Difference between eddy current loss and hysteresis loss

Definition of Hysteresis loss:

The hysteresis loss: The hysteresis loss occurs in the transformer is made of the CRGO steel which is a type of ferromagnetic material. The ferromagnetic material is made by the small atomic magnetic moments. When no field is applied to the material, in that case, the molecules are randomly arranged in the substance.

Definition of  Eddy current loss:

We all know that the eddy current induces in the core of the transformer when the alternating flux links with them. The flux induces the EMF in the core because of which the circulating current develops. The circulating current causes losses in the terms of heat which increases the temperature of the coil.

The most significant difference between the eddy current and hysteresis loss is that the eddy current occurs because of the relative's motion between the conductor and the magnetic field whereas the hysteresis loss occurs because of the reversal of the magnetism.

 Difference between hysteresis and the eddy current loss :
  • The loss which occurs because of the eddy current is known as the eddy current loss. The eddy current induces because of the interaction of the variable magnetic field and conductor. So the losses which occur of the reversal of the magnetizing force is known as the hysteresis loss 
  • The eddy current loss occurs because of the interaction of the magnetic field and conductor. The hysteresis loss occurs because of the main reason is a reversal of the magnetism
  • The eddy current loss is minimised by using the thin core of lamination. The silicon steel material is used for minimising the hysteresis loss
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CFL bulb full form

What is the full form of CFL bulb?


  • Compact Fluorescent Lamp


What does CFL mean?


CFL also called as the compact fluorescent light. It is energy-saving light and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light bulb, some types fit into light fixture design for incandescent bulbs.

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  7. LCD full form
  8. OLED full form
  9. CRT full form
  10. CCFL full form
  11. HDD full form

Difference Between CFL and LED Bulbs

The major difference is in CFL bulbs the emission of light is because of the ionization of mercury vapor. The mercury vapor when ionize produces ultraviolet rays. These rays when collides with phosphorous coating tube generates visible light.

Definition:
  • CFL is defined as the lamp which uses the low-pressure mercury vapor gas for producing the visible light.
  • An LED is a PN junction diode which light when current passes through it in the forward direction.
The main key difference between CFL and LED bulbs are given below:
  • CFL stands for compact fluorescent light bulbs while LED stands for the light emitting diode.
  • The efficiency of CFL is less while LED has high efficiency.
  • LED bulbs consume less power as compared to CFL, while CFL consumes about 80% of energy in a year.
  • Mercury must contain in CFL bulbs.
  • Destruction in difficult in CFL bulbs.
  • The life of CFL has only 8000 hours of life while LED bulbs usually 50,000 hours or maybe more.
  • LED bulbs are expensive as compared to CFL type of bulbs.
  • Size of the LED bulb is usually smaller than a CFL bulb.
  • While using CFL bulbs electricity used 13-15 watts while LED bulbs only used electricity only 6-8 watts.
  • CFL gets heated up quickly but in LED remains cool.
  • In CFL bulbs brightness is less as compared to LED lamps.
  • CFL bulbs are not recyclable.
  • Emission of heat is more in CFL bulbs.
  • CFL bulbs use domestic purposes while LED bulbs use traffic signal, message display on board, etc.
  • Glass can be easily broken in using CFL bulbs while LED bulbs are highly durable.

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Difference between squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor

The squirrel cage induction motor is the most popular and widely used AC motor because it is very cheap, efficient, robust and reliable. The slip ring motors are rarely used in industries because it has several disadvantages like frequent maintenance, high copper loss. 


Main difference : 

The slip ring motor has an external resistance circuit for controlling the speed of the motor whereas the squirrel cage motor not possible to add any external circuit because, at the end of the ring, the bar of the motor is permanently slotted. 

