1G technology features

1G technology is the first generation technology of wireless telephone technology. It was the analog telecommunications standard and it was introduced in the year of 1980, After that, it continued to replace by 2G technology.

Most popular 1G system during the year of the 1980s :
  • The first generation of cell phone technology
  • Advanced mobile phone system (AMPS)
  • Nordic mobile phone system (NMTS)
  • Total access communication system (TACS)
  • European total access communication system (ETACS)
  • Only referred to as 1G once 2G was introduced
The main difference between the 1G and 2G is that the radio signal used by 1G technology is analog while in 2G technology is digital.

Here this article gives some key features of 1G technology system :
  • Analog switching technology used
  • FM called frequency modulation is used
  • PSTN core network is used
  • Frequency around 800 MHz to 900 MHz
  • Bandwidth around 10 MHz
  • FDMA techniques must be used for access
  • Mode of voice service only 
  • Only capable of simple phone call calls 

What is PNP transistor

PNP transistor structure :

PNP transistor consisting of a layer of N-doped semiconductor between two layers of p-doped material. In the collector output, a small current leaving the base is amplified. If its base is pulled low relative to the emitter, the PNP transistor is ON. The emitter-base region is biased forward in this type of transistor so that holes are injected into the base as a minority carrier. The base is very thin and most holes cross the collector's reverse biased base-collector junction. 

PNP potential barrier : 

 In PNP transistor as more electrons and holes flow in the region of depletion, the number of positive and negative ions is reduced and the region of depletion becomes narrow. The energy loss in overcoming the barrier potential results in a voltage drop across the PN junction equal to the barrier potential in the range of 0.7 V for Si and 0.3 V for Ge. 


PNP transistor works : 

 When you have a small current running from emitter to base of the transistor a PNP transistor will turn ON. When you say turn ON, means that the transistor will open up a channel between emitter and collector and this channel can carry a much larger current. As discussed, we need two depletion layers with specific barrier potential required to diffuse the depletion layer. According to the barrier potential most common type of transistor used is silicon because it is the most abundant element on the earth after oxygen. 

What is NPN transistor

NPN transistor structure : 

The transistor in which one p-type region is placed between two n-type regions is known as the NPN transistor. The p region has access to 'holes' mobile carrier of positive charge, and n region has access of electrons mobile carrier of negative charge. The charge carriers diffuse and some electrons fall into p-type holes are fitted with n-type electrons. This leaves some atoms with a negative charge in the p region, and some atoms with a positive charge in the n region. The atoms are fixed in place and they are charged but mobile is not charged. This creates a potential for space charge between regions, which forces mobile carriers near the junctions between regions away from the junction, leaving depletion layers at the junctions without mobile carriers.

NPN potential barriers : 

Since they do not have mobile charge carriers, the depletion layers are insulators, potential barriers. If you bias a positive n region with respect to the p region adds to the potential for space charging and increase the barrier potential and no current flows. So region n is called a collector. 

p region is called as a base because one way of making an NPN transistor starts with p material and n material are diffused into it to make other regions.

NPN transistor works : 

Electrons at the base are in a potential field that attracts them to the collector. Most of these electrons are collected due to the proper design, leaving only a few to flow out of the base connection. The proportion of collected electrons out of emitted electrons is called as an alpha. 

NPN transistor current gain : 

The overall effect of NPN transistor is that a small base current controls a much larger collector current. If we take the emitter current as 1, the collector current is alpha, and the base current is 1 - alpha. This is known as Kirchoff's Current Law. The current gain from base to collector called beta which is alpha / (1-alpha). 

If alpha is 0.95 beta is 0.95 / 0.05 = 19 ( a very poor design )
If alpha is 0.99 beta is 0.99 / 0.01 = 99 ( ok design )
If alpha is 0.999 beta is 0.999 / 0.001 = 999 ( Excellent design ) 

UMTS full form

What is the full form of UMTS?

Answer :

  • Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

 What does UMTS mean?

The UMTS is a third generation mobile cellular system for network based on the GSM standard. UMTS uses wideband code division multiple access radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to the mobile network operator. 

ISDN full form

What is the full form of ISDN?

 Answer :
  • Integrated Service Digital Network

 What does ISDN mean?

ISDN is a set of communication standard for simultaneous digital transmission and technology of voice, data, video and other types of network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in the year of 1988 in the CCITT red book.

ISDN network was designed to run on digital telephone systems that were already in place. ISDN to be standardized that it was never fully deployed in the telecommunications network it was intended for.

PDN full form

What is the full form of  PDN?

 Answer :
  • Public Data Network

 What does PDN mean?

PDN is a communication network shared and accessed by users not belonging to a single organization. It is a circuit or packet switched network that is available to the public and that can transmit data in digital form. 

