Full form of IMEI

What is the full form of IMEI?


 Answer :
  • International Mobile Equipment Identity 

What does IMEI mean?


IMEI number is usually unique to identify GSM, WCDMA mobile phones as well as some satellite phones.

 IMEI is a generally 15 or 17 digit code that uniquely identifies mobile phone sets. The IMEI code can enable a GSM or UMTS network to prevent a misplaced or stolen phone from initiating calls.

IMEI is mostly printed inside the battery compartment of the phone device. It also can be displayed on the screen by entering the following code using the keypad device : *#06# 


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GSM channel types

GSM channels help to maintain the GSM network. It also helps GSM mobile phones connect to the GSM network and maintain the connection. 

This article is very helpful in GSM network and also to learn more details about the different types of channels used in GSM system and how to work. 

The figure below mentions all the channels used in GSM. 

There are two main types of GSM channel : (i) Traffic channel (ii) Control channel


The following logical channels are defined in GSM :

TCH : Traffic channel. 

TCH/F : Full rate traffic channel.

TCH/H : Half rate traffic channel.

BCCH : Broadcast control channel for describing the current control channel structure.
BCCH is a point to multi point channel ( BSS to MS ).

SCH : Synchronization channel for the MS.


FCCH : Frequency correction channel.

CCCH : Common control channel. 

PCH : Paging channel terminating call announcement.

AGCH : Access grant control channel.

RACH : Random access control channel for access requests, response to call announcement, location update etc.

DCCH : Dedicated control channel. 

SACCH : Slow associated control channel for TCH in-band signaling for link monitoring.

SDCCH : Standalone dedicated control channel for signaling exchanges during call setup, registration / location updates.

FACCH : Fast associated control channel for time-critical signaling over the TCH for handover signalling.

Notes : For more detailed information about these channels click on the respective channel name.  

EIR full form

What is the full form of EIR?


 Answer :

  • Equipment Identity Register 


What does EIR mean?


The EIR is the world's most advanced software solution for authentication of mobile devices in the network, including IoT devices.

 EIR is one type of database that contains a record of all the MS full form Mobile Station that are allowed in a network as well as a database of all equipment that is banned.  The main identity of the mobile station is given by the IMEI full form of International Mobile Equipment Identity.

 EIR provides a single, unified access point, fully standards-compliant, 4G/LTE, 5G and IT interfaces, active triggering, reporting, alarming, and many more features.

Power electronic systems

Power electronics is a technology associated with the efficient conversion, control, and conditioning of electric power by static means from its available input form into the desired electrical output form.

 The main component of the power electronic system is shown in the form of a block diagram in a figure. The main power source may be an AC supply system or a DC supply system.
The output from the power electronic circuit, it may be variable DC or AC voltage, or it may be a variable voltage and frequency. In general, the output of a power electronic converter circuit depends upon the requirement of the which type of load.
The feedback component in the figure measures a parameter of the load, says speed in case of a rotating machine and compares it with the command.

The difference between these two, through the digital circuit components and controls the instant of turn-on of semiconductor devices forming the solid-state power converter system.
In this manner, the behavior of the load circuit can be controlled as desired, over a wide range with the adjustment of the command. 
Block diagram of a typical power electronic system
You can check more details about power electronics system: POWER ELECTRONICS 

Difference between thyristor and thyratron

Thyratrons were used for industrial control before the discovery of thyristors device but now they have been replaced by the thyristors in nowadays. They both are three-terminal devices still the construction of gate terminal are different form. Now let check it out the difference between them to know more about that.

Difference between thyristor and thyratron :


  • Thyristor is a current controlled device while thyratron is a voltage-controlled device.
  • Thyristor is light in weight and require less space, thyratron heavy and requires more space.
  • Thyristor is more reliable whereas thyratron is not reliable.
  • Thyristor is higher Turn-ON and Turn-OFF time and smaller Turn-ON and Turn-OFF time in case of thyratron device.
  • A thyristor is more accurate comparison to the thyratron.
  • A thyratron is costlier compared to the thyristor.
  • Thyristor needs only one low power supply and control signal to perform the operation while Thyratron needs too much large power supply between anode and cathode.
  • The life of thyristor is greater than to thyratron.
  • Internal losses are more in the case of thyratron as compare to the thyristor device.
  • The thyristor is a more accurate comparison to the thyratron.
  • Thyratron takes a long time in ionizing and deionizing, therefore, is unsuitable for higher frequency but thyristor can operate a wide range of frequencies.







