Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

The growth of wireless communication has enabled us to use personal devices anywhere and at any time but this has led many threats as well. Even though wireless communication has a number of advantages but there are a few disadvantages as well. The most disadvantages are Interface, Security, and health. 

Disadvantages of Wireless Communication : 

  • An unauthorized person or hackers can easily grab the wireless signals which spread through the air. 
  • There is a huge chance that radio signals from one wireless communication system or network might interfere with other signals so there is a chance of interface. 
  • Major concerns of wireless communication are the security of data because the signals are transmitted in open space. 
  • It can be hazardous sometimes because of continuous exposure to any type of radiation. 
  • This also increases the risk to lose information. 

Full form of MANET

What is the full form of MANET?


Answer :

  • Mobile AdHoc Network 

What does MANET mean?


MANET is mobile, they use wireless connections to connect to various networks that can change locations and configure them on the fly.  It consists of a number of mobile devices that connect together to form a network without any support from existing internet infrastructure or other fixed stations. 

It is an autonomous system of mobile nodes, mobile hosts or mobile stations connected by wireless links for proving mobile portability.

MANET describes the peer-to-peer, multi-hop wireless network in which information packets are transmitted in a store and forward manner from source to destination. 

It is developed because of military requirements where infrastructure-less, and a line of sight operations are desired.

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  1. Full form of VANET

Full form of PSTN

What is the full form of PSTN?


Answer :

  • Public Switched Telephone Network


What does PSTN mean? 


PSTN is the global interconnects of circuit-switched telephone networks consists of the access network and core networks such as telephone lines, fiber optics cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communication satellites, and undersea telephone cables, all are interconnected by switching centers. 

It is the world's collection of an inter-connected voice-oriented public telephone network, both commercial and government-owned. 

MSC full form in telecom

What is the full form of MSC?


Answer :

  • Mobile Switching Center


What does MSC mean?


MSC is a telephone exchange that makes a connection between mobile users within the network, from mobile users to the public switched telephone network and from the mobile network to other mobile networks. 

The MSC connects to fixed networks like ISDN, PSTN, etc.

It provides additional capabilities to support mobility management functions like terminal registration location, updating, handoff.

The Function of MSC :
  • Call setup, supervision, and release.
  • Collection of billing information.
  • Digit collection and translation.
  • Call handling.
  • Management of signaling protocol.
  • Radio resource management during call.
  • Cancellation of echo.

Full form of BSC

What is the full form of BSC?


 Answer : 
  • Base Station Controller

What does BSC mean?


BSC reserve radio frequencies for communication and manage handovers between BTS. 

 They are connected to a single MSC and it manages a number of BTS. 

It uses the Abis interface to connect to BTS. 

The function of the BSC :
  • To control BTS.
  • Radio resource management.
  • Handoff management and control.
  • It handles radio channel set up and frequency hopping.

Full form of BTS

What is the full form of BTS?


Answer :

  • Base Transceiver Station

What does BTS mean?


BTS is used to denote a base station in GSM terminology. It contained in an antenna and radio equipment which is required to communicate by radio with a mobile station ( MS ). 

The function of BTS :
  • Handling radio link protocols.
  • Providing full duplex communication to the MS.
  • Interleaving and de-interleaving.

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Full form of BSS

What is the full form of BSS?


Answer : 

  • Base Station Subsystem

What does BSS mean?


The BSS is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a cell phone and the network switching subsystem. 

Base Station Subsystem comprises of two parts :
  • Base Transceiver Station(BTS)
  • Base Station Controller(BSC)
The BSS consists of many BSCs that connect to a single MSC. Each BSC control upto several hundred  Base Transceiver Station (BTS).

The interface that connects BTS to BSC is called as the Abis interface. It carries the traffic and maintenance data.

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  1. Full form of BTS
  2. Full form of BSC

Wireless communication Technology

Wireless communication is one type of communication system, it is a transferring or sending the information over a distance without the use of any wires, cables or any other electrical conductors.

 Wireless communication technology is one of the important media of transmission of data or any information to other devices.