PNP transistor application

PNP transistor used to source current so current flows out of the collector and because of that it has so many applications in electronics science. Let we check it out applications of PNP transistor.
  • Mainly used as switches.
  • Used in amplifying circuits. 
  • Used when we need to turn off something by pushing a button.
  • Used in heavy motors to control current flow.
  • Used in robotics industries. 
  • It is also used in matched pair circuits to produce continuous power. 
  • Used in Darlington pair circuits. 

Computation of linear convolution

The different method used for the computation of linear convolution is as follows :
  • Graphical method
  • Using the mathematical equation of convolution
  • Tabulation method
  • Multiplication method
This article gives information about the graphical method to how to find computation of linear convolution.

Graphical method :
                   
              ∞
y (n)  =  ∑  x (k) h(n-k)
           k= -∞
    
for n = 0              
              ∞
y (0)  =  ∑  x (k) h(-k)
           k= -∞        
    
for n =1

              ∞
y (1)  =  ∑  x (k) h(1-k)
           k= -∞       

Here the term (1-k) can be written as h(-k+1).

              ∞
y (1)  =  ∑  x (k) h(-k+1)
           k= -∞ 

Here h(-k+1) indicates of folded signal h(-k). It indicates that h(-k) is delayed by 1 sample. Similarly for other values of n output y (n) is calculated.

Thus different operation involved in the calculation of linear convolution are as follow :
  • Folding operation: It indicates folding of sequence h (k)
  • Shifting operation: It indicates time shifting of h (-k) e.g h (-k+1)
  • Multiplication: It indicates multiplication of x (k) and h (n-k)
  • Summation: It indicates the addition of all product terms obtained because of multiplication of x (k) and h (n-k)

SMSC full form

What is the full form of SMSC?

Answer :

  • Short Message Service Center

What does SMSC mean?

An SMSC is a network element in the mobile telephone and to store, routing, forward, convert and deliver short message service. Wireless network operators connect SMSCs through SMS gateways. 

The full designation of SMSC  according to 3GPP is a short message service center. A network operator usually manages its own SMSC and locates them inside its wireless network systems. 

Normally, the SMSC address is pre-set in the SIM card called subscriber identification module by the wireless network operator, which means you do not need to make any change to it.

Full form of PLMN

What is the full form of PLMN?

Answer :

  • Public Land Mobile Network

What does PLMN mean?

A PLMN is any wireless network that is centrally operated and administrated by an organization and use by land-based radio frequency transmitters or base stations as network hubs.

PLMN  can stand alone but interconnect with one another or connect to a fixed system such as the PSTN. 

It is used for cellular phones and mobile access.

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SGSN full form

What is the full form of SGSN?

 Answer :
  • Service GPRS Support Node 

What does SGSN mean?

The SGSN is the main component of the GPRS network, which can handle all packets switched data within the network. The SGSN  supports GPRS and  UMTS devices. 

An SGSN is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and also to the mobile stations within its geographical service area. 

The mobility management and authentication of the users. It performs the same functions as the MSC function for voice traffic.

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Application of power transistor

This article we know that about the application of the power transistor in daily life. The transistor is a three-terminal semiconductors device as well as the current controlled device. Here we list out all the most application of the transistor to better understand this topic. A transistor is mainly used to amplify the small electrical signal and it is also useful in the amplifying circuit. So here we sort out the main application of power transistor for you.
  • Used in the signal amplifier device
  • Used in a digital as well as the analog circuit as a switch
  • Used in power regulator and controller
  • Used in Cellular phone
  • Used in modern electronic IC 
  • The microprocessor includes more than billion of the transistor is used in each chip
  • Darlington transistor pair is often used in touch alight sensing device 
  • The military also used a transistor as high power radio frequency abilities in radar and handheld  radio waves
  • In daily life, we have to use a computer, radios, hearing phones which require good sound quality that needs satisfy using a transistor circuit 
Why transistor is used in daily life application?
  • High voltage gain
  • Require low power supply voltage for operation
  • Smaller size 
  • No heating problem during operation 
  • Solid state device 
  • Mechanically so strong
  • Easily portable

Advantages and disadvantages of LCD

The Liquified Crystal Display ( LCD ) is a flat panel display, an electronic visual or video display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals, which do not emit the light directly. LCDs are used in televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. 

 Nowadays LCDs are most commonly used in DVD players, the gaming devices, the clocks, the watches, the calculators, the telephones replaced by Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ) in most of the applications. LCDs are available in a wider range of screen sizes compare to CRT display and a Plasma display, also they don't use phosphors, and don't suffer image burn-in. Following characteristics of LCDs possess certain advantages, and because of the latest innovation, they also possess some disadvantages too. In this article, you can check out the advantages and disadvantages briefly. 

