Differences Between Velocity and Acceleration

The key difference between velocity and acceleration is that velocity defines the rate with which an object varies its position. While acceleration is defined as the with which velocity of the object changes during motion.

The main key difference between velocity and acceleration are listed below:


  • Velocity implies the speed of an object in the given direction, while Acceleration implies any change in the velocity of an object with respect to time.
  • Velocity is measured in m/s while the measuring unit of acceleration in m/s2.
  • Velocity calculate with displacement, Acceleration calculate with velocity
  • The product of mass and velocity of a moving object is momentum. whereas the product of mass and acceleration gives the value of the applied force on the object.
  • Velocity is given as the ratio of change in position with time. However, acceleration is the ratio of change in velocity with respect to time.
  • Velocity is a parameter that relies on displacement and time but acceleration relies on velocity and time.
  • Velocity provide information regarding the fastness of an object moving in a specific time. An acceleration gives information about the variable velocity of the object at different time intervals.
  • The formula of velocity is displacement per time(d/t) while in acceleration velocity per time (v/t).
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STM full form

What is the full form of STM?

  • Synchronous Transport Module

What does STM mean?

STM is a module that is used in a fiber-optic network, its standard for SDH(Synchronous digital hierarchy). The transmission formate is considered for the main building block diagram for Synchronous digital hierarchies. Apart from the fact that the high rate of the signals is created by multiplexing numerous STM-1 signals, lower rate payload are also mapped into STM-1.


Advantages of digital system over analog system

Nowadays the digital system is most widely used in the system, Though the digital system is advanced, there are some advantages in digital compared to an analog system. Some of the advantages of a digital system over an analog system are listed below.

What are the digital system over an analog systems?


  • Reproductiivity of the results.
  • Accuracy of results.
  • Flexibility and functionality.
  • Ease of design: No specific math skill needed to visualize the behavior of small digital circuits.
  • Programmability.
  • Due to the integration of millions of digital logic elements on a single miniature chip forming for very low cost integrated circuits.
  • More reliable than an analog system due to better immunity to noise.
  • Speed: A digital logic integration of millions of digital logic elements on a single miniature chip forming low cost integrated circuits.

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Advantages of digital circuits over analog circuits

What are the advantages of the digital circuits over the analog circuits?

  • The Digital circuit is very accurate.
  • The Digital circuit generates a digital signal which is more reliable than analog signals.
  • Compare to the analog circuits is that signal represented digitally can be transmitted without degradation due to noise. 
  • Digital signal can be used by digital circuit components, which are very cheap and easy to produce in many components on a single chip.
  • Enables transmission of signal over a long distance.
  • Digital signal maintains its quality over long distances better than analog signals.
  • Digital signals carry more information per second than analog signals circuit.
  • Digital signal is used to construct a digital circuit since the cost of digital components is very cheap.
  • Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than analog circuits.
  • Digital signal faster than the analog signal.
  • The hardware implementation in a digital circuit is more flexible than analog.
  • In a digital system, a more precise representation of a signal can be obtained by using a binary digit(0's or 1's) to represent it. Each digit handled by the same kind of hardware.
  • The signal processing function such as encryption and compression are employed in digital circuits to maintain the secrecy of the information.
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Differences between Analog Circuits and Digital Circuits

What is an Analog circuit?

 The analog circuits, which operate or work with continuous-valued signals or continuously varying signals, these signals are commonly referred to as an analog signal. The Analog signal is sound, light, etc. The Analog circuit is usually much more susceptible to noise. The small changes in the voltage level of an analog signal may produce significant errors when being processed.
What is a Digital circuit? 
The Digital circuit operates or works on signals whose values exist at two levels only or has only two values the 0's ad 1's. These signals are commonly referred to as a digital signal, at any given instant of time the value of digital can be either high(1) or low(0).

