Showing posts with label Electronics device. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Electronics device. Show all posts

What is guid partition table

Definition of Guid partition table

The GUID partition table, like MBR, It also called GPT. It generates and arranges hard drive partitions. GPT uses UEFI firmware rather than the BIOS used in MBR, and it retains disc information like partitions, sizes and other essential data in sector one much like MBR. The GUID partition table(GPT) was created on the basis of the unified extensible firmware interface(UEFI) specification and is frequently used in conjunction with BIOS replacement. GPT eliminates various constraints of the master boot record(MBR) technology, notably the 2.2 terabyte partition size limit(TB). 

Properties of Diamagnetic Materials

Diamagnetic materials are those that are typically attracted to a magnetic field but repel it. The orbital angular momentum of electrons in an atom comes from their rotation around the nucleus. An atom of the diamagnetic material has no residual magnetic momentum.

Let us check out the Properties of Diamagnetic Materials

  1. In diamagnetic material, there are no atomic dipoles because the resultant magnetic moment of each atom is zero as a result of paired electrons.
  2. Because the substances are only weakly attracted to the field, they tend to move from a strong to a weak region of the external magnetic field.
  3. A magnet repels materials that are diamagnetic.
  4. The relative permeability is slightly less than one.
  5. The extent of the magnetic field is negligibly small, inversely correlated with the magnetic field, and negative.
  6. There is negligible and low magnetic susceptibility.
  7. Materials that are diamagnetic are not temperature dependent. These substances do not adhere to curies law.
  8. Liquid collects in the middle, where the field is weakest if a liquid is placed on a watch glass placed over two pole pieces that are sufficiently apart.
  9. When a diamagnetic rod is suspended in a uniform magnetic field, it comes to rest with its length perpendicular to the field direction because the field is strongest at the poles.
  10. Small and in opposition to the magnetic field H, the magnetic dipole moment.
  11. When a diamagnetic liquid is placed in a watch glass that is positioned on two pole pieces that are very close to one another, the liquid collects at the sides and displays a depression in the center, where the field is strongest.
  12. The induced dipole moment, which results from the applied field changing the orbital motion of electrons in atoms, is the source of diamagnetism.
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Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials

The strongest form of magnetism is ferromagnetism, which comes in a variety of conditions. Ferromagnetic materials show spontaneous net magnetization at the atomic level even in the absence of an external magnetic field. When exposed to an external magnetic field, ferromagnetic materials become strongly magnetised in the direction of the field.


Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials 

    1. Atomic domains of ferromagnetic materials contain permanent dipole moments.
    2. In ferromagnetic materials, atomic dipoles are oriented in the same plane as the external magnetic field.
    3. Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to the subject matter specialists. They are therefore more likely to stay at the poles where the area is most important in a non-uniform field.
    4. Since the field is strongest at the poles, if a watch glass is placed on two bars that are sufficiently apart, ferromagnetic will accumulate at the sides and show depression in the middle.
    5. Due to the elevated temperature, a ferromagnetic substance loses its ferromagnetic characteristics when it is liquefied.
    6. The field inside the material is much stronger than the magnetizing field, which results in a relative permeability that is also very high and changes linearly with the magnetizing area. They frequently cause many force lines to be drawn into the material.
    7. The solid magnetic dipole moment is located in the direction of the magnetising field.
    8. A solid positive magnetization exists, and its intensity(M) varies linearly with the magnetizing field (H). So, the nature of the material determines saturation.
    9. When a ferromagnetic material specimen is magnetized by gradually increasing the magnetizing field, the magnetic flux change through the material occurs in discrete small steps rather than continuously. 

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          Explore more information:

          1. Properties of Diamagnetic Materials
          2. Difference between eddy current loss and hysteresis loss

          Features of DCS

          Distributed control system(DCS) is widely utilised in industrial automation to control and automate machines and processes. DCS monitor the input and field signals and makes a decision depending on the programming. Important features of DCS like a redundant system, system protection, system security and many more. So let us have deep insight into the features of DCS to better understand this topic.

