Circuit switching techniques | Characteristics | Types | Advantages | Applications

Circuit switching is a network configuration operates almost the same way as the telephone system works. In this network configuration, two network endpoints are connected via a dedicated physical path for the duration of the dedicated connection.  Before communication to occur, there needs to be a complete end-to-end channel. Regular telephone service makes use of circuit switching. 

There are three phase of circuit switching which are as follows:

Circuit Establishment:

A dedicated physical route is established between the sender and the receiver. The path may include a number of intermediate switching centers.

Transfer of Data:

After the establishment or setup phase, data is transferred through the dedicated path.

Circuit Disconnect:

Once the data transfer is done, the circuit is disconnected from one of the ends. All the intermediate links are disconnected in this phase. 

Circuit Switching

Circuit Switching Example:

• Analog telephone network
• Optical mesh network
• Physical switch telephone network(PSTN)

Characteristics of Circuit switching:

• It is fixed amount of data is transferred.
• Circuit switching is capable of handling both data as well as voice signals.
• The data is process at the source end.
•  It implemented at the physical layer.
• A dedicated connection is required for circuit switching.
• It is usually used for voice communication.

Types of switches in Circuit Switching:

Space Division Switches

• Space division switching, the paths in the circuit are separated from each other.
• The main reason of the space division was for the analog network. 
• It is mostly used for both analog and digital switching.
• It is mostly find application like digital communication and semiconductors gates.
• Switching in space division has a great capacity and speed. as well as non-blocking switches.

Time Division Switches

• In the time division switching method, the number of connections travels along the same trunk line.
• Time division multiplexing is used to divide the streams into segments and ensure that the segments are supplied at specific times. 
• The detection of the elements happens with the help of de-multiplexer.

Following are the Advantages of Circuit Switching:

• Circuit switching has fixed bandwidth
• This type of switching the communication channel is dedicated.
• Circuit switching are more secure than packet switching.
• This types of switching reordering is not required.
• It also applied for data traffic.

Following are the Disadvantages of Circuit Switching:

• Circuits switching takes long time to establish connection approx 10 seconds.
• They required more bandwidth in setting up dedicated channels.
• It need to requires a dedicated circuit between the communicating devices, so circuit switching is not flexible.
• This type of switching technology the establishment time is high.
• Circuit switching is expensive technology as compared to other type of switching technology.
• Circuit switching is not suitable for bursty traffic.

Circuit Switch Applications:

It is used in variety of application. Some uses of it are as follows:

• It is mostly used in mobile communication.
• This type of switching is widely used for long distance communication is required for long period of time. 
• Public switch telephone network(PSTN).
• It is used in Landline telephones.
• It is communally used in private wide area network.
• Internet via dial up service which in turn uses landline cables.

Differences between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

• In circuit switching there is no concept of store and forward transmission, whereas in packet switching network, each node may store incoming packets and forward them after use.
• Circuit switching is more reliable whereas the packet switching is not more reliable.
• In circuit switching, bandwidth is fixed because it is reserved in advance, whereas in packet switching it require bandwidth is dynamic because it can be released as it is needed.
•  Circuit switching is mainly preferred for voice transmission, on the other hand Packet switching is mainly preferred for data transmission.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Packet Switching

This post is cover the advantages and disadvantages of packet switching. Some main Advantages and Disadvantages of Packet Switching are as follows. 

What is Packet Switching?

Packet switching is a digital network communication method that groups all transmitted data into suitable small  sized blocks, call packets, which are transmitted via a medium that may be shared  by multiple simultaneous communication sessions. Packet switching increase network efficiency, robustness, enables technology convergence of many applications operating on the same network.

Following are the Advantages of Packets switching:

1. The advantages of packet switching is that it is cost effective, because switching devices do not need massive amount of secondary storage.
2. Line efficiency is higher while using packet switching.
3. Packet switching can be more reliable.
4. Packet switching can be rerouted if there is any problem, such as busy or disables links.
5. Another benefits of Packet switching offers improved delay characteristics, because there are no long messages in the queue.
6. The main advantages of packet switching is that many network users  can share the same channel at the same time. Packet switching can maximize link efficiency by making maximum use of link bandwidth.
7. Packet switching is mostly used for voice and video chats with apps like Skype, WhatsApp, Google Talk.
8. This type of switching has less bandwidth network wastages.
9. Packet switching can perform data rate conversion.
10. They improved fault tolerance of the circuit.

Following are the Disadvantages of Packets Switching:

1. Packet switching is useless for real transmission.
2. Another drawback of packet switching is it is inefficient for high congestion.
3. Packet switching can be a bit more complex.
4. This type of switching is only beneficial for small messages or small data.
5. Another drawbacks of packet switching is that it is not security protocol are not used during packet transmission.
6. They are not ideal for application that are in constant use, such as high volume voice calls.
7. While using packet switching, transmission delay is more because of rerouting.
8. Packet switching can add some initial cost in implementation.
9. While using packet switch we need to provide sequence number for each packet. 
10. If packet is lost sender need to retransmit the data. 

Related Post:

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching

Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching

This article gives the Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching. 

What is Message Switching?

Message Switching

The smallest individual unit is a message. The sender and recipient do not have a direct connection either. Many intermediate nodes transmit out data to guarantee that the message gets to its target recipient. Thus message switched data networks are sometimes known as hop-by-hop networks. Message switching is lower complexity, highly reliable, and reduces traffic congestion. Message switching requires more time than packet switching since the entire message continues to be stored at each hop point until it is received in its entirety.