The main key difference between Analog circuit and Digital circuit are listed below:

  • Analog circuits operate on continuously variable signal also known as the Analog signal while in Digital circuit operate on discreetly variable signal or digital signals. This signal existed only in two levels 0 and 1.
  • Analog signal is quite difficult to design, depending on the efficiency and precision. Digital circuit are relatively easy to design with automated tools available for various stages of design and analysis.
  • Analog circuit there is no need for data conversion, there is delay no loss of information but in the digital circuit the process of converting analog signal to digital signal, there might a significant amount of data loss, which can result in loss of information.
  • Analog circuits can directly accept the signal from outside as the data is already analog whereas if the digital circuit has to acquire data from the physical world, the analog signals must be converted to digital signals first.
  • If the precision and accuracy are not a criterion, then analog circuits can be simple and inexpensive while in the Digital circuit is a simple design technique and also a low cost, the digital circuit provides good accuracy and precision.
  • Due to the lack of skilled engineers and the complexity of the design the analog circuits can turn out to be quite expensive, Wheres advanced integrated circuits technologies and many other factors help the digital circuits to be reliable.
  • Analog circuit are typically routine made and lack flexibility, Digital circuit has a high degree of elasticity.
  • In analog circuits, since there is no conversions involved at the input or at the output side there is no loss of information that is available for processing but in a digital circuit due to conversion process at the input side means that analog to digital and the output side, some amount of information is lost during the conversion process.
  • The manpower available to design analog circuits is very low, this results in long time to market the finished products, while in the digital circuit the available manpower to design. Digital circuits are significantly very large compared to that of analog circuit designers.
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MEMS full form

What is the full form of MEMS?

Answer:

  • Micro-Electromechanical System

What does MEMS mean?

MEMS system which allows both electronic circuits and also a mechanical device to be manufactured on a silicon chip, similar to the process used for integrated circuits. In this system the physical dimension can range from several millimeters to less than one micrometer, a dimension was many times smaller than the width of a human hair, it is a very small part. MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements to extremely very complex electromechanical systems and it using with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated some microelectronics.

Advantages and disadvantages of MEMS technology

MEMS stands for a micro electro mechanical system, It is the process of used to create tiny integrated devices or systems that combine mechanical and electrical components or devices. They are fabricated using the IC batch processing techniques and can range in the size from a few micrometers to millimeters. Now let us discuss the advantages and disadvantages of MEMS technology to better understand this topic

Advantages  or benefits of MEMS:

  • MEMS switches and actuators also can attain very high frequencies. 
  • MEMS devices require very low power consumption.
  • MEMS can be readily integrated with microelectronics to achieve an embedded mechatronic system.
  • It improved reproductivity.
  • Higher accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity.
  • MEMS sensors possess extremely high sensitivity.
  • Extremely it scalable in manufacturing, resulting in very low unit costs when mass is produced.
  • Scaling effect at microscopic levels can be leveraged to achieve the design and dynamic mechanisms otherwise not possible at micro scales.
  • Easier to alter the part of a device as compared to its macro counterparts.

Disadvantages or drawback of MEMS:

  • Very expensive during the research and development stage any new MEMS design or devices.
  • Fabrication and assembly unit costs can be very high for low quantities. therefore, MEMS are not suitable for only niche applications, unless cost is not an issue.
  • Polysilicon is a brittle material.
  • Farm establishment requires a huge investment.
  • Prior knowledge is needed to integrate MEMS device
  • The design includes very complex procedure.
  • Very expensive upfront setup cost for fabrication cleanrooms and boundary facilities.
  • Testing equipment to characterize the quality and performance can also be expensive. 

Advantages and disadvantages of radio frequency

RD stands for Radio-Frequency, It is a rate of an alternating electric current(AC) or voltage or of a magnetic electric or the mechanical system or electromagnetic field in the frequency range from around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz. Now let us discuss the advantages and disadvantages of radiofrequency to better understand this topic.

Advantages of radio frequency (RF):

  • It is used in radar for object detection.
  • It is used for satellite communication.
  • It is used for radio and television transmission and for cellular mobile phone service.
  • It is used in the microwave line of the sight communication system.
  • It is used in various medical applications, It is used in Diathermy instrument on the frequency. It is used in MRI for taking an image of humans today. It is also used for skin tightening.