 All types of data and information can nowadays be sent to almost every corner of the world via this technology through the air without requiring any cables just by using electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are used in the wireless communication system given below :
Recently it can be focused on wireless networking, wireless system, satellite communication, and cellular technology, and more communication system. There are many projects available related to a wireless communication system.

The first-ever wireless communication technology was introduced at the end of the 19th century and this technology has significantly been developed over a period of time. 

In recent wireless system is refers to many more advanced technology and devices ranging from smartphones to laptops, tabs, computers, printers, phones,  Bluetooth, television, and communication satellites.

 Applications of wireless communication involve security system, television remote control, Wi-Fi, cell phones, Wireless power transfer, computer interface devices, and various wireless communication-based projects.

 Some of the wireless communication technology listed below :

What is WiMAX | Principle | Features | Advantages | Application

Definition of WiMAX :


WiMAX is similar to Wi-Fi technology both create hot-spots. Wi-Fi can cover several hundred meters while WiMAX covers a range of 40-50 km. It provides a wireless alternative to cable, DSL, and broadband access.

WiMAX can be used as a complimentary technology to connect 802.11 hotspots  to the internet. Mobile-Fi is the mobile version of WiMAX. it is used to provide internet access to mobile users at data rates even higher than available in today broadband links.

 A wireless broadband solution that offers various WiMAX features with a lot of flexibility in terms of potential service offerings is WiMAX uses.

A Mobile-Fi user can enjoy broadband internet access even while traveling in a moving car or train. WiMAX could potentially be deployed in a variety of spectrum bands: 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz.

 WiMAX has been supporting IEEE 802.16, WiMAX standard is called IEEE 802.16, it was associated 802.16a / REV d / e standard.

Following Major principles :


  • Spectrum − able to be deployed in both licensed and unlicensed spectra.
  • Topology − supports different Radio Access Network  topologies.
  • IP connectivity − supports a mix of IPv4 and IPv6 network interconnects in application and client servers.
  • Mobility management − possibility to extend the fixed access to broadband multimedia services delivery.
  • Inter working − WiMAX supports independent RAN architecture to enable seamless integration and interworking with 3GPP2, 3GPP, and  WiFi networks.

Application of WiMAX :

  • It is a wireless alternative to many existing wired and late miles coverage deployments such as cable modem, digital subscriber line, T and E-carrier system, and optical carrier technologies.
  • The most important application offered by WiMAX technology is business, Multiplayer interactive gaming, backhaul, consumer connectivity, large area coverage access
  • Using WiMAX technology it can offer broadband wireless access at data rates of multiple Mbit/second to the end-user and within a range of several kilometers. The same radio technology will also offer high-speed data services provided to all nomadic terminal like laptops. PDAs, etc. 
  • IEEE 802.16 -Fixed users
  • IEEE 802.16e - portable user
  • backhaul - Point to point antenna are used to connect base station located across a long distance
  • Last-mile - Residential and business subscriber are connected to the base station using point to multipoint antennas
  • Large area coverage access - WiMAX also offer broadband connectivity in larger areas
Wi-Fi and WiMAX offer complementary solutions with Wi-Fi being suitable for short-range and WiMAX being suitable for long-range outdoor connection.

 This article also gives advantages and disadvantages of WiMAX to know more details about WiMAX.

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  1. WiFi technology
  2. Bluetooth technology
  3. Zigbee technology

What is WiFi | Features | Standard | Advantages | Applications

Wireless Fidelity is the full form of WiFi is an alternative to wired technology that is commonly used for connecting devices in wireless mode.

A Wi-Fi network connects computers to each other to the internet and to the wired network. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies to transmit and receive data at high speed. 

The concept of operation of a Wi-Fi network is the same as walkie-talkies. Wi-Fi is a hot spot created by installing an access point to an internet connection. The access point acts as a base station.

When a Wi-Fi enabled device encounters a hot spot, the device can connect to that network wirelessly.

 Wi-Fi stands for Wireless fidelity is an alternative to wired technology that is commonly used for connecting devices in wireless mode. There are numerous advantages of Wi-Fi in different areas because of some useful features of Wi-Fi.