Advantages or Benefits of Message Switching

1. The main advantage of Message switching is that the devices communicate with each other to exchange data channels, which increases the effectiveness of using available bandwidth.
2. Another benefit of message switching in contrast to circuit switching, it does not require the source and destination devices to be physically connected. 
3. While using message switching, it is possible to change the message size that gets sent across the network. As a result, it can accommodate data of any length.
4. Message switching offers a higher channel efficiency than circuit switching since multiple devices can transfer messages over the same channel; at the same time.
5. It allows for infinitely long messages.
6. While using a message switch the message is simply maintained in the nodes, which can help reduce traffic congestion.
7. Properties can be added to the message as they are being delivered using the store and forward techniques.

Disadvantages or Drawbacks of Message Switching

1. The main drawback of message switching is that the real-time application can't utilize message switching because storing messages causes delays.
2. This method is expensive due to the cost of the store and forward devices. This is because maintaining long messages for a long duration of time requires huge storage disks.
3. While using in Message switching every intermediate device in the network needs a large storage capacity since the message requires the message to be stored.
4. While using Messaging switching priorities can be incorporated into the message as they are being delivered using the store and forward technique.
5. Another drawback of message switching is that a dedicated path is not established between the devices by the message switching type. Communication is not dependable when there isn't a direct connection between the sender and the recipient.
6. Using this switching complexity of the system, users frequently don't know if messages are transferred effectively. S the social relationship issues could result from this. 
7. And last, this method is expensive due to the cost of storing and forwarding devices. This is the result of the need for a lot of systems to hold long communications.

Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in mind on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching then please ask us in the comment section below. 

UHF VS VHF | Difference | Comparison

When selecting the best two-way radio for your purposes, it can be helpful to know the difference between UHF or ultra-high frequency and VHF or very high frequency.  Which is better UHF or VHF? So let us check out the difference between UHF and VHF to better understand this topic.

What is the difference between UHF and VHF?

What is UHF?

UHF stands for ultra-high frequency. Within the electromagnetic spectrum, it is the range of radio frequencies that fall between 300 MHz and 3 GHz. UHF signals are widely utilised in radio and television broadcasting, usually delivering TV signals on channels 14 through 83, because they are least impacted by external conditions.

What is VHF?

The VHF stands for very high frequency and describes the radio frequency band span from 30 MHz to 299 MHz.  In addition to broadcasting television and FM radio. VHF is also used for traffic control, radar, military and local mobile radio, radio modem transmissions, marine navigation systems, and air navigation systems. Typically, VHF television channels range from 2 to 13.

UHF Vs VHF  | Difference between UHF and VHF

Following are the differences between UHF and VHF are given below:

1. Antenna: UHF antenna length is often short and stubby, whereas VHF frequently requires a floppy longer antenna that is at least 4 inches long.
2. Budget: Because they can withstand more disturbances, UHF radios are frequently more expensive. On the other hand, Models that operate on VHF radio frequency are often more affordable.
3. Signal strength: Low band usually overlaps with high band UHF. A high band will offer the least number of disturbances, but it will require a longer antenna. Whereas the VHF is stronger the signal, the more it can withstand without disruption. Radios that this frequency will be a better choice for outdoor use.
4. Environment: UHF is ideal for an indoor environment. VHF works best in outdoor environments.
5. Signal type: UHF operates 403470 megahertz, offering a decent distance while working well inside buildings. while The lower the frequency, the farther it can travel. VHF operates between 30 to 300 MHz. This has excellent distance on flat ground but works very poorly in buildings.
6. Distance: The overall UHF distance is shorter. However, it can maintain its strength while passing through more obstructions in close areas. While they are easily obstructed VHF radios are effective across long distances. If you are working in a wide open space without trees or hills, you can travel for up to 100 miles and maintain communication.
7. Interference: UHF perform better when you have a large number of different short-range signals working in the same area. While the VHF has fewer channels available which can lead to congestion and interference from other nearby two-way radios
8. Power: UHF radios need more power and need to be charged more frequently due to their higher frequency. Whereas the battery life of VHF radios will be significantly longer because they have stricter limits on transmit power and frequency.
9. Application: UHF is often used by public safety, medical staff, schools, warehouses and retail stores, on the other hand, VHF is better suited for outdoor professions like golf courses, marine applications, forestry and oil.

Conclusion:

The purpose for which you want to use a VHF or UHF frequency will determine which to use. VHF should mostly be used outside, away from obstruction of any kind. If there are no obstructions in the way, VHF frequencies can reach farther. The only situation in which you should VHF is when you are outside on a field or other open area. Due to its lower frequency, VHF frequently causes interference with other radios. 

In contrast, UHF is a superior signal for long-distance communication overall. When utilising radio indoors, such as in buildings or in urban areas, UHF is preferable. One advantage of using UHF is that other two-way radios are less likely to interfere with you. Because the UHF signal penetrates concrete, steel and wood more effectively than VHF signals can, they are more effective for indoor use and can penetrate deeper inside buildings.  In general, there is no definitive difference between UHF and VHF, the choice between the two depends entirely on the use of your communication device.