Disadvantages of radio frequency(RF):

  • The areas near RF cellular towers have been observed with more lightening compare to the other areas to be considered.
  • It also affects some of the fruits to grow ear the RF tower areas.
  • As Radio-frequency(RF) waves are available both in the line of sight as well as the non-LOS region of the transmitter, it can be easily intruded by the hackers and crucial personal/official data can be decoded for malicious motives. This signal can also be modulated either using frequency hopping or spread spectrum techniques to avoid this kind of eavesdropping.
  • Uncontrolled traditions of RF affect pre-adolescent children, pregnant women, patients with pacemakers, small birds, Flora, and fauna, etc.
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Advantages and disadvantages of temperature sensor | thermocouple, RTD, thermistor

The sensor which senses changes in temperature known as a temperature sensor. This page covers the advantages and disadvantages of a temperature sensor. This article covers the advantages and disadvantages of thermocouple, RTD and Thermistor.

Advantages and disadvantages of temperature sensor | thermocouple

Advantages or benefits of thermocouple:

  • Very wide temperature range about -200oC to +2500oC
  • Fast response time
  • They are a simple construction
  • Low initial cost
  • Durable
  • Easy to read has a clear screen and good scale
  • Quick response for any temperature changes
  • Precision accuracy in temperature measurement
  • It is not easily broken good durability
  • Good to be used temperature variation measurement with below 1 cm distance range
  • Available in small sheath sizes
  • Not required bridge circuit
  • Good accuracy
  • Does not required bridge circuit
  • Good reproducibility
  • High-speed response
  • They are rugged
  • They are a self-power active device
Disadvantages  or drawback of thermocouple:
  • Not as stable as RTD
  • Recalibration is difficult
  • More susceptible to RFI/EMI
  • They are nonlinear
  • It is used for only temperature measurement only
  • They have a low output voltage
  • Less sensitivity
  • They require a reference for operation
    The stray voltage pick up is possible
  • As output voltage is very small so it needs amplification
  • Decreased accuracy comparing to RTD
  • Difficult to verify
  • Require expensive TC wire from the sensor to recording device
  • The cold junction and lead compensation is essential

Advantages and disadvantages of temperature sensor | RTD


 Advantages or benefits of RTD:
  • Very stable output
  • Most accurate
  • Linear and predictable
  • High accuracy
  • High repeatability
  • Good precision
  • Low Drift 
  • More linearity compare to a thermocouple
  • No special wire required for installation, easily install and update
  • It is available for in wide range
  • It can be used to measure differential temperature
  • No necessity of temperature compensation
  • Stability maintained over a long period of time
  • They are suitable for remote indication
  • Easy to verify and recalibrate
  • RTD does not require a special extension cable
Disadvantages or drawback of RTD:
  • High initial cost
  • Low sensitivity 
  • It requires a more complex measurement circuit
  • Large bulb size
  • Low absolute resistance
  • Current source needed
  • Less rugged in a high vibration environment
  • A bridge circuit is needed with power supply
  • Shock and vibrations affect the reading
  • Point sensing is not possible
  • A circuit is little more complicated as it 34/4 wire measurement
  • Costlier as compared to other sensors like thermocouples
  • Slower response time than a thermocouple
  • More limited temperature range
  • Possibility of self-healing
  • Power supply failure can cause an erroneous reading
  • It can be avoided in industries for ranges above 650 deg. C
  • The RTD requires more complex measurement circuit

Advantages and disadvantages of temperature sensor | thermistor


 Advantages or benefits of thermistor:
  • It is a small size
  • Highly sensitive allows them to work well over a small temperature range
  • They are more sensitive than other temperature sensors
  • Easy to use
  • They are fast in operation
  • It has good sensitivity in NTC region
  • Fast response over the narrow temperature range
  • Cost is low
  • Very responsive to changes in temperature
  • High accurate
  • Repeatable
  • It does not require contact and leads resistance problem not occurred due to large resistance
  • Options for customization
  • Easily interfaced to electronics instrumentation
  • it requires a standard two-wire connection system means they are compatible with many devices
Disadvantages or drawback of thermistor:
  • Thermistor need for shielding power lines
  • Extremely non-linear
  • Passive
  • The thermistor is not suitable for a large temperature range
  • The resistance temperature characteristics are nonlinear
  • Narrow working temperature range compared to other sensors such as RTD and thermocouple
  • More fragile as they are semiconductor devices
  • Susceptible to self-heating errors
  • The excitation for large temperature range
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Difference between ASIC and FPGA | ASICs vs FPGA

What is ASIC?