Difference between squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor are listed below :


  • A slip ring is a motor whose rotor is wound type whereas the squirrel cage motor has a squirrel cage type rotor. 
  • The rotor of the slip ring motor has a parallel slot cylindrical core and each slot consists of each bar while the slot is not parallel in the case of the squirrel cage motor.
  • The slip ring motor is also called a phase wound rotor and the name of the squirrel cage motor is cage motor. 
  • The slip ring motor consists of a slip ring and brushes which is complicated whereas the construction of the squirrel cage motor is simple. 
  • At the start, the slip ring motor the rotor resistance the starter is used, while the slip ring motor doesn't require any starter. 
  • The phase wound motor consists of an external resistance circuit, on the other hand, whereas no internal resistance circuit can be added in the squirrel cage motor due to the permanent slotting of their rotor bars.
  • The starting torque of the slip ring motor is very high and low in the case of the squirrel cage motor. 
  • Compared to the squirrel cage motor, the maintenance cost of the slip ring motor is high because the slip ring motor consists of brushes and rings.
  • Compared to the squirrel cage motor, the copper loss is more in the slip ring engine.
  • Compared to the squirrel cage motor, the slip ring motor has a low power factor.
  • The motor of the slip ring has brushes to transfer power while the motor of the squirrel cage is brushless.
  • The efficiency of the slip ring motor is low and high in the squirrel cage motor.
  • The resistance circuit is used to control the speed of the slip ring motor whereas impossible to control the speed of the squirrel cage motor. 
  • The wound rotor phase price is high because it is made up of brushes and the squirrel cage motor is cheap.
  • The starting current of the slip ring motor is small because it is regulated by the resistance circuit while it is high in the squirrel cage motor. 
  • The slip ring motor is mostly used in places where high starting torque is required like a hoist, cranes and the squirrel cage motor is used in a drilling and lathe machine.
  • Compared to squirrel cage motor, overloading capacity is high in the slip ring motor and is smoothly running under heavy loads.
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Advantages and disadvantages of TRIAC

A TRIAC stand for is a bidirectional thyristor with three terminals device. Thyristor used extensively used for the control of power in the AC circuit. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of TRIAC to better understand this topic.
Advantages of Triac:
  • The Triac need a single fuse for protection
  • When the voltage is reduced to zero the TRIAC device is generally turned off
  • It needs only a single heat sink of a slightly larger size whereas for SCR two heat sinks should be required of smaller size
  • A safe breakdown in either direction is possible  using TRIAC but for SCR protection should be given with parallel diode
  • It can be triggered with positive or negative polarities of gate pulses
Disadvantages of Triac:
  • It has a very high switching delay
  • This is not suitable for DC application
  • It can be triggered in any direction so we need to be careful about triggering circuit
  • As compare to SCR it has a low rating
  • The TRIAC is not much reliable as compared to SCR
  • The dv/dt rating is very low as compared to SCR device
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Piezoelectric transducer applications

There are many different types of transducer available but piezoelectric transducer are some of the applications compare to other transducers. So this page is given below some applications of the piezoelectric transducer are given below
  • A piezoelectric transducer is used in spark ignition engines
  • It is used in a record player
  • It is an accelerometer
  • It can be used in electronics watches 
  • It is used in medical diagnostics
  • Used in inkjet printers
  • Used in fertility treatment
  • They are used for studying high-speed waves and blast waves
  • In strain gauges to measure force, stress, and vibrations
  • Used by automotive industries to measure detonations in engines
  • It is used in electric lighter used in kitchens devices
  • These are used in ultrasonic imaging in medical applications
  • The automotive companies used a piezoelectric transducer to detect detonations in the engine blocks
  • Automobile seat bels lock in response to a rapid deceleration is also done by the piezoelectric material
  • They are used in seismographs to measure vibrations in rockets

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Difference between microprocessor and microcontroller

There has always been confusion between microprocessors and microcontrollers. Both of them have been used for real-time applications. They also share many common features and at the same time have significant differences. Both integrated circuits are available in different versions starting from 6 pins to as high as 80 to 100 pins depending on the features. A significant discussion at this stage is the difference between microprocessors and microcontrollers.