Explore more information:

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Application of Visible Light

The visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum is known as visible light. It is the range of wavelengths that causes humans to perceive brightness and colour. It is located between UV and infrared radiation and most people can visually detect wavelengths between approximately 400 nanometers and 780 nanometers. Here this article gives the application of visible light to better understand this topic.

What are the applications of Visible light?

1. Photography: One of the use of visible light can be essential use for photography, as cameras capture light reflecting off objects to create images.
2. Lighting: Visible light is utilised to provide lighting in a variety of locations, including public, outdoor, and residential areas. 
3. Medicine: Surgical techniques utilising lasers or other light-based technology, as well as light therapy for the treatment of specific skin problems and mood disorders, all make use of visible light.
4. Communication: Optical communication systems, including fibre optic networks, employ visible light to send data at fast speeds via light pulses.
5. Solar energy: Using photovoltaic cells, which turn sunlight into electricity, visible light from the sun is captured for solar energy production.
6. Art and entertainment: Painting, theatre, film and light shows are just a few of the artistic and entertaining mediums that use visible light to create visual experiences and communicate ideas and feelings.
7. Agriculture: The process of photosynthesis, which transforms sunlight into chemical energy utilised by plants for growth and reproduction, depends on visible light for plant growth.
8. Spectroscopy: Based on the absorption or emission spectra of material and celestial bodies visible light spectroscopy is used in chemistry, physics and astronomy to identify elements and compounds and analyse their properties.

What is UHF

What is ultra-high frequency(UHF)?

The band of electromagnetic radiation with a radio frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as ultra-high frequency(UHF). With a wavelength ranging from 1 to 1 dm, this band is also referred to as the decimeter band. UHF radiation is less impacted by environmental conditions, they are more frequently utilised for channel broadcasting and TV and radio transmission. They have high directivity, but the receiving error also rises at the same time.

UHF radio uses a wide variety of frequencies:

1. 450 MHz:  Commercial radio services, such as land mobile radio systems used by transportation corporations. 
2. 470-512 MHz: Public safety radio services, like communications between the police and fire. Department : 
3. 800 MHz: Public safety radio services and mobile phone communication both use the 800 MHz frequency.
4. 90 MHz: This frequency is utilised for business and industrial purposes, including wireless data transfer.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared Transmission

When there is a line of sight(LOS) between the sender and the receiver, infrared technology uses focused light instead of light that is diffuse and reflected at objects like walls and furniture. One type of electromagnetic radiation that is included in the electromagnetic spectrum is infrared light. It is undetectable to the human eye and originates from heat and thermal radiation. Senders in infrared transmission might be as basic as laser diodes or light-emitting diodes (LEDs).  Massive bandwidth that is available for usage but has not yet been fully utilised is the benefit of infrared transmission. The main drawback is that the sun emits light in the infrared spectrum. This may cause many infrared transmission interference. Following are The advantages and disadvantages of infrared transmission given below.

Advantages of Infrared Transmission:

1. The main advantage of infrared transmission is it provides secure communication due to the line of the site being from point to point to the mode of communication.
2. Infrared transmission is a very high-speed transmission.
3. Infrared transmission provides a wireless link between two systems.
4. There is no requirement for a license to do it.
5. PDAs, Computers, Notebooks and mobile phones all include an infrared data association(IeDA) interface.
6. Electrical devices cannot interface with infrared transmission.
7. Infrared transmission is very simple to create and very cheap.
8. Because of the decreased power consumption, the battery in the infrared device lost charge for a longer amount of time.
9. It responds faster than thermocouples.
10. It has good stability over time and larger bandwidth.

Disadvantages of Infrared Transmission:

1. The lower bandwidth of infrared transmission in comparison to other LAN technologies is one of its drawbacks.
2. Infrared transmission cannot be used for long-range communication.
3. The fact that infrared can be easily shielded is their primary drawback.
4. Infrared transmission has limited transfer rates to 115 Kbit/s, yet even 4 Mbit/s is not a particularly fast data rate.
5. Line of sight(LOS) is required for high data rates and good transmission quality.
6. Infrared transmission cannot permeate the barrier.
7. There is also the issue that infrared does not penetrate solid items like concrete, wood and even opaque polymeric materials.

Conclusion:

Every technology has advantages and disadvantages of its own, which makes it perfect for specific conditions and environments. So here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of infrared transmission to better understand this topic.

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SSD Vs HDD? Which one is better?

Has your PC's performance slowed? Are you going to update your hard drive to an SSD? Or are you planning to create a new desktop computer in the near future? Let's look into HDD vs SSD to assist you decide which is a better option. 

Difference between SSD and HDD

1. If you require storage space and have a limited budget, then an HDD is a better solution. On the other hand, if you want good powerful performance, fast boot and improved overall speed, with budget is not your concern, then SSD is the best alternative.
2. SSDs are faster than HDDs. Thus, It is used for gaming, photo and video editing and other intensive tasks. 
3. SSDs start from 128 GB to 1 TB. Whereas, HDDs range is higher it can go up to 16 TB and more. 

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Visible Light

Imaging applications that work on different sections of the electromagnetic spectrum include visible light, low light and infrared thermal imaging. There are various uses, benefits and drawbacks of these technologies. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of visible light to know more about this article.