GSM network block diagram

Before we learn about the GSM block diagram first let us check out what is the full form of GSM. The transceiver antenna transmits or receives the RF signal. The analog to digital and digital to analog conversion are done in the opposite direction depending on transmission or reception.
Functional block diagram of a GSM phone 

 The microphone and loudspeakers are used in opposite directions.

 The channel coding is done in the opposite direction with the help of the interleaving method.

 Modulation is done by using the Gaussian minimum shift keying method.

 The antenna is MIMO. User authentication is also possible with GSM phones.

 Depending on the services provided by the GSM technology standard there are six examples :
  • Transnational service - shopping, booking
  • Traveling related -  roaming, weather
  • Mobile office - modem, fax, email
  • Fun - gambling, online games
  • Personal services - budgeting, health monitoring, paying bills
  • Security services - emergency calls, alarm provision

Full form of NSS

What is the full form of NSS?


Answer :

  • Network and Switching Subsystem


What does NSS mean?


NSS is the component of the GSM system full form that carries out the call out and mobility management function for mobile phones roaming on the network of base stations.

 NSS is responsible for managing and providing external access to various customer databases.

 NSS  has to handle the switching of GSM calls between the BSCs in the radio subsystem and external networks.
The central component of this subsystem is the MSC full form. It controls all the traffic among all the BSCs.

Full form of OSS

What is the full form of OSS?


Answer :

  • Operation Support System

What does OSS mean?


The OSS one or many operation maintenance centers that are used to monitor and maintain the performance of different subsystems within a GSM system.

 The three functions of OSS are :
  • To manage subscription management
  • OSS also have to manage all telecommunication hardware and network operation within a market
  • To manage all mobile equipment in the system

Full form of AUC

What is the full form of AUC?


Answer :

  • Authentication Center 

What does AUC mean?


AUC is a protected database that can store a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber SIM card that is used for authentication and encryption over the radio channel.

 The authentication center maintains authentication keys and algorithms. It provides security triplets like RAND, SRES, and Kc to the VLR.

The authentication center handles authentication and encryption keys for each subscriber in the HLR full form is Home Location Register and VLR full form is Visitor Location Register.

Full form of VLR

What is the full form of VLR?


Answer :

  • Visitor Location Register

What does VLR mean?


 A VLR is a database that contains information about the subscriber roaming within a mobile switching center (full form of MSC) location area. The primary role of the VLR is to minimize the number of queries that MSCs have to make to the home location register, which holds data regarding the cellular network subscriber.

VLR contains selected administrative information from Home Location register - ( full form of HLR ) essential for call control and provision of subscribed services. The VLR is a temporary database. 

 It stores the IMSI full form number and customer information for each roaming customer visiting the coverage area of a specific MSC.

 Ideally, there should be only one visitor location register per MSC, but it is also possible for single VLR to serve multiple MSCs.

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Full form of MS

What is the full form of MS?


Answer :

  • Mobile Station

What does MS mean?


MS comprises of mobile equipment smart card called SIM.

SIM provides personal mobility to have access to subscribed services irrespective of the mobile equipment. After inserting the SIM card into a GSM handset, the user can receive calls, make calls and enjoy other subscribed services.

The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the international mobile equipment identity number.

GSM system architecture

A GSM network consists of various functional entities. Those functional entities' functions and interfaces are specified. The figure shows the generic architecture of a GSM network. First of all, you should know the full meaning of GSM.

A  GSM architecture consists of three major subsystems that interact between themselves with the users through some network interfaces. 

The subsystems are :
  • BSS (Base station subsystem)
  • NSS (Network and switching subsystems)
  • OSS (Operation support subsystem)
Notes: You can check more basic information about that then check the link in the end of this post.
GSM architecture
The MS full form is Mobile station is also a subsystem. but it is considered to be part of BSS for architecture purposes.

The mobile station communicates with the base station subsystems over the radio interface

The BSS called as the radio subsystem provides and manages the radio transmission path between the mobile stations and the mobile switching centre. It also manages radio interface between mobile stations and other subsystems of GSM.

Each BSS comprises many base station controllers that connect the mobile station to the network and switching subsystem through the mobile switching center.

The NSS controls the switching function of the GSM system. It allows the mobile switching center to communicate with networks like PSTN full form, ISDN, CSPDN, PSPDN, and other data networks.

The operation support system ( OSS ) allows the operation and maintenance of the GSM system. It allows system engineers to diagnose troubleshoot and observe the parameters of the GSM system. The OSS subsystems interact with the other subsystems and is provides for the GSM operating company staff that service facilities for the network.