Advantages of LCD :
  • Slim profile
  • No radiation emission from the screen
  • Better under brighter conditions because of anti-glare technology
  • Lighter in weight with respect to screen size
  • Energy efficient because of lower power consumption 
  • Brightness range is too much wider produce very bright images due to high peak intensity 
  • Produce lower electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields
  • Zero geometric distortion 
  • Excellent contrast 
  • Low flicker rates 
  • An image is perfectly sharp at the native resolution of the panel side
  • Number of pixels per square inch is typically higher than any other technology or system
  • Not prone to screen burn-in
  • It has not affected by an increase or decrease in air pressure 
Disadvantages of LCD : 
  • Slightly more expensive than CRT 
  • Can't act as a portal to another dimension
  • Suffer from a motion blur effect 
  • High refresh rate
  • Like the backlight ages, it can change colors slightly
  • The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed
  • Not proficient at producing black or very dark grays colors
  • Restricted viewing angles 
  • Slow response times 
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GPRS features

Introduction :

GPRS stands for general packet radio service. This technology allows information to be sent back and also for forth across a mobile network. It is an addition to today's circuit-switched the data and also provide short message services. This article gives advanced GPRS features to know more details about GPRS terms. 

Key features of GPRS :
  • It overlays on the existing GSM network to provide high-speed data service depending on the which type of coding method is used. It is possible to have a data rate up to 150 kbps with GPRS.
  • The GPRS system has the ability to offer a data speed of 14.4  kbps to 171.2 kbps that allow comfortable internet access.
  • GPRS supports point to pint packet transfer service and points to multipoint packet service.
  • The operator does not have to replace equipment; rather, the GPRS system is added on top of the existing infrastructure.
  • GPRS based networks have a high bandwidth.
  • GPRS is designed to support a bursty application like email, traffic, telemetry,  telecommunication, broadcast services, and web browsing.
  • GPRS offers a fast connection set up the mechanism to offer a perception of being “always on” connection device. Hence GPRS devices are referred to as the "always connected device”.
  • The security services provided by GPRS are users Authentication, user access control, user information confidentiality, user identity security.
  • GPRS is the packet data score network of 3G systems EDGE and WCDMA.
  • GPRS system is independent of the characteristics of the radio channel. GPRS provides the following types of data services like MMS, SMS, WAP

Goals of GPRS :

GPRS is the first step toward an end to end wireless infrastructure as well as communication and has the following goals given below :
  • Consistent IP services 
  • Open architecture
  • Same infrastructure for different air interfaces
  • Leverage industry investment in IP
  • Integrated telephony and internet infrastructure
  • Service innovation independent of infrastructure

What is wireless communication

History of Wireless Communication Technology : 

The birth of a wireless communications system when M.G.Marconi successfully established a radio link between a land-based station and a tugboat in 1901. After that, rapid strides have been made in the realm of wireless communication, enabling live a better life in this digital Era. 

After that what height of achievement wireless communication field reached which is following below year by year is given below:

1901 - Marconi successfully transmit wireless data 
1902 - First two-way communication was successful across the Atlantic
1909 - Marconi won Nobel price

Radio Transmission : 

1914 - First voice radio transmission 
The 1920s - Mobile receivers installed in vehicles First Time
1930s - Mobile transmitters developed and used the First Time 
1935 - Frequency modulation demonstrated the First Time 

Mobile Telecommunication :

1946 - Launch of Public Switched Telephone Network 
The 1960s - Launch of Improved Mobile Telephone Service ( IMTS )
1979 - First cellular communication system developed by NTT ( JAPAN ) 
1983 - Launch of Advanced Mobile Phone System called AMPS 
1989 - Launch of European Digital Cellular Standard for GSM technology by special mobile 
1991 -  Launch US Digital Cellular Phone System 
1993 -  Launch CDMA system
1994 -  Launch GSM system
2001 - Launch 3G technology in Japan 
2007 - 200 million 3G users across the world 
2010 - Nation-wide auction of 3G spectrum in India 

Wireless Local Area Network : 

1990 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11 to define standards for WLAN device
1997 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol 
1997 - 50 million cellular users in the US alone 
1999 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11b WLAN protocol 
1999 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11a WLAN protocol 
2000 - Launch of Bluetooth standards 
2003 - Introduction of IEEE 802.11g WLAN protocol 
2008 - Cellular provides no longer required to provide analog support 
2009 - Release of IEEE 802.11n WLAN protocol 

What is WIRELESS COMMUNICATION?

The word wireless is a dictionary defined 'having no wires' in a communication system.

A wireless communication system is the fastest growing and also the most vibrant technological area in the communication field. It is a method of information is transmitting from the transmitter to the receiver side that is placed over a limited distance.    

In wired communication, the medium is a physical path like co-axial cables and optical fiber links which guides the signal to propagate from one point to other is called as Guided Medium. On the other hand, Wireless communication technology doesn't require any physical medium but propagates the signal through space is called as Unguided Medium. 