Advantages of visible light 

1. Comparing visible light to microwaves and radio waves, visible light uses much less energy.
2. It is the only electromagnetic spectrum light widely used by humans and visible to the human eye.
3. In addition to using radio waves, MRI scanners also employ visible light, which is safe for people to be around and has many applications.
4. Visible light cameras are less expensive to purchase than thermal cameras since they are so often utilised. In addition compared to thermal imaging, the technology is more developed and simpler to use and incorporate.

Disadvantages of Visible light

1. Due to air absorption, beam dispersion, and other factors, visible light transmission has a minimal range. Additionally, both the sender and receiver must be in line of sight.
2. Compared to radio waves, visible light poses significantly fewer risks and causes less damage. However, extended exposure to visible light may damage the eye and result in major health issues.
3. If the protective on film cameras and x-ray machines are removed, visible light can permanently damage these equipment. Protective coverings control the quantity of light that can enter their spaces.
4. Using LED lighting along with visible light cameras at night results in a significant amount of light pollution, which may be problematic for anyone living near the cameras.
5. Only during the full day can be visible light camera function properly. LED lighting is required for the cameras to function at night. LED lighting is not very energy-consuming, but it does require maintenance because of the added lights.
6. Compared to thermal cameras, their positions are more visible and their viewing is easy to avoid.

Conclusion:

Every technology has advantages and disadvantages of its own, which makes it perfect for specific conditions and environments. Whereas low-light imaging allows improved vision in low-light conditions, visible imaging generates images of high quality.

Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in mind on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Visible Light then please ask us in the comment section below. 

Explore more information:

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of UHF
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Radio Frequency

Advantages and Disadvantages of UHF

Some points on advantages and disadvantages of are discussed here. So let us check about the advantages and disadvantages to know more about Ultra High Frequency (UHF). UHF is a short-range communication frequency band that works in the 300 MHZ - 3 GHZ bands. Because radio waves in these bands are compact, operate at higher frequencies, and have strong signal penetration, UHF can communicate through objects like walls and concrete. This makes it useful in indoor and outdoor environments as well as built-up areas. Here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of UHF to better understand his topic.

Ultra High-Frequency(UHF) Advantages

1. UHF is frequently used by public safety, medical professionals, schools, warehouses, hotels, and other establishments since it may penetrate walls and concrete at short ranges and perform better indoors and in urban areas.
2. UHF with its higher frequencies and shorter wavelength, will penetrate structures better than VHF.
3. UHF is a superior option in urban regions where radio signals have to pass across multiple residences and business buildings.
4. A UHF radio allows a person on one side of the planet to communicate with another via a signal bouncing off the moon or ionosphere. For this reason, radio amateurs use UHF radios.
5. UHF antennas are more discrete, easier to install, shorter and stubby, and portable.
6. Have a wider spectrum and greater number of accessible channels, allowing for excellent coverage with minimal interference from other users.
7. Solar activity has no effect on UHF radios. They function in practically any kind of weather.
8. Compared to other frequencies, the lower UHF bands are more resistant to electronic noise, for instance, they are less susceptible to interference from neighbouring microwave ovens or power lines.
9. In high and mountainous regions, UHF operates more effectively because of its short waver length. 800 MHZ trunking repeaters are significant to their 470 MHZ counterparts in Roanoke, Virginia. The same is true for the transmission of television in mountain regions.
10. UHF radios are far more common than VHF radios in most applications where distance is not the main requirement since they are generally more versatile.

Ultra High-Frequency(UHF) Disadvantages 

1. UHF radio waves are best suited for communication within a kilometre radius because they are shorter and have a limited range than VHF.
2. When compared to VHF, UHF has a shorter outside range, which is a main drawback.
3. The visual horizon limits transmission, to transmit across larger distances (beyond the line of sight, for example), radio repeaters are needed.
4. UHF radios consume more power, run out of battery life faster, and need to be recharged more frequently due to their higher frequencies than VHF
5. Nearby TV stations that use UHF as well as other frequencies create inference to UHF radios. RFIS also uses UHF frequencies, UHF radios, for instance, operate in the 400-470 MHZ range, whereas RFIS applications only require 433 MHZ.
6. The fact UHF frequencies are frequently a line of sight is another drawback. It is possible that a person's handheld UHF radio won't function until they exit a canyon. But if signals are reflected off the ionosphere, UHF broadcasts can go farther.

Summary

UHF frequencies are greater frequency than VHF frequencies. they are preferable for close-quarters communication in cities and suburbs. Numerous frequencies are used by UHF radios, such as 450 GHz, 470 512 MHZ, 800 MHz, and 900 MHz. It is crucial to take our communication system's particular requirements into account while choosing between UHF and VHF radio systems.

Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in mind on the Advantages and Disadvantages of UHF then please ask us in the comment section below. 

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1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Radio Frequency
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Radio Transmission

This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of radio transmission. Data can be sent across shorter and greater distances using radio transmission, which uses radio waves that are then converted to electromagnetic signals to travel over villages, cities, and entire nations. Depending on the surroundings, AM or FM techniques work to amplify radio waves that are used for data sensing and receiving. Following are some advantages and disadvantages of radio transmission to better understand about this topic.