Primary difference :

  • The microcontroller uses on-chip embedded flash memory in store and executes its program. Most of the devices available in the market have a maximum of 2 Mbytes of program memory is the only limitation that the total available memory space is finite. 
  • The microprocessor does not have memory constraints and use external memory to provide program and data storage. You can connect to the processor is in the range of hundreds of Mbytes and even Gbytes also. 

Difference :
  • A microcontroller just needs one single voltage power rail whereas a microprocessor required several different voltage rails for the core and DDR. 
  • The microprocessor is the heart of a computer system on the other hand microcontroller is the heart of the embedded system. 
  • The microprocessor cannot be used in a compact system and is hence inefficient and the microprocessor can be used in a compact system and hence it is an efficient technique. 
  • In the microprocessor memory and components have to be connected externally thus the circuit becomes large whereas memory and components have to be connected internally thus the circuit becomes small. 
  • Due to external components, the entire power consumption is high in the case of a microprocessor hence, it is not suitable to use with devices running on stored power like batteries and vice versa because the entire power consumption is less in the microcontroller. 
  • Most of the microprocessors do not have power-saving features while the microcontroller has idle mode and power-saving mode which helps to reduce power consumption even further. 
  • Compared to the microcontroller, the clock speed of the microprocessor is quite high.
  • The microcontrollers have more registers, which makes the program simpler to write than the microprocessor due to fewer registers.
  • Microprocessors are mainly used in personal computers and microcontrollers are mainly used in washing machines and MP3 players. 
  • The microprocessor has a zero status flag, whereas the microcontroller has no zero flags. 
  • The instruction in the microprocessor is bits or bytes whereas in the microcontroller instruction are both bits and bytes addressable. 
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Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in your mind on the Difference between microprocessors and microcontrollers then please ask us in the comment section below.

DPCM full form

What is the full form of DPCM?

  • Differential Pulse Code Modulation

 What does DPCM mean?

DPCM is a technique of analog to digital signal conversion in which an analog signal is sampled and then the difference between the actual sample value and its predicted value is quantized and then encoded forming a digital value. Before we are discussing the differential PCM we have to know the demerits of PCM. 


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Advantages and disadvantages of piezoelectric transducer

When an external force is applied to this transducer, the produced voltage that can be measured easily. This change is measured by its corresponding value of sound or some of the vibration. There are many different types of transducer available but piezoelectric transducer are some of the advantages compare to other transducers. So this page is given below some advantages and disadvantages of the piezoelectric transducer are given below:

 There are some advantages of the piezoelectric transducer which are given below:
  • The piezoelectric transducer has a good frequency response
  • It is small in size
  • It is easy to handle  because of its small dimension
  • It has rugged construction
  • It is available in the desired shape
  • It has a negligible phase shift
  • Natural quartz and barium titanate can be made any desired form and shape
  • It offers high output that is measured in the electronics circuit
There are some disadvantages to the piezoelectric transducer which are given below:
  • It has high-temperature sensitivity
  • Some crystals are water soluble and dissolve in a high humid environment
  • The piezoelectric transducer is used for dynamic measurement only, not suitable for static conditions
  • It needs high piezoelectric cable for electrical interface because the device operates with the small electric charge
  • The output obtained from the piezoelectric transducer is low, so the external electronic circuit has to be connected 
Applications of piezoelectric transducer:
  • It is used in a record player
  • It is used in accelerometer
  • It can be used in electronic watches
  • It is used in spark ignition engines
This article also gives some advantages of piezoelectric pressure transducer which are given below:

Advantages of piezoelectric pressure transducer:
  • Rugged construction 
  • Small size
  • Excellent frequency response
  • High output with negligible phase shift
Disadvantages of piezoelectric pressure transducer:
  • Temperature sensitive
  • It can be used for dynamic measurement only
  • Piezoelectric crystals are water soluble hence it has a high humidity environment gets dissolved
There is some application of piezoelectric pressure transducer which is given below:
  • It is used in spark ignition engines
  • It is used for measurement of nonelectrical quantities such as acceleration, vibration dynamic pressure, and sound intensity
  • It is used in ultrasonic, nondestructive test equipment, ultrasonic flow meters, micromotion actuators

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What is transducer

Definition of transducer:

A transducer is a device that converts the energy from one form to another. Usually, a transducer converts a signal in a form of energy to a signal in another. Some of the transducers is usually more efficient than others, An illustration power into an electromagnetic field. 