ASIC stands for Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. As the name implies, ASIC is application-specific. They are designed for one sole purpose and they function the same their whole operating life for uses. For example,  consider the CPU inside your phone is an ASIC. It is meant to function as a CPU for its whole life uses.

What is FPGA?

FPGA stands for Field-programmable Gate Array. It is an integrated circuit that can be filed programmed to work as per the intended design. It means that it can work as a microprocessor or as an encryption unit, or graphics card,  or even all these three at once.

ASICs Vs FPGA | Difference between ASIC and FPGA

  • ASIC is the same for FPGA. Design is specified using HDL. Such as a Verilog. VHDL etc. While in FPGA is specified generally using hardware description languages such as VHDL or Verilog.
  • ASIC is permanent circuitry. Once the application circuit is taped out into silicon. It cannot be a channel. The circuit will work the same for its complete operating life, but FPGA is a reconfigurable circuit. FPGA can be reconfigured with a different design. They can have the capability to reconfigure a part of the chip while the remaining area of the chip is still working. This feature is widely used in accelerated computing in data centers.
  • ASIC is suited for very high volume mass production, FPGA is not suited for very high volume mass production.
  • ASIC is a very high entry barrier in a team of cost, learning curve, liaising with semiconductor foundry, etc. Starting ASIC development from scratch can cost well into millions of dollars while in FPGA easier to the entry barrier. One can get started with FPGA development for as low as the USD dollar $30.
  • ASIC is much more power-efficient than FPGA. Power consumption of ASIC can be very minutely controlled and optimized while in FPGA is less energy efficient. It requires more power for the same function which ASIC can achieve at lower power. 
  • ASIC can have complete analog circuitry. For example WiFi transceiver. On the same die along with microprocessor cores. This is the advantage with FPGA analog design are not possible. FPGA may contain specific analog hardware such as PLLs, ADC, etc. They are not much flexible to create for example RF transceiver.
  • ASIC fabricated using the same process node can run at a much higher frequency than FPGA since its circuit is optimized for its specific function Compared to ASIC limited in operating frequency in FPGA. ASIC is a similar process node. The routing and configurable logic set up the timing margin in FPGA.
  • IN FPGA is limited in operating frequency compared to ASIC of similar process nodes. The routing and configurable logic eat up the timing margin in FPGAs, ASIC fabricated using the same process node can run at a much higher frequency than FPGAs since its circuit is optimized for its specific function.
  • FPGA is highly suited for application as Radar. cell phone base station etc where the current design might need to be upgraded to use a better algorithm or to a better design. In this application, the high cost of FPGA is not the deciding factor. Instead, programmability is the deciding factor. While in ASIC are definitely not suited for application areas where the design might need to be upgraded frequently or once in a while.
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Difference between CMOS and TTL | CMOS Vs TTL logic

CMOS stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor is also another classification of ICs that uses the Filed effect transistor in the design. TTL stands for Transistor transistor logic. It is a classification of integrated circuits. The name is derived from the use of two bipolar junction transistors or BJT in the design of each logic gate. TTL chips tend to consume a lot more power compared to CMOS chips, especially at rest. As we know that the power consumption of a CMOS chip can vary depending on a few factors. Here this article gives the difference between CMOS and TTL to better understand this topic.

Related article: NMOS Vs CMOS

The main key difference between CMOS and TTL are listed below:

CMOS Vs TTL logic: 