          Important features of DCS

          Let us have look at the important features of the Distributed control system and these are as follows:

          • A redundant system
          • control over challenging processes.
          • system protection.
          • The DCS system offers greater flexibility and can be applied to a wider range of server systems thanks to its improved scalability.
          • System Security
          • DCS offers various algorithms, many common application libraries, pre-defined and pre-tested activities, and numerous pre-defined functional blocks to handle large systems.
          • More advanced HMI design allows to manage and monitor complex systems and also this functions as a centralized system of the entire DCS.
          Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in your mind on the Features of DCS then please ask us in the comment section below.

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          Application of SCADA

          Supervisory control and data acquisition system is what the term SCADA refers to. In SCADA environments and industries, they are used to manage a variety of equipment and numerous servers. One SCADA system may employ a variety of communication protocols. SCADA is focused on collecting data and it is more adaptable. So let's debate the Application of SCADA to understand more about it.

          Let us discuss the Application of SCADA 

          GAS and Energy industries

          SCADA systems are frequently used in the oil and gas sector to enable remote control and monitoring of pipelines, pumps, refineries, offshore platforms, and other areas that are typically located in remote locations where human monitoring or operation would be highly inefficient. SCADA system's effective, real-time remote monitoring capabilities significantly aid in disseminating pertinent data throughout an operation.

          Environment, facilities and structures

          To monitor and manage HVAC, temperature sensors, refrigeration units, lighting, and entry systems, facility managers use SCADA.

          Manufacturing

          SCADA controls industrial automation, robots and parts lists for just-in-time manufacturing. Additionally, it oversees process control and quality industrial plants.

          Management of water and wastewater

          Application for water and wastewater management also heavily utilises supervisory control and data acquisition systems. These systems make it easier to control water distribution, pipe pressure, flow, and reservoir levels. Additionally, they support the remote monitoring of water treatment facilities and wastewater collection facilities.

          Traffic signal

          SCADA for traffic signals regulates traffic lights, manages traffic and identifies out-of-order signals.

          Some of the applications are

          • Network security
          • Economic dispatch
          • Optimum power flow
          • Comprehensive operational planning and control
          • Generation dispatch control
          Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in your mind on the Application of SCADA then please ask us in the comment section below.

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          What is DDR3

           Definition of DDR3

          DDR3 is the version of the Double data rate(DDR). DDR3 stands for double data rate 3, it generally auto-refresh and self-refresh is used for lower power consumption and consumes lowe power than DDR2. Also, the cost of DDR3 is less than DDR4, there is the main difference between DDR3 and DDR4. The maximum clock speed for DDR3 is 2133 MHz, while the typical range is between 1600 and 1800 MHz. DDR3 has a clock speed range of 800 MHz to 2133 MHz.

          Explore more information:

          1. What is GDDR3
          2. What is GDDR5
          3. What is GDDR6
          4. What is DDR2

          What is GDDR6 RAM

          Definition of GDDR6 RAM

          GDDR6 stands for graphics double data rate 6, comparable to DDR4 or DDR5, the system RAM used in contemporary PCs. GDDR6 is the replacement for GDDR5, and it offers more capacity and bandwidth than its forerunner. The two main forms of memory transfer rates have undergone the most significant advancements. GDDR6 transports a data rate of 14-16 GB per second,  which is approximately twice as fast as GDDR5, which transfer data at an 8 GB per second rate. Moreover. GDDR6 has a greater capacity per module than GDDR5. While a GPU actively uses all available VRAM, it is divided into many modules. There are 5 different memory sizes: 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, and 8 GB.

          Explore more information:

          1. What is GDDR3
          2. What is GDDR5
          3. What is DDR3
          4. What is DDR2
          5. GDDR5 Vs GDDR6

          What is GDDR5

          Definition of GDDR5

          GDDRS stands for graphics double data rate 5, which is a type of RAM used for graphics cards. Graphics cards typically use a type of memory called GDDR5. Like GDDR4, which it replaces, GDDR5 is based on DDR3 SDRAM memory and has twice as many data lines as DDR2 SDRAM. Like GDDR4 and DDR3 SDRAM, GDDR5 also uses prefetch buffers that are 8-bit wide. GDDR5 is a contemporary form of synchronous graphics random access memory(SGRAM) with a high bandwidth interface for graphics cards, gaming consoles and high-performance computing. This particular GDDR SDRAM type.

