Advantages and disadvantages of CSMA/CA

CSMA/CA solve some problems that occur in the wireless network but that method cannot be solved by CSMA/CD this was the biggest disadvantage of this technology. Here the post gives the more advantages and disadvantages of CSMA/CA.

Advantages of CSMA/CA:
  • It helps to prevent data collisions
  • Avoid unnecessary data traffic with the RTS/CTS extension.
  • It avoids the hidden terminal collision.
  • It controls the packet and sends these packet to whom the receiver wants to send.
  • When data is large than it reduces the collisions chances.
Disadvantages of CSMA/CA:
  • Longer waiting times.
  • It causes additional traffic.
  • Solve the hidden station problem only by using RTS/CTS extension.
  • Create the exposed station problem.
  • It is less efficient than CSMA/CD.
  • It can not solve the problem MAC layer in wireless networks.
  • It is difficult to avoid a collision in wireless networks.

Explore more information:

 1. Advantages and disadvantages of CSMA/CD

Advantages of three phase transformer over single phase transformer

What are the  main key advantages of three-phase transformer over single-phase transformer

  • Low cost.
  • Light in weight.
  • Low size.
  • Need less space.
  • Easy to install.
  • More economical.
  • Easy to assembling.
  • High efficiency.
  • Must be assembled for a short time.
  • Easy to modify.
  • Easy to transportation and installation.
  • Deliver more power.
  • Bas bar structure and switchgear installation for a single three-phase unit are simple.
  • Only three-terminal are required to be brought out in case of a three-phase transformer compared to six terminals from three single-phase transformer.

Advantages and disadvantages of single phase transformer

A main key advantages to single phase transformer vs three-phase transformer is lower cost. The main difference between that the single-phase transformer is more appropriate for lighter equipment while in the three-phase transformer is used in the high power system. here this post gives the advantages and disadvantages of a single-phase transformer to better understand this topic.

Advantages of single-phase transformer:

  • The cost of stand by the unit transformer is reduced.
  • Any transformer can be switch off or maybe depending on their load demand.
  • If two ad more transformer are connected in parallel the service continuity ensures and the system becomes reliable.
  • If more transformed works in parallel the chance of overloading of particular transformer reduces.

Disadvantages of single-phase transformer:

  • The maintenance cost becomes more.
  • The space required for installing the transformed is more.
  • When one or more transformer works on a parallel then chance of fault occurrence will e increased.
  • The protective device of the transformer is more.

Explore more information:



Full form of USB

What is the full form of  USB?

  • Universal Serial Bus

What does USB mean?

USB is for an industry-standard used to define the connector, cable ad communication protocols are used us for communication ad also a power supply twee laptops, some computers ad also an electronics device.


Advantages and disadvantages of CSMA/CD

Advantages of  CSMA/CD:
  • This technique is efficient for light to moderate load.
  • It was invented for wireless networks.
  • It is inexpensive.
  • It is fast. 
  • Very simple to implement.
  • It avoids a collision.
  • It detects collision within a short time 
  • CSMA/CD is a control software that is relatively simple ad produces little overhead. 
  • It uses CTS means cleat to send.
  • It uses RTS means a request to send.
  • More efficient than a simple CSMA.
  • CSMA/CD is beneficial because it avoids a wasteful transmission.
  • It is similar to CSMA but instead of sending the packet control frame are exchanged.
  • It uses three stages to avoid a collision. IFS, contention window, acknowledgment.
  • CSMA/CD is a control software that is relatively simple ad produces little overhead.
 Disadvantages of CSMA/CD:
  • Not scalable due to broadcasting.
  • The algorithm calls for the long waiting time.
  • It has high power consumption.
  • The network may not e available when needed.
Explore more information:


Full form of ICT

What is the full form of ICT?


  • Information and Computation Technology


What does ICT mean?


ICT stats for Information and commutation technology. It is a nothing umbrella term that refers to technological tools and resources to handle network-based control ad monitoring, telecommunications, broadcast media and so on. 

ICT has become a basic red for today's society. the business organization uses ICT in many ways, for example, to increase productivity, post up their resources, etc. 

Explore more information:

Advantages and disadvantages of three phase transformer

A three-phase transformer is used as a step up and step down for Ac voltage in various stages of a power system. Here this post gives the advantages and disadvantages of 3 phases transformed to better understand this topic.

Advantages of three phase transformer:

  • It is lighter and smaller.
  • High efficiency.
  • It occupies less floor space for equal rating.
  • It requires a few bushing. 
  • Less transformer oil is used.
  • Less external wiring.
  • Less material for the same three-phase power ad voltage rating
  • Low cost compared with three units of single-phase transformer.
  • Transportation is easy and also the transportation cost is less.
  • Bus bar structure and switcher installation for a single three-phase unit are simpler.
  • Being prewired and ready to install these can be easier to install. 
  • To provide the same KVA the core material required is very less compared to a bank of three single-phase transformer.
  • Only three-terminal is required to be brought out in the case of a three-phase transformer.
  • It requires 1/3 as much iron for the magnetic circuit as compared to a bank of three 1 phase transformer.