 Wireless fidelity uses two frequency bands available to use when setting up the Wi-Fi network. as well as some simple rules to help you decide the best bandwidth to use for the wireless networks.

Wi-Fi technology : 


 Wi-Fi network uses radio technologies to transmit and receive data at high speed. Some set of the standard given below :
  1. IEEE 802.11b
  2. IEEE 802.11a
  3. IEEE 802.11g
1. IEEE 802.11b
  • It was formulated in the year 1999
  • It operates at 2.4 GHz radio spectrum
  • The actual speed is 4-6 Mbps
  • It supports a range from 100-500 feet
  • It is a very popular Wi-Fi technology and is the least expensive
  • It has a theoretical speed of 11 Mbps within 30 m range
2. IEEE 802.11a
  • It was introduced in 2001
  • It operates at 5GHz with theoretical speed 54 Mbps
  • It is the most expensive technology and hence reduce its popularity
  • It is actual speed varies from 15-20 Mbps in a range of 50-75 feet
  • It is not compatible with IEEE 802.11b
3. IEEE 802.11g
  • It was introduced in 2003
  • It was an improved version with inherent advantages of 802.11a and 802.11b specification
  • It operates at 2.4 GHz radiofrequency
  • It has a speed of 54 Mbps and covers a range of 100-150 feet
  • It is compatible with IEEE 802.11b
Wi-Fi covers various uses of Wi-Fi applications like home-based LANs full form Local Area Network and public place available hotspots where people can wirelessly share information or connect to the internet device with an equipped laptop with the help of a central antenna. 

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  1. WiFi technology

What is Bluetooth technology | History | Features | Advantages | Frame structure | Applications |

Definition :


Bluetooth is an open standard that provides an ad-hoc way for connecting devices in the 10 m range. 

Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz band and also uses a frequency hopping TDD method for each radio signal.

Bluetooth is a short-range, low cost, and also a power-efficient radio frequency based on technology that supports both point-to-point and point-to-multi-point connections. Bluetooth as it transmits information from one device to other devices.

History of Bluetooth technology :


 The Bluetooth name is taken a 10th-century Danish king named Harald Bluetooth, who was said to unite disparate, warring regional functions. 

 1994 - Bluetooth was intended in the year 1994 as a wireless replacement cable. It uses the same 2.4 GHz frequency as some other wireless technologies in the home or office, such as cordless phones and WiFi routers.
1998 - Special interest group form
1999 - Bluetooth 1.0 specification release
2000 - For the first time, Bluetooth enabled mobile phone, PC card, Mouse, headset and  also laptop are unveiled
2001 -  Bluetooth SIG increase is formed, First hands-free car kit is launched
2002 - First GPS receiver and Bluetooth enabled digital camera, IEEE approved 802.15.1 specification for Bluetooth technology
2003 - First Bluetooth enabled MP3 player launched
2004 - Bluetooth  SIG adopts enhanced data rate, Bluetooth technology embedded in 250 million devices
2006 - Bluetooth is installed in a total of 1 billion devices

Bluetooth is managed by a Bluetooth special interest group called SIG, which has more than 30000 member companies in the area of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. 

 The IEEE standard Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards form to market it as a Bluetooth device. 

How does Bluetooth work?


Bluetooth sends and receives a radio wave in a band of total 79 different frequencies called channels centered on 2.45 GHz, set apart from radio, cellphone, television and reserved for use by industrial, scientific and medical gadgets. 

 Bluetooth is a short range transmitter is one of its biggest plus points. They use virtually no power just because they don't travel far, are theoretically more secure than wireless networks that operate over longer ranges, such as Wi-Fi.

 Bluetooth is a device that automatically detects and connects to one another and up to eight of them can communicate at any one time and also have to remember that they don't interfere with one another because each pair of devices uses a different one of the total 79 available channels. 

 So if two devices want to talk, they pick channel randomly and if that is already taken, randomly switch to one of the other techniques known ass spread spectrum hopping. One thing also remembers that when a group of two or more Bluetooth devices is sharing information together, they form a kind of ad-hoc, minicomputer called as a piconet. Two or more separate piconets can also join up and share information forming that called a scatternet.