The question is that if there is no physical medium, even no cables used then how does wireless communication transmit signals?  The transmission and reception of signals are accomplished with Antennas. 

The wireless network device can utilize specific equipment such as NICs and Routers in place of wires (copper or optical fiber used).

Types of wireless communication : 
  1. Television and Radio Broadcasting 
  2. Satellite Communication 
  3. Radar
  4. Cellular Communication  
  5. GPS Communication 
  6. WLAN & Wi-Fi Communication 
  7. Bluetooth Communication 
  8. Infrared Communication 
  9. Paging 
  10. Cordless phones 
  11. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) 
Explore more information about Wireless Communication : 

Advantages of wireless communication :
  • Convenience 
  • Mobility 
  • Flexibility 
  • Less cost 
  • Easy to Install 
  • A large number of Users 
  • Rapid Disaster Recovery 
For detailed information 
Read more >>  Advantages of Wireless communication 

Disadvantages of wireless communication :
  • Interface
  • Security
  • Health 
  • Hazardous 
For detailed information 

Applications of wireless communication : 
  • Wireless power transfer 
  • Television remote control 
  • Home automation
  • Cellular telephone 
  • Home and office security systems 
  • IoT
  • Radar
  • Space 
  • Military 
  • Computer interface devices
For detailed information 

JFET full form

What is the full form of JFET?

Answer : 
  • Junction Gate Field Effect Transistor 

What does JFET mean?

The JFET is one of the simple types of field effect transistor. JFET are three terminal semiconductor devices that can be used as electronically controlled switches, amplifiers, or voltage controlled resistors. 

 There is two basic configuration of junction field effect transistor called as N- channel JFET and the P-channel JFET. The N-channel JFET channel is doped with donor impurities meaning that the flow of current through the channel is negative in the form of electrons

WLAN vs bluetooth

Before we learn about the difference between Bluetooth and wireless LAN first let us understand the topic about what is Bluetooth and WLAN. Bluetooth is a short-range technology standard which allows devices to communicate in a wireless manner while in WLAN  that connect two or more devices by using wireless data connection over short distances. Now let us check it out the difference between Bluetooth and WLAN to know more details about this topic.

WLAN vs bluetooth:

  • Bluetooth has replaced the cable with wireless network whereas WLAN is developed by WLAN/campus/home.
  • In Bluetooth distance range less than 30 feet but in WLAN distance range up to 200 feet.
  • In while using minimum distance 10 m,100 m distance with high transmit power while  WLAN 15-150 m /300 m for indoor and outdoor area.
  • WLAN size is too much large compared to Bluetooth.
  • While using WLAN bandwidth is higher compared to Bluetooth.
  • While we are using WLAN cost is high compared to Bluetooth.
  • When we are using Bluetooth data rate speed up to 1 Mbps but when we are using WLAN data rate speed up to 24 to 54 Mbps with 5 GHz bandwidth.
  • Bluetooth uses in Adhoc network, WLAN no use of piconet. It is effective for random access.
  • When we have to use WLAN higher current requirements as compared to Bluetooth.
  • In Bluetooth frequency range up to 2.4 GHz whereas WLAN frequency range up to 5 GHz in 20 MHz channels.
  • Control access point is require in WLAN.
  • In Bluetooth identification of network checking out the Bluetooth control panel but in WLAN identification of network checking out by locating a central router an of a wireless network switch.

Full form of UDP

What is the full form of UDP?


Answer :
  • User Datagram Protocol 

What does UDP mean?


TCP and UDP both protocol has a transportation protocol that is one of the core protocols of the internet protocol suite. TCP and UDP work at transport layers TCP/IP model and both have very different usage.

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  1. Full form of OSI model

Full form of lifi

What is the full form of Li-Fi?

 Answer : 

  • Light Fidelity 

What does Li-Fi mean?

Li-Fi is a wireless optical network technology. Li-Fi uses visible light from LED for data transmission. So in unlike infrared-based systems, visible light communication involves to transmitting data using light visible to the human eye. Li-Fi works by flickering light at a rapid-fire rate, invisible to the human eye. To connect to a Li-Fi network to Li-Fi network, a device must be equipped with the capability to recognize the LED light signals and use them to transfer data. A unique security aspect of visible light communication is that it works only when a device has a line of sight to the light transmitter. Light cannot penetrate walls as radio signals can, so drive of wireless internet signals would be far more difficult.

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PPM full form

What is full form of PPM?

 Answer :

  • Pulse Position Modulation 

What does PPM mean?

PPM is a form of signal modulation, In this method M message bits, are encoded by transmitting a single pulse in one of the possible required time shifts and it can be repeated every T  seconds, such that the transmitting bit rate in bits per second.

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