Advantages of Radio transmission

1. Compared to infrared, which uses infrared light waves for data interchange, it offers a faster rate of data transmission.
2. Because of its scalability, the user can add as many transmitters and receivers as needed to connect any additional devices to the network.
3. Use of the radio telescope is 24/7 possible.
4. Another advantage of radio transmission is it helps convey broadcasting to the customers. This will be beneficial to the publicizing organization's higher earnings.
5. In addition to transiting signals to complex geographical regions, radio transmission also takes into account cell phone-connected devices.
6. It makes use of adjustment schemes, like AM and FM, to use their respective point of interest.
7. Larger are can be covered via radio transmission, which may reach divisions, plants, furniture, and other objects.
8. Radio transmission can provide mobility for less money.
9. It transmits data signals and offers its service to mobile devices in television regions.
10. When it comes to connecting end-to-end user communication with mesh or hybrid networks, it is also flexible.
11. It doesn't need any cables, so it is cheap to set up.
12. It is suitable with all wireless devices, including speaker sets, printers, smart gadgets, computers, gaming consoles, mobile phones, tablets, and automated vehicles among others.
13. Strong winds, storms, and huge dishes are the only conditions that prevent radio telescopes from receiving signals from cloud cover. Radio waves are not affected by clouds or the Earth's atmosphere.

Disadvantages of Radio transmission

1. Radio transmission may interfere with other senders, or radio-transmitted information can be seriously disrupted by electrical devices.
2. Radio is only permitted in specific groups of events.
3. Radio transmission can be impacted by bad weather, such as severe thunderstorms, powerful winds, or any kind of severe natural disaster.
4. It can not handle more data at once since it supports a lower frequency than other wireless transmission methods.
5. There are restricted areas of permit-free groups available globally, and those that are aren't the same in every country.
6. Compared to infrared, radion transmission Bluetooth is very simple.
7. Beyond a certain point on a geographical network where signal transmission is not supported, signal strength reduces.
8. Communication may not be successful if there is interference from other radio transmissions.

Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in mind on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Radio Transmission then please ask us in the comment section below.

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RAM VS VRAM | Difference | Comparison

The difference between Random access memory (RAM) and Video Random Access Memory(VRAM) is that RAM is the main memory that your computer uses to store and process data, while VRAM is a special type of memory that your graphics card uses to render images on your screen. Both are important for gaming machines. But what do these terms represent? How do they vary from one another and why are they necessary for the best gaming experience? Let's break down the difference between RAM and VRAM and see how each one matters to your gaming machine.

What is RAM?

RAM is an abbreviation for random access memory. It enables users to perform data read and write operations. It is referred to as transferred memory because the data stored in it is only valid while the power supply is turned on. The operating system files and current data for the computer are stored in RAM memory storage, which makes use of a semiconductor component. 

What is VRAM?

The VRAM stands for video random access memory. As the name suggests, this memory can be used for any kind of display. This RAM is essential for gaming machines because it holds graphics data. VRAM helps the computer quick handling of complex graphics. It is essential in how AR and 3D are handled. When you buy a graphics card for your gaming computer, VRAM is already included. Because RAM manages ordinary data and VRAM handles graphical data, both RAM and VRAM are essential for gaming machines. 

Similarities

• Both RAM and VRAM are types of memory.
• RAM and VRAM are both essential to the normal operation of a modern computer or laptop.
• Computer performance is enhanced by RAM and VRAM specifications.

Difference between RAM and VRAM

• RAM stands for random access memory, and VRAM stands for video random access memory.
• RAM is released in the 1940s, whereas VRAM is released in the 1980s.
• RAM is developed by Freddie Williams and TOM Kilburn, while VRAM is developed by IBM research.
• RAM is connected to the motherboard and VRAM is on the graphics card.
• RAM is a single port whereas VRAM is a dual port.
• RAM stores temporary data on the other hand VRAM stores graphics data.
• RAM is slower than VRAM.
• RAM stores system files, whereas DRAM stores Graphics data.
• RAM is a dedicated slot, and VRAM is integrated into a Graphics card.
• RAM works for the CPU, and VRAM works for the GPU.
• Technology influenced by RAM are DDR, DRAM, RDRAM, SDRAM, and VRAM, whereas Technology influenced by VRAM are GDDR5, GDDR5X, and HBM.

Thank you for reading this article. Still, if you have any questions or queries in mind on the RAM VS VRAM then please ask us in the comment section below.

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UNIX Vs Windows | Difference | Comparison

In this article, you will learn the difference between UNIX and Windows. But before discussing the differences, You must know about UNIX and Windows. There are various main differences between UNIX and Windows.

What is UNIX?

UNIX is a multiuser, multi-powerful operating system that was first created at AT&T Bell laboratories in the 1960s. This operating system's most valued features are flexibility, portability, network capability, etc. have made it extremely popular among academic, scientific, and technical communities. This system works well on laptops, PCs, and servers and supports multiple users and multitasking. Because it is written in C, the UNIX operating system may run on a variety of systems. The command line interface(CLI) is a feature of the UNIX operating system. For tasks that aren't covered by graphical software or in situations where a window interface isn't available like during a telnet session, UNIX knowledge is necessary.

What is Windows?

Microsoft Corporation created and developed the Windows operating system. It is among the most well-known operating systems in the world. The graphical user interface(GUI) is used with Windows. Users can store files on it, view videos use applications, play gams, and browse the internet. Released on novermeber 10, 1983. Microsoft Windows 1.0 is the original of the operating system. There are several versions of Microsoft Windows available, such as Windows, XP, Vista, Windows 95, and Windows 7,8,9,10,11.

UNIX Vs Windows | Difference between UNIX and Windows 

Origin

UNIX was developed at Bell Labs by AT&T in the 1970s, and Windows was developed by Microsoft Corporation.