Disadvantages of three-phase transformer:

  • If the failure of only one phase puts the entire transformer out of service.
  • Great cost study unit.
  • Additional cost and inconvenience of repair, so cost is more.
  • To restore the service, the spare unit cost is more compared with one single phase transformer.
  • When some of the case these are self-cooled, so the capacity of the transformer is reduced.
Explore more information:

Full form of CSMA

What is the full form of CSMA?

  • Carrier Sese Multiple Access

What does CSMA mean?

CSMA is a MAC protocol. It is defined how network devices respond when two device responds when two device attempt to use a data channel simultaneously add encounter a data collision. It uses the carrier sense to defer transmission until other stations are transmission.

Difference Between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motor

The main key difference between single-phase and three-phase induction motor are listed below:

  • Single-phase motors are easy to repair and maintain while in three-phase induction motor maintenance difficult.
  • The efficiency of a single-phase motor is low, whereas the efficiency of the three-phase induction motor is high.
  • The starting torque of the single-phase induction motor is low, while the starting torque of the three-phase induction motor is high.
  • Single-phase motor is simple in construction, reliable and economical as compared to the three-phase induction motor.
  • The power factor of a single-phase induction motor is low as compared to that of three-phase of induction motor.
  • Single-phase motor uses single-phase supply and a three-phase induction motor uses a three-phase supply.
  • Single-phase motor is mostly used in a domestic appliance such as a mixer grinder, fans, etc while a three-phase induction motor is mostly used in the industries.
  • In the three-phase system, more current voltages drop so the distance between 2 substations is less. so we require a number of the substation while in single-phase induction we can locate the substation near a high voltage grid which runs close to main railway routes and so the initial cost of transmission reduces.
  • In the three-phase system, the 2 overhead wire is required so cost is increases compared to the single-phase system. 
  • AS the weight of the conductor is less, the supporting tower becomes higher in the single-phase system compared to the 3 phase system,.
  • Due to low current, the I2R losses are reduced, so the transmission efficiency is increased while in 3 phase system the 3.3Kv is less as compared to 25Kv so because of low voltage current is high so I2R losses are more and also a less transmission efficiency.
Explore more information:

Advantages of three-phase system over single phase systems

The main advantages of 3 phase system compared to a single-phase system:

  • The output of 3 phase machine is always greater than a single-phase machine of the same size.
  • The three-phase system gives a steady output.
  • For a given frame size a polyphase machine gives a higher output than the use of a single-phase machine.
  • The power factor of single-phase machines are poor compared to three-phase machines.
  • 3 phase motor will have uniform torque whereas single phase motor will have pulsating torque.
  • Single-phase systems can be obtained from the three-phase supply system, vice versa is not possible.
  • Polyphase systems can set up a rotating magnetic field in stationary windings.
  • The parallel operation of a three-phase generator will be simple as compared to single-phase generators because of pulsating reaction in a single-phase generator.
  • The power delivered is constant. In the single-phase circuit, the power delivered is pulsating and objectionable for many applications.
  • For transmission of electrical power, a three-phase supply requires less copper or some less conducting material than that use of a single-phase system, for a given voltage compare and voltage rating.
  • Single-phase machines are not self-starting machines, on the other hand, three-phase machines are self-starting due to the rotating magnetic field.
  • For a while in use a three-phase system, converting systems like rectifiers the DC voltage waveform becomes smoother with the increase in the number of phases of the system. 
  • In polyphase induction motors are self-starting and are more efficient while in single-phase motor has no starting torque and require an auxiliary means for starting.
  • Three-phase motors are very robust, cheap, smaller, provide a steadier output and require little maintenance compared with single-phase motors.

Advantages of three phase converter over single phase converter

The main advantages of the three-phase converter over a single-phase converter are given below:

  • In this converter more power per kilogram of metal from a three-phase machine.
  • Three-phase motors have better power factor regulations.
  • The size of the three-phase factor motor is smaller than the single-phase converter.
  • Power delivered for this system to a three-phase load is constant in all the time, instead of pulsing as is does in a single-phase system.
  • A three-phase generator is the smaller size that single phase generators as the wind phase can be more effectively used.
  • Three-phase power distribution requires a lesser of copper or aluminum for transferring the same amount of power as compared to single-phase power.
  • The ripple factor of rectified the produced from three-phase power is too much less than to the DC produced from a single-phase supply.
  • Three-phase motor is self-starting as it can produce a rotating magnetic field. The single-phase motor requires a special winding as it produces only a pulsating magnetic field.
Explore more information:

What are the advantages of three phase rectifier over a single phase rectifier?