  • CMOS stands for Complimentary Metal-oxide Semicodictor while in TTL stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic.
  • CMOS circuit uses a field-effect transistor by connecting NMOS and PMOS, while the TTL circuit uses a bipolar junction transistor.
  • The design of the CMOS can be considered to be very simpler as compared to the TTL. 
  • The longer rise and fall times of the CMOS can make this more energy-efficient as compared to the TTL.
  • CMOS is to be weaker than TTL when it is at rest.
  • CMOS components are generally more expensive when compared to TTL components, nit on system level, the CMOS chip are less expensive as there are smaller in size as compared to the TTL chips.
  • A single logic gate in a CMOS chip can consist of as little as two FETs while a logic gate in a TTL chip consists of a substantial number of a part as extra components like resistors are needed.
  • CMOS circuit is used in NAND-NOR gates while the basic gate use in standard TTL are NANA gates.
  • There are substantial differences in the voltage level range for both. For TTL it is 4.75 to 5.25 V while for the CMOS it ranges between 0 to 1/3 VDD at a lower level and 2/3 VDD to VDD at high levels.
  • Fan out of standard loads that can be connected to the output of the gate under normal for TTL is while it is 50 for CMOS circuit.
  • CMOS circuits have better noise immunity than TTL circuits.
  • The electromagnetic disruptions CMOS circuit components are more sensitive as compared to the TTL logic components.
  • CMOS chips will be more likely to get damaged easily as compared to the TTL.
  • The power consumption of CMOS can increase faster as compared to TTL whenever needed.
  • A single gate in a CMOS chip can consume around 10nW while an equivalent gate on a TTL chip is consumed around 10mW of power.
  • There are propagation delays present in both, On average the propagation delays of TTL are usually on 10nS whereas the propagation delays for the CMOS lay between 20 to 50 ns.
  • CMOS technology and its circuit are more economical and preferred more as compared to TTL logic.
  • CMOS is more susceptible to damage from electrostatic discharge than TTL components.
  • The number of standard inputs that can be connected to the gate is the fan which is approximately 12-14 for the TTL and for the CMOS it is 10 only.
In this article, we have to discuss the difference between CMOS and TTL.  I hope by reading this article you have gained some basic information about this article. If you have any queries regarding this article or to implement any electronics or electrical project please feel free to comment in the below section.

 Explore more information:
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  2. Difference between JFET and MOSFET
  3. Difference between JFET and BJT
  4. Difference between thyristor and Transistor
  5. Difference between LVDS and TTL
  6. Difference between flip flop and latch
  7. NMOS Vs PMOS
  8. MOSFET vs FINFET

Difference between VHDL and Verilog

What is VHDL?

VHDLVHSIC-HDL) stands for very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language. VHDL is a hardware description language, It is used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as field-programmable gate arrays(FPGA) and integrated circuits(ICs). VHDL may also be used as a general-purpose parallel programming language.

What is Verilog?

Verilog is a hardware description language. Verilog is used for describing a digital system like a network switch or a microprocessor or a memory or a flip flop.  It means by using an HDL we can describe any digital hardware at any level. The design which is described in HDL is independent of the technology, It very easy for designing and also for debugging, and is normally more useful than schematics and particularly for large circuits. 

The main key difference between VHDL and Verilog are listed below:

  • VHDL may be preferred because it is allowed a multitude of the language of defined datatypes, Verilog may be preferred because of its simplicity. 
  • VHDL is harder to learn ADA-like, Verilog easier to learn C-like.
  • Complication should not be an issue in VHDL, while in Verilog take care of compilation order.
  • The library is present in VHDL but in Verilog no concept of a library.
  • Procedures and functions may be placed in the package, While in Verilog no concept of package.
  • VHDL allows the function to be written inside in a body while in Verilog function is not allowed to be written inside in a task body.
  • Verilog is easier to learn compared to VHDL.
  • Verilog is a simple datatype, VHDL has more complex datatypes.
  • VHDL manage the large design, Verilog does not manage the large design, because of no concept of package.
  • VHDL is older than Verilog, Verilog is a newer language than VHDL. 
  • VHDL has a strong type of datatype, Verilog has a weak datatype.
  • VHDL allows concurrent procedure calls, Verilog does not allow concurrent task call.
  • A unary reduction operator is not present, the Mode operator is present. Unary reduction operator present in Verilog, no concept of package.
  • VHDL supports multidimensional array, Verilog doe not support multidimensional array.
  • VHDL generate statement replicates the number of instances, Verilog generates statement is not present in Verilog.

What are the application of an encoder?