User interface

Unix comes with a command line interface(CLI), whereas Windows comes with a Graphical user interface(GUI).

Type

Unix-like operating system, Windows is a Proprietary operating system

Licensing

UNIX is a free and open-source operating system, In contrast,  Windows is a licensed operating system.

Security

UNIX is more secure because system updates require explicit user permission, whereas Windows is less secure than the Unix operating system.

Processing

UNIX supports multiprocessing, on the other hand, Windows supports multithreading.

File system

UNIX uses a Unix file system(UFS) that comprises STS.ERR and STD.IO file systems, but Windows uses a file allocation system (FAT32) and a new technology file system(NTFS).

Hardware

In a UNIX system, hardware support is limited. Some hardware could not have drivers built in. On the other hand, Windows Almost all hardware has drivers available.

Networking

Both UNIX and Windows are native support for networking protocols and services.

Reliability

UNIX and its distributions are well known for their high level of stability, Although windows have become more stable in recent years, it still falls short of the reliability offered by Unix systems.

Data backup and Recovery

It is tedious to create a backup and recovery system in UNIX, but it is improving with the introduction of new distributions of UNIX. Windows has an integrated backup and recovery system that makes it simpler to use.

Development environment

UNIX is a robust development tool and compliers, whereas WIndows is an integrated development environment (IDE) with compilers.

Kernel

UNIX is Monolithic, While Windoew is Hybrid(Monolithic with microkernel-like components).

Hardware compatibility

UNIX runs on a wide range of hardware platforms, whereas Windows is primarily designed for Intel-compatible processors.

Case Sensitive

UNIX is fully case-sensitive and files can be considered separate files, but Windows has case sensitivity as an option.

Popular use cases

UNIX is used for servers supercomputers and embedded systems, and Windows is used for personal computers, servers, gaming consoles, and embedded systems.

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What is RDRAM?

Definition of RDRAM

RDRAM stands for Rambus dynamic random access memory, It was developed by Rambus, Inc. in 1990. A memory subsystem called Rambus dynamic random access memory (RDRAM) was designed with better speeds for data transfer in view. RDRAM is a type of synchronous dynamic random access memory(SDRAM). Random access memory(RAM), a RAM controller, and a bus line that links RAM to the CPU and other PC components make up a random access memory module(RDRAM). RDRAM faced challenges from DDR SDRAM and was utilized in Windows PCs and video games. 

What is UDIMM?

What is UDIMM?

A type of volatile memory chip, unbuffered dual inline memory module, or UDIMM for short is mostly found in desktop and laptop computers. This kind of RAM is traditional. A type of UDIMM is the modern DDR(double data rate) memory chip. In systems where there are just one or two modules per memory channel. UDIMM typically operates quicker than RDIMM(Registered memory). However, UDIMM can improve performance and lower latency on machines that use three or more modules per channel, such as high-end workstations and servers.

SODIMM VS UDIMM | Difference | Comparison

Computer memory comes in two varieties: UDIMM (unbuffered dual Inline Memory Module) and SODIMM( Small Outline DIMM). Their compatibility and physical characteristics are the primary differences between the two. So let us check out the difference between SODIMM and UDIMM to better understand this topic.

What is SODIMM?

SODIMM stands for dual inline memory module. As the name suggests, SODIMMs are smaller than DIMMs. JEDEC specifies that SODIMMs have to thickness of 3.8 mm and a height of 30 mm. SDR, DDR, DDR2, DDR3, SODIMMs measured 67.6 mm in width. The DDR4 and DDR5 SODIMM measured 69.6 mm and were 2mm wider. The remaining measurements are similar to PC DIMMs, which are almost twice as wide at 133mm.

What is UDIMM?

The volatile memory chip known as an unbuffered dual inline memory module or UDIMM for simple terms, is mostly found in desktop and laptop computers. It is a standard type of RAM. A particular kind of UDIMM is modern-day DDR memory chips. With only one or two modules per memory channel. UDIMM usually outperforms RDIMM(registered dual inline memory module). 

SODIMM VS UDIMM | Difference between SODIMM and UDIMM

Memory registered status

SODIMM is registered memory, while UDIMM is Unregistered memory.

Memory module pins

SODIMM has 204-240 memory module pins, whereas UDIMM has 240 memory module pins.

Connector types supporters

Use SODIMM connector 204, while using UDIMM connector 260.

Maximum transfer rate

The maximum transfer rate of SODIMM is 14928 megabits per second, in contrast, the maximum transfer rate of UDIMM is 25600 megabits per second.

Compatibility

SODIMM is used in laptops and other small systems, whereas UDIMM is used in servers and workspace computers.

Transmission estimate

The transmission estimate of SODIMM is 800 MT/s to 1866 MT/s, but the transmission estimate of UDIMM is 1866 MT/s to 3200 MT/s.

Size

SODIMMs are physically shorter and have fewer pins than UDIMMs.

Capacity

The capacity of SODIMM is 2 GB, 4 GB, and 8 GB, whereas the capacity of UDIMM is 4GB, 8GB, and 16 GB.

Installation

SODIMM is more compatible with installation in laptops, desktops, and small form factor basis. When installing SODIMM into a laptop, they are typically titled at a 45-degree angle, but the UDIMM is the most common form factor of memory used in desktops. 