You may also know about full form of BSS, BSC, HLR, VLR, MSC, EIR, AUC, OMC

I - V characteristics of thyristor

The terms thyristor denotes a family of semiconductor devices used for power control in dc and ac system. One of the oldest methods of this thyristor family called silicon control rectifier. An elementary circuit diagram for obtaining static I-V characteristics of a thyristor is shown in the figure.


1. Reverse blocking mode :


  • When cathode is made positive with respect to anode with switch S is open. Junction point J1, J3 are seen to bee a reverse biased whereas junction J2 is forward biased.
  • A small leakage current of the order of a few mill amperes . This is reverse blocking mode, called the off- state, of the thyristor. In reverse blocking mode to shown in I-V characteristics of thyristor.
  • If the reverse voltage is suddenly increased, at a critical breakdown level, called as reverse breakdown voltage VBR, an avalanche occurs at J1 and J3 and the reverse current increase rapidly



2. Forward blocking mode :

  • When the anode is positive with respect to the cathode terminal, at that time the gate circuit is to be open and a thyristor is said to be forward-biased as shown in the figure.
  • It is seen from this figure J1, J2, J3 are forward biased but J2 is reverse biased.
  • As the forward leakage current is small, SCR offers a high impedance. Therefore, a thyristor can be treated as an open switch mode even in the forward blocking mode.


3. Forward conduction mode :

  • When anode to cathode forward voltage and it is too much increased with gate circuit open, reverse-biased junction point J2 will have an avalanche breakdown at a voltage called forward break over voltage VB0.
  • (This is on-state) after this breakdown occurs, thyristor gets turned on with point shifting to another point and this point anywhere called forward conduction mode.

Difference between GTO and thyristor

Before we learn about the difference between GTO and SCR first let we understand the full meaning of GTO and the full meaning of SCR called thyristor. Here this article gives some following merits and demerits compere between them, so it will very useful for in power electronics applications.

 A GTO device has the following disadvantages as compared to a conventional thyristor.
  • The magnitude of latching and holding currents is more in a GTO device.
  • On state voltage drop and the associated loss is more in the GTO device.
  • Due to the multitask cathode structure of GTO, triggering gate current is higher than that required for a conventional SCR device.
  • Gate drive circuit losses are too much more.
  • Its reverse voltage blocking capability is less than to its forward voltage blocking capability, but this is no disadvantage so far as inverter and chopper circuit is concerned.
In spite of all these demerits, the GTO device has the following advantages over an SCR. 
  • GTO device has too much faster-switching speed.
  • Its surge current capability is comparable with an SCR device.
  • It has more di/dt rating at turn on.
  • GTO circuit configuration or design configuration has a lower size and weight as compared to the thyristor circuit unit.
  • The GTO unit has higher efficiency because an increase in gate drive power loss and on state loss is more than compensated by the elimination of forced commutation losses.
  • GTO unit has reduced acoustical and electromagnetic noise due to the elimination of commutation chokes.
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Application of GTO

GTO is like a conventional thyristor ( CT ) but with added features in it. It can easily be turned off by a negative gate pulse of appropriate amplitude. Nowadays GTO device is now being used in

Application of GTO:

  • The high-performance drive system, such as the field-oriented control scheme used in rolling mills, robotics, and machine tools.
  • Traction purpose because of their lightweight.
  • GTO used in Induction heater.
  • Adjustable frequency inverter drive.
  • At present, GTOs with rating up 5000 V and 3000 A is available.
  • It is used in AC stabilizing power supplies.TO is used in static VAR compensators (SVCs).
  • GTO voltage source inverter in a two-terminal HVDC link, which is fed at the sending end by a line-commutated rectifier.
  • GTO is used in AC drives.
  • GTO is used in DC drives or DC choppers.
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Difference between Wi-Fi and WiMax

WiMax is similar to the wireless standard known as Wi-Fi, but on a much larger scale and at faster speeds.
A nomadic version would keep WiMax enabled devices connected over large areas much like today's cellphones. This article will explore the various difference between Wi-Fi and WiMax, So now we can compare it with Wi-Fi based on the following factor to details about Wi-Fi and WiMax.