An encoder is a device, algorithm, that is a software program or person that converts the information from one format or code to another. The main purpose of the encoder is standardization, security, speed or saving space by shrinking size.  The encoder is a combinational logic circuit and they are exactly the opposite of decoder.  They accept one or more inputs and generates a multibit output code. Here this article gives the application of encoder to better understand this topic.

Here give some of the Applications of Encoder is listed below:

  • Automatic health monitoring systems.
  • RF-based home automation system.
  • Robotics vehicle with the metal detector.
  • War field flying robot with a using night-vision flying camera.
  • Speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries.
  • Encoder for CNC machines.
  • Encoder for the medical industry most common for breast cancer treatment in the world.
  • Encoder for the electronics industry.
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What are the applications of decoders?

Here gives some application of decoder is listed below:

  • It is used in code conversion.  i.e analog to digital conversion in the analog decoder.
  • It may also be used for data distribution.
  • In a high-performance memory system, this decode can be used to minimize the effect of system decoding.
  • The decoder is used as address decoders in CPU memory location identification.
  • It is also be used in electronic circuits to convert instruction into CPU control signals.
  • They are mainly used in logical circuits, data transfer.
  • They can also be used to create simple other digital logics like half adders and full adders and
  •  some other digital design also.
  • Microprocessor selecting different I/O devices.
  • It decoding to binary input to activate the LED segments so that the decimal number can be displayed.
  • Microprocessor memory system selecting different banks of memory.
  • The decoder can be used as a timing or sequencing signals to turn the device on or off at specific times because when the decoder inputs come from a counter that is being continually pulsed, The decoder output will be activated sequentially.
  • The decoder is used whenever an output or a group of output is to be activated only on the occurrence of a specific combination of input signals.
  • They can be the application of switching function often with the fewer integrated circuit.
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Advantages and disadvantages of encoder

A simple encoder is a digital electronics is a one hot to binary converter. An encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of the decoder. If there are 2n input lines and at most only one of them will ever be high, the binary code of this hotline produced on the n output lines. Therefore the encoder encodes 2n input lines with n number of bits. Here now this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of the encoder to better understand this topic. 

 Benefits and Advantages of encoder:
  • Highly reliable and accurate.
  • Higher resolution.
  • Low-cost feedback.
  • Integrated electronics.
  • Compact in size.
  • Fuses optical and digital technology.
  • It can be incorporated into existing applications.
Drawback and Disadvantages of an encoder:
  • The subject of magnetic radio interference.
  • Susceptible to dirt, oil and dust contaminate.
  • Direct light source interference.
Explore more information:
  1. Difference between decoder and demultiplexer
In this article, we have to discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of encoder and difference between decoder and demultiplexer. I hope by reading this article you have to gain some basic information about this article. If you have any queries regarding this article or to implement any electronics or electrical project please feel free to comment in the below section.

Advantages and disadvantages of amplitude modulation

AM stands for Amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the RF carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude of modulating signal input. The transmission of a wave signal by modulating the amplitude of the signal is an amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation is widely used in radio communication over long distances in transmission. Here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of analog modulation to better understand this topic.

Advantages of Amplitude modulation:

  • AM signal is reflected back to earth from the ionosphere layer. Due to this fact, AM signals can reach far places that are thousands of miles from the source. Hence amplitude modulation the radio has coverage wider as compared to the Frequency modulation radio.
  • It is a low cost.
  • It requires a lower carrier frequency.
  • It is easily available.
  • Require a simple and cheaper transmitter and receiver.
  • An easier method for transmitting and receiving an audio signal
  • It is simple with proven reliability.

Disadvantages of Amplitude modulation:

  • The most natural as well as man-made radio noise are too much of in this type of modulation. The AM receivers will not have any means to reject this kind of noise is to be generated.
  • This modulation will require more than twice the amplitude-frequency to modulate the signal with a carrier.
  • The quality of the audio signal is poor.
  • Weak AM signal has a low magnitude compare to strong signals. This requires AM receiver to have circuitry to compensate for the signal level difference.
  • Low efficiency as the information is contained only in the sideband.
  • AM requires a bandwidth which is double to the audio frequency.
  • The efficiency of such a system is very low as it consumes a lot of power for modulations and this causes a considerable operational cost.
  •  This limits the application of amplitude modulation to radios, VHF, and system used for one to one communication only.
  • This deteriorates the quality of the original signal at the receiving end and causes problems in the quality of the signal.