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CD Vs DVD | Difference | Comparison

Both CD and DVD are optical storage methods with high-quality definition. CD and DVD differ in manufacturing method and size. There are a few differences between CD and DVD, as shown below.

What is a CD?

CD stands for compact disc. CDs are optical storage devices used in computers to permanently store data and information. It is an external device since it may be disconnected from the computer without using a tool. CDs are also classified as secondary memory devices since they are used to store data that the CPU is not currently processing. The CD was the first step towards the digital coding of information, employing a novel coding scheme in which a 14-bit code represents a unit of computer memory. This coding scheme is very useful in mistake detection. CDs were utilized for a long time in place of magnetic discs since they were less expensive and had significantly high storage capacity.

What is a DVD?

The acronym DVD stands for digital versatile disc. It is also an optical storage device that acts as the secondary storage medium in computers. DVD manufacture and operation are nearly identical to that of CDs. The main difference is that a regular DVD can store approximately 7 times as much data as a CD.

DVDs can render multimedia items such as videos with high image quality while also providing random access to data. In the case of DVD, the generally utilized error detection and correction algorithms include RS-PC and recording code EEMPlus.

CD Vs DVD | Difference between CD and DVD

1. CD stands for compact disk, and DVD stands for Digital versatile disk.
2. The acquired size of a CD is 700 MB, While the acquired size of a DVD is 4.7 GB to 17 GB.
3. CDs have single layers of pits, While DVDs have double layers of pits.
4. In CD, the recording layer or metal layer is close to the top of the disk, while The DVD recording layer or metal layer is close to the middle of the disk.
5. The space between spiral loops is 1.6 micrometers on CD, while in space between spiral loops is 0.74 micrometers on DVD.
6. The space between pits is 0.834 micrometers on CD, Space between pits is 0.40 micrometers in DVD.
7. In CD, CIRC and EFMP are used as the error correction codes, whereas In DVD, RS-PC and EFMplus are used as error correction codes.
8. The data transfer rate is 1.4 to 1.6 Mb/Sec in CD, while the data transfer rate is 11 Mb/Sec in DVD.
9. The channel bit length in CD is 300 nanometers, Channel bit length in DVD is 113 nanometers.
10. The numeric aperture of a CD is 0.45, Numeric aperture of a DVD is 0.6.
11. CD thickness is 1.2 mm, whereas DVD thickness is 0.6 mm.

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iOS Vs Windows | Difference | Comparison

iOS and Windows are both operating systems. iOS is developed for Apple devices and Windows is designed for PCs. It can be used in a variety of devices including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Both function as platforms for running applications and managing hardware resources. We will explore key differences between iOS and Windows.

What is IOS?

Apple Incorporation provides the mobile operation known as iOS. It is primarily developed for Apple mobile devices such as the iPhone and iPod touch. It used to be referred to as iPhone OS. It is a Unix-like operating system derived from the Darwin (BSD) operating system. It is the world's second most popular mobile operating system, after Android. It is mostly written in C, C++, Objective C, assembly, and Swift. The initial version of iOS was released in 2007.

What is Windows?

Windows is a widely used operating system. It has been a dominant force in the personal computer market for decards and has had a significant impact on shaping the digital world. The Windows operating system offers a user-friendly interface, program compatibility, and diverse capabilities to fulfill the needs of all users, from home users to large enterprises.

iOS Vs Windows | Difference between iOS and Windows

1. iOS is developed by Apple exclusively for Apple devices (iPhone, iPad, iPod touch), while Windows is developed by Microsoft for PCs and other devices.
2. iOS was launched in 2007, and Windows was launched in 1985.
3. iOS's current stable version is 17.3.1, while Windows's current stable version is 11.
4. iOS provides a consistent and streamlined interface across devices, but Windows offers a more customizable and versatile interface.
5. In iOS kernel type is Hybrid, On the other hand, the Windows kernel type is Hybrid with modules.
6. iOS is free of cost, Windoew is charged for the original version.
7. iOS is available in the app store, but Windows is available in the Microsoft store.
8. iOS is designed to run only on Apple devices with limited hardware options, on the other hand, Windows runs on a wide range of hardware configurations.
9. iOS's target system types are smartphones, music players, and tablet computers. But Windows is for workstations, personal computer tablets, embedded systems, and media centers. 
10. iOS is limited to apps available in the app store and optimized for iOS, While Windows supports a wide range of software applications.
11. Another significant difference of iOS is seamlessly integrates with Apple's ecosystem(iCloud, iMessage, etc), Whereas Windows offers better integration with Microsoft services and software.
12. iOS native APIs are Cocoa and BSD-POSIX, In contrast Windows, The native APIs are Win32 and NT API. 
13. iOS follows a sandboxed file system approach with limited access to the file system, But Windows provides a file system with a hierarchical structure.
14. iOS offers limited customization options and follows a consistent design language, whereas Windows allows more customization options(Desktop, Themes, etc.)
15. iOS computer architectures supported are ARMv8-A (iOS7), ARMv7-A(iPhone OS 3-iOS 10) and ARMv6(iPhone OS 1 -iOS 4.2.1). In Windows computer architectures supported by Windows are IA-32, x86-64, ARM, Alpha, MIPS, and PowerPC.
16. Another major difference In iOS is limited gaming options primarily focused on mobile gaming, In contrast, WInods support a wide variety of gaming options, including PC games.
17. File systems supported in iOS are HFS+ and APFS, whereas Windows file systems supported are NTFS, FAT, ISO9660, HFS+, FATX, HFS, and UDF.
18. iOS is known for its stringent security measures and frequent updates, but Windows offers a range of security features and antivirus software support.
19. Preferred license iOS of proprietary, APSL, and GNU GPL, WHile Preferred licenses of Windows are proprietary and source available.
20. Apple Darwin is used for the iOS system, and Windows uses a custom-made kernel which is named Microsoft NT kernel.