Characteristics of the transducer:
One of the main key difference between the sensor and transducer is that the transducer converts the physical quantity or nonelectrical into another signal or electrical signal whereas the sensor senses the physical changes occur in the surrounding.

 The characteristics of the transducer are given below that are determined by examining the output response of a transducer to a variety of input signals. The method of computational and standard statistical can be applied to the test data. 
  • Accuracy
  • Noise 
  • Linearity
  • Sensitivity
  • Hysteresis
  • Size
  • Span 
  • Repeatability
  • Conformance
  • Resolution
  • Speed
  • Ruggedness
  • High output
  • High stability
For detailed information

Different types of transducer:

Classification based on the source of energy: Active and passive transducer 

Classification based on physical quantity: 
  • Pressure transducer - Bourdon gauge
  • Force transducer  - Dynamometer
  • Acceleration transducer  - Accelerometer
The primary and secondary transducer  
For detailed information


 Application of the transducer:

 Application of the transducer in a different part of electronics :
  • Thermistor/ Thermocouple
  • Optocoupler
  • LDR
  • Microphone
  • Hall effect
  • Speaker
  • Magnetic pickup
  • Flame or smoke
  • Pizzo
  • Strain gauge
  • Vibration
  • Magnetism
  • Force
  • Torque
  • Power
  • Current
  • Magnetic flux
  • Position 
  • Humidity
  • Displacement
  • Pressure

For detailed information

Advantages and disadvantages of the electrical transducer:
  • The electrical output of the transducer can be easily used, transmitted and also easily processed for the purpose of measurement.
  • Mass inertia effects are minimized
  • The signal can be conditioned or mixed to obtain any combination with the output of similar transduces or control signals
For detailed information

Transducer

What is a transducer?

A transducer is a device that converts the energy from one form to another. Usually, a transducer converts a signal in a form of energy to a signal in another.


Classification based on the source of energy: Active and passive transducer 

 Classification based on physical quantity: 
  • Pressure transducer - Bourdon gauge
  • Force transducer  - Dynamometer
  • Acceleration transducer  - Accelerometer
Primary and secondary transducer  Read more 

  • Hysteresis
  • Size
  • Span 
  • Repeatability
  • Conformance
  • Resolution
  • Speed
  • Ruggedness
  • High output
  • High stability Read more 


Advantages of electrical transducer:  1. Mass inertia effects are minimized 2. The signal can be conditioned or mixed to obtain any combination with the output of similar transduces or control signals
Disadvantages of electrical transducer: 1. The electrical transducer has costly Read more
  • Thermistor/ Thermocouple
  • Optocoupler
  • LDR
  • Microphone
  • Hall effect
  • Speaker
  • Magnetic pickup
  • Flame or smoke
  • Pizzo
  • Strain gauge
  • Vibration
  • Magnetism
  • Force  Read more 

Microscope vs Telescope

Although both instruments magnify object so that the human eye can see them, the microscope looks at things very near while telescope views things very far away. This difference in purpose explains the substantial differences in their design. Biologists and chemists use microscope ordinarily in laboratories while astronomers use a telescope in observatories.

  • The microscope is used to see a very small object like artificial light whereas a telescope relies on natural light.
  • Where the aperture on a telescope is one of the most important things for viewing planets far in the distance, the opposite is the case for a microscope. Yo don't need a large aperture with a microscope so they tend to have small apertures in comparison to other scopes.
  • In microscope focal length of the eyepiece lens is greater than the focal length of the objective lens while the telescope focal length of the objective is greater than eyepiece.
  • The objective lenses in the telescope areas you might have guessed far larger than the objective lenses in a microscope. In terms of power the objective lens tens to be lower in the telescope.



