - 124

11. GSM band - T-GSM-900 MHz

• Frequency- 900 MHz
• Up-link frequency - 870.0-876.0 MHz (Mobile to base)
• Down-link frequency - 915.0-921.0 MHz (Base to mobile)
• Channel types - Dynamic

GPRS definition

GPRS stands for General packet radio service is a packet-based mobile data services in data rate to 172 kbps, on the 2G and 3G mobile communications technology.

GPRS is a high speed, non-voice, and useful packet switching technology considered to GSM networks.

Application of frequency hopping spread spectrum

• Wireless local area networks (WLAN) standard for Wi-Fi
• Wireless personal area network (WPAN) standard for Bluetooth
• In a large facility especially with multiple floors
• It can be used multiple FSK
• In FHSS each station using I/M of bandwidth but allocation change at every hop
• Various military application
• Civilian application

GSM technology

In this article, you can learn the full analysis of GSM technology and all useful information about GSM. Now first of all one question arise before you can check detailed information about GSM is what is GSM full form?

Definition of GSM :

Global system for mobile is a world first cellular system to specify digital modulation. It is a second generation system (2G) developed in Europe.

GSM was developed to solve the fragmentation problems of the first generation networks.

The global system for mobile communication is a feature-rich digital wireless technology. It provides subscribers with a high quality digital wireless phone service and clarity and enhanced call security and privacy.

GPRS uses GSM architecture for voice. In order to offer packet data services through GPRS, a new class of network node needs to be introduced as an upgrade to the existing GSM network.

Each GSM user transmits data burst during a time slot that is assigned to it. The transmission of bursts occurs in a particular format called GSM frame.

GSM technology is old technology nowadays many new technologies had been launched but GSM has many impacting features on the newest technology. Let we check feature one by one below :

Features of GSM technology :

• GSM supports more subscriber capacity in the given spectrum.
• It supports smaller handsets.
• Rapid call setup.
• It supports call forwarding, calls on hold, conference facility.
• It has the ability to use the same phone in different networks.
• It allows data transmission and reception across GSM networks at 9600 bps.
• The encrypted conversions cannot be tapped.
• It supports calling number identification presentation.
• The short message service allows the GSM subscriber to transmit and receive a character text message.
• It supports fully international roaming capability.
• It has compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services.
• SIM phonebook management. 
• Supports fixed dialing number ( FDN ).
• Real-time clock with alarm management. 

GSM has many impacting features on the newest technology so there are many advantages of GSM technology. We can check some main advantages here. 

• Internal roaming is not a big problem.
• High transmission quality.
• Worldwide connectivity.
• High data transfer speed.
• GSM receiver is widely available in mobile phone and GSM model.

GSM network :

GSM operates at a different frequency. A frequency band of GSM is either the 900 MHz or much high-frequency band 1800 MHz. 

UMTS R4 techniques are preferred mobile operator, especially those with GSM legacy network. UMTS R4 techniques to evolve their existing 2G GSM network. It provides a smooth path to bridge legacy TDM based network to an IP based soft switch network.

The proposed evolution path In UMTS R4 suggests three layers of structure solution to seamless coverage UMTS R4 core network with a GSM core network. So can achieve the all IP version and its capable of coverage with EPC and IMS.

GSM networks types :

• T-Mobile
• AT&T
• Indigo wireless 
• Pine cellular
• TerreStar

This network is maintained by different types of GSM channels.

There are two main types of GSM channel :

• Traffic channel 
• Control channel 

GSM frequency band listed below :

1.  GSM 850 :

• Channel - 128-251
• Up-link frequency - 824-849 MHz
• Down-link frequency - 869-894 MHz

2. GSM 1800 :

• Channel - 512-885
• Up-link frequency - 1710-1785 MHz
• Down-link frequency - 1805-1880 MHz

3. GSM 1900 :

• Channel - 512-810
• Up-link frequency - 1850-1910 MHz
• Down-link frequency - 1930-1990 MHz

4. GSM 450/480 :

• Up-link frequency - 450-458 MHz, 479-486 MHz
• Down-link frequency - 460-468 MHz, 489-496 MHz

Application of GSM technology :

• Home automation.
• Mobile telephony.
• Automatic meter reading.
• Toll collection.
• A user can control in case of forgetting to do so while leaving for some other place.
• Value added services.
• Fleet management.
• Energy conversion.
• Personal communication using GSM.
• Irrigation system.
• It will also help to control while attending the other work.
• It is used to improve the security of our home and office.
• Office automation.
• Remote sensing and monitoring of electrical fault in a pump or motor.

Some application while combining with GSM techniques including  W-CDMA, LTE, EDGE :

• Measuring multi-standard radio base station.
• Including EDGE evolution with GSM to change in radio interface.
• Machine to machine communication is about integrated real-time data from remote assets with a business process to gain more business advantages.

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