Advantages of three-phase rectifier over a single-phase rectifier:
  • The transformer utilization factor is high.
  • More efficient than a single-phase system.
  • The power output and therefore rectification efficiency are quite high.
  • Ripple factor is too much lower and therefore they high-cost filtering is not required to give steady DC output.
  • The output current in the load contains very little Ac component as compared to a single-phase rectifier.
  • Lower amplitude ripple. so the output voltage is smoother.
  • Size is small compared to the single-phase system.
  • High output voltage for given input voltage.

Explore more information:

Advantages and disadvantages of center tapped full wave rectifier

Advantages of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier:
  • The ripple factor is much less than that of a half-wave rectifier.
  • The DC output voltage and DC load current value are twice those of a half-wave rectifier.
  • The rectification efficiency of the full-wave rectifier is double of that of a half-wave rectifier.
  • The output efficiency is high because the AC supply delivers power during both half cycles.

Disadvantages of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier:

  • It is expensive to manufacture.
  • The output voltage of the secondary voltage as each diode utilizes only one half of the transformer secondary voltage.
  • It is difficult to locate the center on the secondary for the tapping.
  • The PIV of the diode used twice that of the diode used in the half-wave rectifier so the diode used must have high PIV.

Difference between CDMA and OFDM

OFDM is a multi-carrier transmission technology. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM) is used to obtain a higher data rate in the multipath fading environment of mobile communication. carrier division multiple access (CDMA)  is a digital cellular network standard and it can utilize speed spectrum technology. This technology, the user may transmit at the same time using the same frequency band but it can be using different codes so that we can decode to identify a particular user. Here this post gives information about the difference between OFDM and CDMA are given below.  

The main key difference between OFDM and CDMA are given below:

  • While we have to use OFDM transmission bandwidth is maximum up to system bandwidth while using CDMA is equal to full system bandwidth.
  • OFDM is very long and it depends on subscriber spacing and it is independent of the system bandwidth.while in CDMA is very short and it is inverse of the system bandwidth.
  • OFDM is free from multipath up to the length of cyclic prefix but CDMA is very difficult bone 5 MHz.
  • OFDM is a separation for frequency and time, scrambling and spreading can also be used while in CDMA is scrambling and orthogonal spreading codes.
  • OFDM is vulnerable to narrowband distortion and interference while CDMA is averaged across channels due to spreading.
  • Equalization in OFDM is easy for all bandwidth because of frequency domain representation but in CDMA is is very difficult above 5MHz.
  • OFDM is possible and needs very accurate real-time feedback of channel conditions from receiver to the transmitter while in CDMA frequency selective scheduling which is no possible.

Difference between CDMA and WCDMA

The main key difference between CDMA and WCDA is given below:
  • CDMA is used as a 2G technology while WCDMA is a 3G technology.
  • CDMA and WCDMA are not used together.
  • CDMA provides fewer data rates compared to WCDMA.
  • WCDMA offers much faster speeds compared to CDMA.
  • CDMA uses frequency bands 1.25MHz wide while in WCDMA uses frequency bands 5MHz wide.
  • The WCDMA doesn't share the same design as CDMA technology.
  • In when we have to use CDMA and its successors are being phased out in favor of GSM and WCDMA.

Difference between CDMA and GPRS

The main key difference between CDMA and GPRS are given below:
  • CDMA stands for code division multiple access while GPRS stands for general packet radio services. 
  • CDMA is one of the types of mobile connections for making calls where the GPRS is a technology for internet connection through a mobile phone.
  • In general, carriers using CDMA offer better coverage than GSM/ GPRS.
  • CDMA supports both UDP and TCP while GPRS supports only user datagram protocol.
  • The average latency on GPRS is around 1.3 seconds whereas on CDMA is around 400 millisecond.
  • CDMA assigns a public IP address while in GPRS enables to surf the internet from a mobile phone.
  • WCDMA technology is faster than GPRS since the user cares about the technology that is applied for the air interface.
Explore more information:

Difference between CDMA and GSM

We all know that the basic mobile communication is GSM stands for global system for mobile communication hile in CDMA stands for code division multiple access.  The main distinction between GSM and CDMA is that GSM is restricted to a SIM card that is used with the movable.  On the opposite hand's the CDMA is French telephonic specific.