Difference Between Baseband and Broadband Transmission

Broadband system use modulation techniques to reduce the effect of noise in the environment. Broadband transmission employes multiple channel unidirectional transmission using a combination of phase and amplitude modulation while in baseband is a digital signal is transmitted on the medium using one of the signal codes like NRZ, RZ, Manchester biphase Mcode, etc. is called as a baseband transmission. Here this post gives information about the difference between broadband and baseband transmission to better understand this topic.

Baseband transmission:
  • Digital signaling.
  • Frequency division multiplexing is not possible.
  • The baseband is the bi-directional transmission.
  • The entire bandwidth is for single signal transmission.
  • Short distance signal traveling.
  • Ethernet is using baseband for LAN. 
  • Baseband transmission works well with bus topology. 
  • Manchester and differential Manchester encoding is used for baseband transmissionEntire bandwidth of the cable are consumed by a single signal in a baseband transmission.
Broadband transmission:
  • Analog signaling.
  • Transmission of data is unidirectional.
  • The signal traveling distance is long.
  • Frequency division multiplexing possible.
  • Simultaneous transmission of multiple signals over different frequencies.
  • Used to transmit cable TV to premises.
  • The broadband transmission used with a bus as well as a tree topology.
  • PSK encoding must be used.
  • The signals are sent on multiple frequencies and allow all the multiple signals are sent simultaneously in a broadband transmission.

Transducer characteristics

The characteristics of the transducer are given below that are determined by examining the output response of a transducer to a variety of input signals. The method of computational and standard statistical can be applied to the test data. 

  • Accuracy
  • Noise 
  • Linearity
  • Sensitivity
  • Hysteresis
  • Size
  • Span 
  • Repeatability
  • Conformance
  • Resolution
  • Speed
  • Ruggedness
  • High output
  • High stability

1. Accuracy: It is defined as the closeness which the reading approaches an accepted standard value or ideal value or true value, of the variable being measured.

2. Noise: All transducers have some random noise in their output. So the small signals are largely affected by noise in comparison to larger signals.

3. Linearity: The output of the transducer should be linearity proportional to the input quantity under measurement. It should have linear input-output characteristics.

4. Sensitivity: The electrical transducer is defined as the electrical output obtained per unit in the physical parameter of the input quantity called sensitivity of the transducer.

5. Hysteresis: This property wherein a transducer output is dependent not only on the present input but also on the previous inputs.

6. Size: The transducer should have the smallest possible size and shape with minimal weight and volume. This will make the measurement system very compact. 

7. Repeatability: A transducer ability to produce identical output upon stimulation by the same input in termed as repeatability.

8. Speed: It is rapidity with which the transducer responds to changes in the measured quantity. The speed of the response of the transducer should be as high as practicable.

9. Ruggedness: The transducer should be mechanically rugged to withstand overloads. it should have overload protection.

10. High output: The Transducer should give reasonably high output signal so that it can be easily processed and measured. The output must be much larger than noise. Nowadays digital output is preferred in many applications.

11. Dynamic range: For a transducer, the operating range should be wide so that it can be used over a wide range of measurement conditions.

Different types of transducer

The transducer is used in electronic communication systems to convert signals of different physical forms to an electronic signal. While the sensor is a device that senses a physical quantity and it converts it into an analog type quantity which can be measured electricity such as voltage, capacitance, inductance, and ohmic resistance.

One of the main key difference between the sensor and transducer is that the transducer converts the physical quantity or nonelectrical into another signal or electrical signal whereas the sensor senses the physical changes occur in the surrounding.

Classification based on the source of energy:

The transducer is of many different types of transducer, they can be classified based on various criteria as:
  • Active transducer
  • Passive transducer
1. Active transducer:

In the active transducer, the energy from the input is used as a control signal in the process of transferring energy from the power supply to proportional output. Such type of transducer develops theirs owns voltage or current hence known as a self-generating transducer. This output signal is obtained from the physical input quantity.

Piezoelectric transducer: When an external force is applied to this transducer, the produced voltage that can be measured easily. This change is measured by its corresponding value of sound or vibration.