          Explore more information:

          1. What is GDDR3

          What is GDDR3

          Definition of GDDR3?

          The computer memory used for graphics is called Graphical double data rate 3. So,  GDDR3 is a type of RAM used for graphics cards.  Double data rate(DDR3) is one type that is used for memory, which is the main storage for the processor. Along with some additional cutting-edge features, it has all the DDR2 features. The main difference between GDDR3 and DDR3 is that GDDR3 memory is much faster than DDR3 memory. It was initially released in 1998. It was created by the Radeon technologies group, another name for ATI. Additionally, sony selected double data rate 3 for the PlayStation 3 gaming console's graphics memory.

          Explore more information:

          1. What is DDR3
          2. What is GDDR5
          3. What is GDDR6
          4. GDDR6 Vs HBM2

          What is DDR2?

          Definition of DDR2


          DDR stands for double data rate 2. The second generation of DDR memory, known as DDR2, was introduced in September 2003. DDR 2 can operate at greater speeds than DDR. It uses less energy, has a higher bandwidth potential, and produces less heat. DDR2  actually uses less power than DDR memory even though it runs faster. The clock speed of DDR has 100MHz-200MHz, While in DDR2 clock speed of 200MHz to 533MHz. So, It is a faster and more effective version of DDR memory.

          What is MBR | Understanding the Master Boot Record

          What is Master Boot Record(MBR)?

          MBR stands for master boot record. The data located in the first sector of a hard drive or removable drive is known as the master boot record(MBR) In order for the computer's main storage or random access memory to be booted called as loaded, it must know how and where the system operating system(OS) is located(RAM). A program that read the boot sector record of the partition containing the OS booted is also included in the MBR. The programme that loads the remainder of the OS into RAM is then contained in that record. 

          As compared to On a GPT(GUID partition table), Windows can have up to 128 partitions without building extended partitions and support drive larger than one million terabytes. On the other hand, An MBR only supports the four standard or primary partitions and also does not support drives larger than 2 TB. An MBR must expand the partitions in order to support additional logical partitions. You can check out more differences related to this two drives, and learn more about MBR vs GPT in this article.

          There are three main parts of the Master boot record

          Master boot routine

          The variable load coder, which the MBR needs, is part of the 446-byte master boot routine. The MBR transfers control to the operating system listed in the partition table once the hard drive has been booted.

          Table of Disk partitions(DPT)

          Storage device partitions are described in the partition table. In each hard drive, the first sector(cylinder 0, head 0, and sector 1, MBR) is where the disk partition table is found. Each partition entry is 16 bytes long, giving the partition table a total length of 64 bytes. Therefore, an MBR disk can have a maximum of 4 partitions. Users can create extended partitions which can be divided into multiple logical drives if they require more partitions.

          Code of identification

          The MBR can be recognised by its identification code. It has a value of AA55H or 55AAH in 2 bytes.

          Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in your mind on the What is MBR then please ask us in the comment section below.


          Characteristics of Hard Disk

          The primary secondary storage in a computer is a hard disk. They are utilized to permanently store data, software, and institutions for usage in the future. Because the disc uses magnetic technology to store data, it is referred to as a magnetic disc storage device. 

          Learn more about the features of floppy disk

          Characteristics of hard disk:

          • The hard disk provides a large storage capacity. A home computer's hard disc may hold 160 GB to 2 TB or more of data.
          • Compared to the floppy disc, it is significantly quicker.
          • Hard drives have slow access and data transmission compared to RAM and SSD storage.
          • It serves as the main medium for storing data and software.
          • Compared to a floppy disc, it is more dependable.
          • Compared to a floppy disc, data saved on a hard drive is more secure.
          • Data is stored on a disc using magnetic technology. They have magnetic characteristics that may be changed to indicate 0 or 1 by demagnetizing or magnetizing them.

          Features of floppy disk

          A floppy disk(diskette) is a flexible magnetic disk made out of a circular polyester substrate(with a central hole) covered with magnetic oxide and permanently contained within a stiff jacket line with a cleaning agent. Here is a discussion about the Features of the floppy disk to understand more about this topic.