SDH advantages and disadvantages

SDH stands for Synchronous digital hierarchy and SONET stands for the synchronous optical network (SONET) which refers to a group of fiber-optic transmission rate systems that can transport digital signals with different capacities. SDH allows data stream with low bit rates to be combined into the high rate data stream. The entire network is synchronous, individual bitstreams can be embedded into and extracted from high rate data streams relatively easily. Here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of SDH to better understand this topic.

Benefits and advantages of SDH:
  • It is capable of transporting broadcast signals.
  • It is multivendor and supports different operators.
  • The capacity for transporting existing PDH signals.
  • More simplified multiplexing and demultiplexing technique.
  • SDH allows for quick recovery from failure.
  • Switching protection to traffic is offered by rings.
  • It has strong NMS.
  • It is easy to interconnect with different networks.
  • Optical fiber bandwidth can be suddenly increased without limit in SDH.
  • Synchronous networking and SDH supports multipoint networking.
  • It is a flexible and self-healing network.
  • Easy growth to higher bit rates which is enhanced to the administration and maintenance process.

Drawback or disadvantages of SDH:

  • It can not carry E2 due to the unavailability of the container.
  • It requires complicated SDH equipment due to a variety of management traffic types and options.
  • It offers a lower bandwidth utilization ratio compare to PDH due to many OH bytes used for OAM.
  • Software is used largely is the SDH system. Hence it is vulnerable to computer viruses.
  • Direct adding/ dropping of lower rate signals is archived using pointers. This increases the complexity of the system.
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PDH advantages and disadvantages

PDH stands for a plesiochronous digital hierarchy, This technology is very popular technology applied in the network telecommunication system in order to transport large amounts of data over a digital transport equipment like fiber-optic or microwave radio system. Here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of the PDH system to better understand this topic.

Benefits or advantages of PDH:

  • In this technology, network management has been enhanced to a greater extent.
  • In this equipment is small enough for use in street cabinets.
  • If perform well in North America, Europe and japan independently as per standard specification.
  • Cost-effective support for access networks.
  • Good for point to point connections.
  • It was designed to support the transportation of huge amounts of data over digital equipment like various transmission mediums such as microwave radio systems or fiber optic systems.

Drawback or disadvantages of PDH:

  • Tolerance is allowed in bit rates.
  • PDH allows only point to point configuration.
  • The maximum capacity for PDH is 566 Mbps, which Bandwidth is limited.
  • In PDH, the different frame is used for transmission and in the data layer. Hence multiplexing and de-multiplexing are very complex.
  • PDH does not support the hub.
  • No provision for NMS.
  • Every manufacture has its own standard, PDH also has different multiplexing hierarchies making it difficult to integrate interconnecting networks together.
  • It does not support the hub.
  • PDH is no longer efficient to meet the demand placed on it.
  • In this system, the accessing lower tributary requires the whole system to be de-multiplexed. 

SDH full form

What is the full form of SDH?

  • Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

What does SDH mean?

SDH is meaning from the synchronous digital hierarchy, it is a standardized technology that is used for high-speed data transmission of telecommunication and digital signal. SDH can transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over the optical fiber using highly coherent light fro light-emitting diode or LASER. SDH allows data stream with low bit rates to be combined into the high rate data stream. The entire network is synchronous, individual bitstreams can be embedded into and extracted from high rate data streams relatively easily.

SDH is suitable as a transmission system for broadband ISDN and for transporting ATM cells, ethernet aggregations, SAN signals, PDH signals, and other communication signals.

UTP full form

What is the full form of UTP?

  • Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

What does UTP mean?

UTP is one type of twisted pair cable in which two conductors are twisted together for the purpose of canceling out electromagnetic interference from an external source, for instance, the electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair cables and crosstalk between their nearest neighboring pairs. 

UTP cable includes coaxial cable and fiber optic cable. There are advantages and their tradeoffs to each type of cabling but broadly speaking, most enterprises favor UTP cable due to its low cost and ease of installation.

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