Features of Bluetooth : 
  • Better IOT
  • Quick data transfer
  • Better audio quality
  • Easy transport
  • Less power consumption
  • Available at the cheaper rate 
  • Less complication
  • Robustness
  • Available everywhere
  • Increases numbers of advertising packets
  • Provide location-based services
For detailed information :
Read more >> Features of Bluetooth

Bluetooth standard releases :

 1.Bluetooth standard version: 1.0 
   Release date: July 1999
   Key features: Draft version of the Bluetooth standard 

 2.Bluetooth standard version: 1.0a
   Release date: July 1999
   Key features: First published version of the Bluetooth standard 

 3.Bluetooth standard version: 1.0b
   Release date: Dec 1999
   Key features: Small update to cure minor problems and issues

 4.Bluetooth standard version: 1.0b + CE 
   Release date: Nov 2000
   Key features: Critical errata added to issue 1.0b of the Bluetooth standards 

 5.Bluetooth standard version: 1.1
   Release date: Feb 2001
   Key features: This useable release. It was used by the IEEE for their standard IEEE form     802.15.1 - 2002
6. Bluetooth standard version: 1.2
    Release date: Nov 2003
Key features: This release of the Bluetooth standard added new facilities including frequency hopping and eSCO for improved voice performance. It was released by the IEEE as IEEE 802.15.1 - 2005. This was the last version issued by IEEE.

 7. Bluetooth standard version: 2.1 
   Release date: July 2007
  Key features: This version of the Bluetooth standards added secure simple pairing to      improve security 

 8. Bluetooth standard version: 4
    Release date: Dec 2009
    Key features: The Bluetooth standard was updated to include Bluettoh low energy                formerly  known as wibree

 Explore more information about Wireless Communication : 

Advantages of Bluetooth :

  • Easy to install
  • It is cheap
  • No line of sight 
  • Lower power consumption
  • It is free to use
  • Used for voice and data transfer
  • It is easily upgradable
  • Data communication is more secure
  • Pass through walls 
  • Less interference 

Disadvantages of Bluetooth :

  • Very low bandwidth
  • Can allow on short-range communication 
  • Bluetooth can connect two devices at once
  • Can be hacked into
  • It can lose connection in certain conditions
  • Battery exhausted faster when the Bluetooth is ON 
For detailed information :

Application of Bluetooth :

  • Medical requirement
  • Vending machines
  • Bluetooth car kit
  • Vending machines
  • Vehicle communication system
  • Microwave ovens
  • Electronic payment system
  • Banking 
  • Headsets and pagers
For detailed information :

Bluetooth frame structure :

  • Access code
  • Header
  • Address field
  • Types field 
  • Flow bit
  • ACK bit 
  • Sequence bit
For detailed information :

Bluetooth frame structure

Advantages of Wireless Communication

Wireless communication had its beginning at the turn of the 20th century with the invention of the radio. After that cell phones, have to turn traditional radio broadcasting's one-way model into two-way conversations. With 4G, Wi-Fi and other wireless technologies have brought wireless communications into the 21st century. In this article, you can check the advantages and disadvantages of wireless communication. 

Advantages of Wireless Communication : 
  1. Convenience, Convenience, and Convenience.
  2. Communication also can enable where wiring is not feasible and costly. 
  3. Mobility offers users the freedom to move about connect with the network. The user can roam easily within the wireless range to provide flexibility to the user. 
  4. Wireless networks are easy to install anywhere based on choice as wireless frequency penetrates the walls.
  5. Less cost for cabling infrastructure and device to set up a network particularly for the large area of coverage. 
  6. The most common source of network problems is failure or damage to network cables because of the environmental condition. In the wireless communication network, these types of cable failures eliminate so increase the reliability of the network.
  7. Users are able to share any resources or files with other devices that are connected to the network.  
  8. Wireless networks can sometimes handle a large number of users because they are not limited by connection port. 
  9. Wi-Fi hotspots being available in many public sectors enables people to get onto the internet when they are away from home.
  10. Emergency situations can be alerted through wireless communication.  
  11. Rapid disaster recovery. 
  12. Instant transfer of information to social media is much easier. 