The main key difference between CDMA and GSM are given below:
  • GSM stands for global system for mobile communication while in CDMA stands for code division multiple access. 
  • GSM uses the technology named FDMA and TDMA while in CDMA device uses the technology CDMA.
  • GSM is more flexible than CDMA.
  • GSM has a slow data rate while in CDMA has a fast data rate.
  • In we have to use CDMA technology more security is provided as compared with the GSM technology because encryption is inbuilt in the CDMA.
  • GSM is in roaming in worldwide while CDMA is roaming in limited.
  • GSM is specific for SIM but GSM is specific for headset or phone.
  • GSM, the information in addition as voice each are transmitted at the same time but in uses of CDMA technology has not this facility.
  • CDMA network operates In the frequency spectrum of CDMA 850 MHz and 1900 MHz but in GSM network operates in the frequency spectrum of GSM 850 MHZ and 1900 MHZ.
  • GSM is in use over 80% of the world's mobile networks in over more than 210 countries as compared to CDMA.
  • Both the technologies can be used with 3G standard phones but 3G GSM speed can be faster than 3G CDMA speeds.
  • In case the user wants to upgrade his mobile phone or if his or her mobile phone damaged, it is very easy in case of GSM.

Advantages and disadvantages of GPS

GPS stands for the global positioning system. This system is using the signals that will transmit by orbiting satellites to pinpoint a device location and also determine any movement over time. GPS can be applied in many fields like engineering, surveys, aerial photogrammetry, resource survey, engineering deformation  measurement and so on. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of GPS to better understand this topic

Advantages of GPS:

  • GPS will work fast speed.
  • GPS is an easy navigation system.
  • GPS work will all types of weather.
  • GPS is a nearby area search.
  • GPS updated regularly.
  • In GPS system costs you very low in comparison to other navigation systems.
  • The system is updated regularly by our government and hence is very advance.
  • GPS is the most attractive feature of this system is 100% coverage on the planet.
  • GPS also helps to search the nearby restaurants and hotels, gas stations and it is very useful for a new place.
  • Due to their low cost, it is very easy to integrate into other technologies like cell phones.
  • GPS system can be used as a valuable tool by some law enforcement to track criminals or terrorists using devices they attach to vehicles or some through tracking the perpetrator's smartphone.
  • GPS has to improve accuracy by giving the missile a specific set of coordinates and reduces collateral damage through increased accuracy.
  • GPS can solve the problem in roads and buildings as well as natural disasters like earthquakes through the monitoring of tectonic plate movements.

Disadvantages of GPS:

  • Need for good care and handling.
  • Need external power.
  • Potential failures.
  • Inaccuracy. The systems are to always updated so we do not know when a road has been closed or when a road has been opened.
  • Privacy concerns.
  • GPS may fail or do not work properly due to certain reasons and in that case, you need to carry a backup map and directions.
  • GPS accuracy depends on sufficient received signal quality, GPS signal gets affected due to the multipath, atmosphere, electromagnetic interference, etc. So, the error will be about 5 to 10 meters in the GPS signal.  
  • GPS systems cost as the too much a high amount if they have lots of features uses.
Explore more information:

Advantages and disadvantages of DGPS

DGPS is a system to provide positional correction to GPS signals. DGPS  signals to use the known position as a reference to adjust real-life GPS signals to eliminate pseudo-range and to improve the accuracy of user position range and to improve the accuracy of user positions. Here the post gives information about the advantages of DGPS to better understand this topic.

Advantages of DGPS:
  • While in use GPS, it is quite accurate, using DGPS pushes its accuracy even further.
  • GPS or DGPS makes A/L guidance at every precise as oppose to ILS as well as MLS.
  • DGPS has to know the perfect location on the earth.
  • Provide accurate data within a minute.
Disadvantages of DGPS:
  • The coverage is to take advantage of DGPS is limited.
  • In this signal to ensure greater coverage area more DGPS stations need to be added.
  • The position accuracy to degrades as the separation between DGPS and also the aircraft GPS-Rx increases.
  • Most of the errors are other completely eliminated or made negligible after using DGPS, however atmospheric and Rx based errors would still exist. DGPS error sources are satellite clocks, orbital errors, RX noise and multipath.
Explore more information:

What are the advantages of a cycloconverter over an inverter

Here the main advantages of cyclo-converter over the inverter are given below:
  • Efficiency is very high compared to other converters.
  • While using the four-quadrant operation is possible because cyclo-converter is capable of power transfer in both directions.
  • When the AC power at one frequency is directly converted to a lower frequency in a using a single conversion.
  • If one of the SCR is failed, the cyclo-converter operates with some distorted output.
  • In this type of converter, power transfer is possible from supply load and vice versa at any power factor.
  • The dynamic response is good 
  • Smooth low-speed operation
  • The cyclo converter operates online communication, therefore, extra fore commutation components are not required.
  • If when one of the silica control rectifiers (SCR) fails the cyclo converter operates with distorted output.
  • The power transfer in the cyclo converter is possible from supply to load and vice versa at any of the use power factor.
  • The cyclo converter generates a very high-quality sinusoidal waveform for low output frequency while in the static inverter generates a square waveform for low output frequency.
Explore more information:

Subscribe to: Comments (Atom)