          Related article: Advantages and disadvantages of floppy disk

          Features of Floppy disk

          Function

          Floppy diskettes which are thin squares are used by the floppy drive. The floppy drive's primary job is to read and write data to floppy diskettes.

          Uses

          Floppy drives and diskettes are still available to computer users for storing data that does not require a lot of space. A floppy diskette, for example, may hold numerous word-processing documents and low-quality photos but not many video or audio files. 

          Learn more about types of the floppy disk

          Size

          The most common floppy disk size is 3½  inches. It features a strong plastic casing with a metal shutter that protects the read-write slot. Floppy disks generally have a capacity of 1.4 megabytes. A previous kind of  5¼ inch diameter contained in a flexible paper envelope is now outdated. 

          Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in your mind on the features of the floppy disk then please ask us in the comment section below. 

          Ohmmeter | Definition | Symbol | Types | Applications

          The instrument used to measure the resistance between any two points in an electric circuit is known as an ohmmeter. It can also be used to determine the resistance of an unknown resistor. The resistance unit is ohms. The measuring instrument is a meter. So the term ohmmeter is formed by combining the words ohms and meter.

          Ohmmeter Symbol:

          Ohmmeter symbol

          Types of Ohmmeter:

          Series type ohmmeter:

          The components that we want to measure can be connected in series with the metre in a series type ohmmeter. The resistance value can be calculated using the D'arsonval movement, which is connected in parallel, via the shunt resistor R2. The R2 resistance, as well as the R1 resistance, can be connected in series with the battery. The two terminals A and B are connected in series to the measuring components.

                          

          When the smearing component value is zero, a large amount of current flow through the metre. In this case, the shunt resistance can be adjusted until the metre full load current. The needle turns aside in the direction of 0 ohms for this current.

          When the measuring components is removed from the circuit, the circuit resistance becomes infinite, and the current in the circuit flow. The meter needle deflects towards infinity, The meter depicts infinite resistance when there is no current flow and zero resistance when there is a large current flow through it.

          Shunt type ohmmeter:

          If the value of the resistor is unknown and must be measured by connecting it in parallel with the ohmmeter, the ohmmeter is referred to as a shunt ohmmeter, The circuit diagram for a shunt ohmmeter is shown in the figure below. The measuring component can be connected across terminals A and B.



          When the components resistance value is zero, the current in the metre becomes zero. Similarly, as the components resistance increases, the flow of current through the battery and the needle illustrate the full-scale deflection to the left. This type of metre has no current on the scale to the left and an infinity spot to the right.

          Application of ohmmeter:

          • This metre can be used to ensure circuit continuity, which means that if there is a sufficient flow of current or a large flow of current through the circuit, the circuit will be disconnected.
          • These are commonly used in engineering electronic labs to test electronic components.
          • These are used for small ICs for debugging such as PCBs and other stuff which requires to be executed in sensitive devices.

          Explore more information:

          Thank you for reading this article, If you have any queries regarding this article the ohmmeter then feel free to do comment and give suggestions in the comment section below. 

          Colorimeter | Principle | Part | Advantages and disadvantages | Applications

           What is a colorimeter?

          A colorimeter is a piece of equipment used in colorimetry. It refers to a system that aids in the absorption of a certain wavelength of light by a specific solution. Using the beer lambert law, the colorimeter is used to determine the concentration of a specified solute in a given solution.

          Principle of colorimeter:

          It is a photometric technique which states that when a beam of an incident of the intensity I০ passes through a solution, the following occur:

          • A part of it is reflected which is denoted as Ir
          • A part of it is absorbed which is denoted as Ia
          • The rest of the light is transmitted and is denoted as It
          Therefore Io = Ir + Ia + It

          Where 

          Ia  = the measurement of  Io and It is sufficient therefore Ir is eliminated. To calculate Io and It, the amount of light reflected is kept constant.

          A colorimeter is based on two basic photometric rules

          Beer's law:

          The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the solute concentration in the solution, according to this law.