Types of Mobile Radio Transmission Systems

Full form of HVDC

What is the full form of HVDC?


Answer :

  • High Voltage Direct Current Transmission

What does HVDC mean?


HVDC is electronic power transmission system refers to a massive transmission of electricity in the form of DC over a long distance by means of submarine cables or overhead transmission line. transmission system. 

For power transmission through cables, HVDC is preferred as it requires no charging current and the reactive power and also allows the interconnection of asynchronous networks. 

 HVDC transmission project categorized following below :
  1. Point to Point Transmission
  2. Back to Back Stations 
  3. Multi-Terminal Systems
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UJT full form

What is the full form of UJT?


Answer :

  • Uni-Junction Transistor

What does UJT mean?


UJT is a three-terminal semiconductor switching device with only one junction that acts exclusively as an electronically controlled switch for use as a relaxation oscillator in the phase control applications.  

UJT is consist of n-type silicon base to which p-type emitter is embedded. 

The n-type base is lightly doped and the p-type is heavily doped.

The base is divided into two parts:

          1. base-one B1
          2. base-two B2

In R and RC triggering circuits cannot be used for automatic or feedback control systems so that UJT comes in the picture these difficulties can be overcome by the use of UJT triggering circuits.

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Full form of MCT

What is the full form of MCT?


Answer :

  • MOS Controlled Thyristor

What does MCT mean?


MCT is a voltage controlled fully controllable thyristor that was invented by V.A.K Temple. 

They have basically two MOSFET of opposite conductivity types in their equivalent circuits one is used for turning on the MCT and other turning off the devices. 

An MCT is a higher frequency, low conduction, higher-power, drop switching device it combines the feature of both conventional four-layer thyristor having regenerative action and MOS-gate structure.

Full form of MOSFET

What is the full form of MOSFET?


 Answer :
  • Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor


What does MOSFET mean?


MOSFET is a recent device developed by combining the area of field-effect concept and MOS technology is used for switching and amplifying electronic signals in electronic devices.

 It is a three-terminal device with drain(D), source(S), gate(G). 

MOSFET are two types -
  1. n-channel enhancement MOSFET 
  2. p-channel enhancement MOSFET. 
It is designed to handle significant power levels and is most commonly used in the field of power electronics and also used in both analog and digital circuits.

 Transistor required current whereas MOSFET required voltage. MOSFET is much better and simpler than to a BJT. 

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BJT full form

What is the full form of BJT?


 Answer :

  • Bipolar Junction Transistor

What does BJT mean?


 BJT was invented by William Shockley at Bell Laboratories in 1948.

BJT is a type of transistor that uses both electron and hole charge carriers.  

BJT uses two junctions between two semiconductor types such as n-type and p-type. There are two types of PNP and NPN. 

The basic function of BJT is to amplify current and available both alone or packaged into integrated circuits ( IC ). 

BJT is widely used in amplifiers for a large amount of everyday electronic equipment. 

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  1. Full form of MOSFET
  2. Full form of IGBT

Full form of IGBT

What is the full form of IGBT?


 Answer :

  • Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor


What does IGBT mean?


IGBT is a three-terminal include collector, emitter, and gate semiconductor device primarily used as an electronic switch in power electronic circuits. 

IGBT introduced by Hans W. Becke and Carl F. Wheatley in 1980.

IGBT is a hybrid device which combines MOSFET and BJT is formed by adding a p+ collector layer on the drain drift layer of a power MOSFET. 

 IGBT is widely used in medium power applications such as DC and AC motor drives, power supplies, relays, UPS systems, and conductors.

Full form of STFT

What is the full form of STFT?


Answer :

  • Short-Time Fourier Transform

What does STFT mean?


STFT is a Fourier transform used to determine the sinusoidal frequency and phase content of local sections of a signal as it changes over time and also used to analyze music. 

A small window is placed over the signal and the Fourier transform is computed only on the windowed signal is then moved over the entire signal. This adaptation is called the STFT.

This technique offers limited precision which is determined by the size of the window. So that wavelet analysis comes in. The wavelet analysis aims to tell us which frequency at what time.
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