Difference between WiFi and WiMAX :


  • Wi-Fi was officially launched in the year of 1997, In WiMax Official release in the year of 2004.
  • Wi-Fi stands for "Wireless fidelity" and WiMax stands for "worldwide interoperability for microwave access".
  • Wi-Fi is based on format IEEE 802.11 standard, whereas WiMax is based on IEEE 802.16. Both are standards.
  • WiMax coverage range up to 30 miles and Wi-Fi coverage range up to is very limited to a small area.
  • Wi-Fi provides a few hundred feet with a speed of up to 54 Mbps on the other hand WiMax is provided range up to 40 miles with speeds of 70 Mbps or more.
  • Wi-Fi work at 2.7 bps/ Hz and can peak up to 54 Mbps in 20 MHz channel, Whereas WiMax work at 5 bps/Hz and can peak up to 100 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel.
  • In the Wi-Fi user scale from one to tens with one subscriber for each consumer premises equipment ( CPE ) device. Fixed channel size 20 MHz, wheres WiMax is designed to efficiently from one to hundreds of consumer premises equipment, with unlimited subscriber behind each CPE. Flexible channel size from 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz.
  • In Wi-Fi communication range up to 100 meters, WiMax communication range up to 40 km.
  • In WiMax include triple data encryption algorithm and advanced encryption standards, while Wi-Fi, used encryption techniques are advanced encryption standards (AES) and RC4.
  • Wi-Fi does not guarantee any QoS but WiMax will provide your several levels of QoS.
  • Wi-Fi uses a connection-based or connection-less protocol called CSMA/CA while WiMax uses a MAC protocol that is connection-oriented.
  • Most important point is that why we have not used WiMax at home because Wi-Fi is much better speed and technology.
  • WiMax offers high-speed internet as broadband access which is transfer voice, video, at very high-speed the same way Wi-Fi offers short-range of data transfer.
  • Wi-Fi access point transport signal to the receiving mode the same way WiMax will beam a signal to the receiver.

Thyristor Application

The terms thyristor denotes a family of semiconductor devices used for power control in both DC  and AC system. One of the oldest methods of this thyristor family, called SCR full meaning is silicon control rectifier.

The thyristor is used in many areas of electronics where they find uses in a variety of different applications. 

Application of thyristor :


Transistors are mainly used in electronics applications as voltage and power amplifiers.

Some of the more common applications for them are outlined given below : 
  • AC power control (including motors, lights, etc)
  • AC power switching.
  • AC dimmer. 
  • Ideal for switching applications.
  • Used in Over voltage protection crowbar for power supplies.
  • Control elements in phase angle triggered controllers.
  • They are used in photographic flashlights where they act as the switch to discharge a stored voltage through the flash lamp, and then cut it off at the required time.
  • They are used in making various gates like AND, NOT etc in digital logic circuits.
  • It used in audio and radio frequency amplifiers.
  • Used in DC regulators and microprocessors.
  • Variable speed motor drives.
  • High power inverter and traction.
  • Fast heater switching.
  • High-temperature oven, glass, ceramics, high-temperature alloys.
  • To control variables resistance heater.

What is Thyristor

Meaning of thyristor :


The terms thyristor denotes a family of semiconductor devices used for power control in DC as well as AC system. One of the oldest methods of this thyristor family called silicon control rectifier.

 SCR is a four-layer, three junctions, P-N-P-N semiconductor switching device and also have three terminal named: anode (A), a cathode (C) and gate (G).

At present, the use of SCR called thyristor is so vast that over the years, the word thyristor has become synonymous with SCR device. It appears that the terms thyristor is now becoming more common than the actual term of SCR.

The definition of thyristor was decided as under :


Thyristor has constituted three or more p-n junctions. It has two stable states as known as ON state, and OFF state, and it can change its state from one to another.

As per this definition, thyristor now includes a large variety of different semiconductor devices having similar basic characteristics.

Thyristors are used in many applications like light dimmers, motor speed controls, AC power switching, pressure-control systems, and liquid-level regulators.

The silicon controlled rectifier is one of the most popular members of the thyristor family. There are several other members of thyristor family-like PUT, SUS, SCS, Triac, diac etc.

SCS full form

What is the full form of SCS? 


 Answer :

  • Silicon Control Switch

What does SCS mean?


SCS is a tetrode. It is also called Four Electrode Thyristor. 

 It has two gates, one anode gate like a PUT terminal and another cathode gate (KG) like an SCR terminal. You also know the full meaning of SCR.

 In other words, SCS is a four-layer, four terminal devices device with anode A, cathode K, anode gate AG and cathode gate KG the own in figure below :



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SUS full form

What is the full form of SUS?


Answer :

  • Silicon Unilateral Switch 

What does SUS mean?


A SUS is similar to a PUT  but with an inbuilt low voltage avalanche diode between gate and cathode as shown in the figure. 

Because of the presence of diode, SUS turns on for a fixed anode to cathode voltage, unlike an SCR full form silicon control rectifier whose trigger voltage and/or current vary widely with changes in ambient temperature. 

SUS is used mainly in timing, logic, and trigger circuits. Its rating is about 20 V and 0.5 A. 

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