          LOg10 Io/It = As * C

          Where, 

          As is absorbency index

          C is the concentration of the solution

          Lambert law:

          The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the length and thickness of the solution used for analysis, according to this law.

          A = log10 Io/It = As * B

          Where 

          A is the test absorbance of the test

          As is the standard absorbance

          B is the length/thickness of the solution

          Part of colorimeter:

          There is 5 essential part of colorimeter:

          1. Light source
          2. Monochromator
          3. Sample holder
          4. Photodetector system
          5. Measuring device
          Light source: The most common source of light used in the colorimeter is a tungsten filament.

          Monochromator: To pick a specific wavelength, monochromators or filters are used to split the light from the source.

          Sample holder: Color solutions are kept in test tubes, which are made of glass with a visible wavelength.

          Photodetector system: As light strikes the photodetector device, an electric current is produced, which is used to produce the reflected galvanometer reading.

          Measuring device: The current from the detector is fed to the galvanometer, which displays a meter reading that is directly proportional to the light intensity.

          Working of colorimeter:


          Working of colorimeter

          • It is important to calibrate the colorimeter before beginning the experiment. It's done with the help of standard solutions containing the calculated solute concentration. Place the cuvettes in the colorimeter's cuvette holder and fill them with normal solutions.
          • In the direction of the solution is a light ray of a certain wavelength that is specific for the assay. The light is filtered through a series of lenses and filters. The colored light is guided by lenses, and the filter splits a beam of light into different wavelengths, allowing only the appropriate wavelength to pass through and enter the regular test cuvette.
          • When the light beam crosses the cuvette The solutions transmit, reflect, and absorb the light. The photodetector device tests the strength of transmitted light when the transmitter ray hits it. It transforms it into an electrical signal, which it then sends to the galvanometer.
          • The electrical signal measured by the galvanometer is displayed in digital form.
          • Formula to determine substance concentration in test solutions
                          A = 𝞊cl
          for standard and test solutions:

          𝞊 and i are constant

          AT = CT...................(1)
          AS = CS...................(2)

          AT * CS  = AS * CT

          CT  = (AT / AS) * CS

          Where,

          CT = Test solution concentration

          AT  = Absorbance density of test solution

          CS = the standard concentration

          AS = Absorbance/optical density of standard solution

          Advantages and disadvantages of colorimeter:

          Advantages:

          • Result available in less than 1 second
          • A handheld and pocket-sized colorimeter can make between 100 and 300 measurements of four AA batteries.
          Disadvantages:
          • The colorimeter is fairly expensive.
          • Some surfaces reflect light, making it difficult to take measurements.

          Uses of colorimeter | Applications of colorimeter
          • It's used in the production of paint.
          • It's used in the textile and food industries, among other things.
          • It's used to figure out how much hemoglobin is in your blood.
          • It is used to analyze proteins, glucose, and other biochemical compounds quantitatively.
          • In laboratories and hospitals, it's used to calculate biochemical samples like urine, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and serum.
          • It's used to figure out how thick water is.
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          Characteristics of RISC

           What are the characteristics of RISC?

          1. Simple instruction decoding.
          2. Pipeline architecture.
          3. Hard wired control rather than microprogrammed.
          4. Only load and store instruction have memory access.
          5. Fewer data types.
          6. Simple addressing mode.
          7. Register to register operations.
          8. A number of the general purposes of register.
          9. One instruction per cycle.
          10. A greater number of registers reduces the time it takes to access external memory.
          11. Smaller programs.
          12. It will be easier to carry out instructions.
          13. The number of instructions were limited or restricted as a result.

          Characteristics of CISC

          What are the characteristics of CISC?

          1. A large number of instrument
          2. A large variety of addressing modes.
          3. It offers variable-length instruction formates.
          4. Instruction is larger than one-word size.
          5. Various CISC designs are set up with two special registers for the stack pointer for managing interrupts.
          6. More data types.
          7. Institution decoding logic will be complex.
          8. Instruction for special tasks used infrequently.
          9. As operations are performed in memory, there are fewer general-purpose registers.
          10. It's possible that instruction would take more than one clock cycle to complete.
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