Piezoelectric transducer applications:
  • This sensor can be used as a knock sensor in automotive engine management systems for noticing knock of the engine
  • This sensor is used for the measurement of pressure and acceleration
  • This transducer is mainly used to detect the sticks drummer impact in electronic drums pads 
Thermopile transducer: The voltage change developed across a junction of two dissimilar metals is knowns by its corresponding value of temperature heat or flow.

Moving coil type: The change in voltage generated in a magnetic field can be measured using its corresponding value of vibration or velocity.

Photovoltaic cell: The voltage change that occurs across the PN junction due to light radiation is known as the corresponding solar cell value or light intensity

2. Passive transducer:

A transducer which requires an external power source for their operation is called a passive transducer. They produce an output signal in the form of some variation in resistance-capacitance or any other electrical parameter like inductance which then has to be converted to an equivalent current or voltage signal. A transducer which requires an external power source for their operation is called a passive transducer.

Resistive transducer:
  • Resistive thermometers
  • Resistive displacement transducer
  • Resistive strain transducer
  • Resistive pressure transducer
  • Resistive moisture transducer
Capacitive transducer:
  • Capacitive displacement transducer
  • Capacitive moisture  transducer
  • Capacitive thickness transducer
  • Inductive displacement transducer
Inductive transducer:
  • Eddy current inductive transducer
  • Moving core inductive transducer

Classification based on physical quantity:

The second classification of the transducer is based on the physical quantity converted. The end use of the transducer after the conversion.

Following some list of transducer based on physical quantity:
Flow transducer - flow meter
  • Pressure transducer - Bourdon gauge
  • Force transducer  - Dynamometer
  • Acceleration transducer  - Accelerometer
  • Temperature transducer  - Thermocouple
  • Displacement transducer  - LVDT

Type of transducer based on the principle of operation:
  • Chemical
  • Mutual induction
  • Photovoltaic
  • Piezoelectric 
  • Hall effect
  • Photoconductor
Primary and secondary transducer:
  • Primary transducer: This transducer consists the mechanical as well as the electrical devices. The mechanical devices of the transducer change the physical input quantities into a mechanical signal or device. This mechanical device is known as the primary transducer.
  • Secondary transducer: The secondary transducer converts the mechanical signal into a form of an electrical signal. The magnitude of the output signal depends on the input mechanical signal.

Advantages of dc chopper

A chopper may be thought of as dc equivalent of an ac transformer so that they behave in an identical manner. As chopper involve that one stage conversion, these are more efficient for the circuit.

Advantages of DC chopper:
  • High efficiency
  • Regeneration
  • Flexibility in control
  • Lightweight
  • Small size
  • Quick response
  • Fast dynamic response
  • Smooth acceleration

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Transducer vs sensor

The transducer is used in electronic communication systems to convert signals of different physical forms to an electronic signal. While the sensor is a device that senses a physical quantity and it converts it into an analog-type quantity which can be measured electricity such as voltage, capacitance, inductance, and ohmic resistance.

One of the main key differences between the sensor and transducer is that the transducer converts the physical quantity or nonelectrical into another signal or electrical signal whereas the sensor senses the physical changes occur in the surrounding.

The main key difference between sensor and transducer are given below:
  • The sensor changes the physical change across the surrounding whereas the transducer transforms the one form of energy into another.
  • The sensor itself is the major component of the sensor whereas the transducer the sensor and the signal conditioning is the major elements of the sensor.
  • The primary function of the transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical signal while the sensor is to sense the physical changes.
  • The sensor tends to be more sensitive than the transducer.
  • Some transducer can be used as sensors. A transducer converts energy in two directions while a sensor can convert it in one.
  • A transducer converts the measured quantity into a standard electrical signal like -10 to +10V DC while the sensor is used to measure voltage,  capacitance, ohmic resistance.
  • The thermistor and thermocouple are the best examples of the transducer while accelerometer, barometer, gyroscope are the example of the sensors.
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