Conclusions

Ultimately the choice between the two is determined by personal preferences device compatibility, software requirements, and the broader ecosystem in which one desires to participate.

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Features of IoS

iOS stands for the iPhone operating system. iOS 17 is the most recent version of iOS the Apple operating system for the iPhone. Apple's handheld uses a proprietary mobile operating system. The iOS developer kit includes tools for developing iOD applications. After Android, it is the second most popular mobile operating system in the world. Many Apple mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod, use the operating system. The main key features of IOS are Multitasking, iCloud service, location service, App purchase, and camera integration, Notification center, Sharing content, Game center, and Core Bluetooth framework. So here this article gives information about the key features of iOS to better understand this topic.

Top 15 key features of the IOS platform

1. Apple iCloud services provide internet-based data storage. It works on all Apple devices, has become Windows-compatible, and does most tasks in the background. It provides backup options to help users avoid losing any of their data.
2. It is cross-platform communication between Apple devices via airdrop.
3. Apple IOS includes the AVF foundation capture subsystems, a standard high-level architecture for audio, picture, and video capture.
4. Apple also provides the core Bluetooth framework, which includes classes for communicating with Bluetooth-enabled low-energy wireless technologies.
5. An Accelerometer is a device that monitors velocity change along one axis. Every IOS device includes a three-axis accelerometer which measures acceleration in all three axes.
6. Apple provides online mapping services that can be used as the IOS default map system. It offers several capabilities, including a flypast mode. Apple market may be used to contrast map-based applications.
7. Sharing content and displaying an activity stream are just a few of the ways IOS similies the integration of social network interactions into apps.
8. The iPhone has multitasking capabilities. It began with the iPhone 4, and iPhone 3GS. You can easily switch between apps by using the multitasking function on an IOS device or a multi-figure moton on an iPad.
9. Direct access to the Apple app store and iTunes catalog of music, podcasts, TV shows, and film for rent or purchase. iOS was also built to work with Apple TV.
10. It supports the Apple watch and runs watch OS9 but requires an iPhone 8 running iOS 16 or later.
11. Game Center, an Apple social gaming network, enhances your gaming experience and connects you with others.
12. In-app purchases, which are available across all Apple platforms, Let users access additional content and services such as digital products (iOS, iPadOS, macOS, watchOS), subscriptions, and premium content directly within the app.
13. Apple Pay maintains credit card information and allows consumers to pay for goods and services directly from their iOS devices.
14. The iPhone includes an assisted GPS chip that detects your locations. You don't even need to install this feature because it is already built into your iPhone. This method is faster than normal GPS since it uses satellite data to approximate your location.
15. Notification center is an IOS features that display all of your app notifications in one location. Rather than requiring fast resolution, it provides notifications until the user does the corresponding action.

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Difference between Memory and Storage

Data that is being actively used by the CPU is kept in memory, whereas long-term data that must be collected often is stored in storage. Let's see the difference between Memory and storage.

What is Memory?

The registers are used to create the memory. It is a computer system's most important element. Memory is referred to as RAM, or random access memory, in technical terminology. It is a part of a computer system that makes short-term data storage possible. RAM is a type of memory found in computer systems that is used to temporarily store data and information. Everything that is presently operating on our computer is stored in RAM. The computer system saves data in random access memory whenever a user clicks on an application, launches a program, or accesses a document.

Memory categorized into 3 types

• Cache memory
• Primary memory
• Secondary memory

What is Storage?

Long-term data storage and access are made possible by storage. Everything is moved into the main memory, but the data stays the same and nothing changes on the hard drive. You may access and maintain your operating system, files, and apps in storage for as long as you like. The term storage which can also refer to a hard drive or mass storage, describes a computer's long-term capacity to store data. It is used to hold programs, files, and other kinds of data that must be often accessed. Because storage is nonvolatile, information is kept on it even after the power is switched off.

Following are the  major types of storage in the computer system

• CD or DVD
• SD cards
• HDD and SSD
• Micro SD cards
• Blue ray disk

The following are some of the significant differences between memory and storage:

Difference between Memory and Storage

1. Memory is usually referred to as random access memory(RAM). While the storage is usually referred to as solid-state drive(SSD).
2. Memory is an electronic component that is capable of storing data and information temporarily, Storage refers to physical storage devices.
3. Memory is an element that stores data and information on a short-term basis, but Storage is an element that stores data and information on a long-term basis.
4. Memory is faster than storage (SSD), but the storage is slower than the memory(RAM).
5. The size of the memory device is not large, in contrast, the size of the storage device is much larger than the memory device and the size goes up terabytes.
6. Memory is a collection of computer chips installed in memory modules, on the other hand, Storage is a technology consisting of the core components of a computer.
7. Memory is a volatile memory, on the other hand, storage is a nonvolatile memory.
8. Memory is a component that accesses the data instantly, but the storage cannot be modify or access the data as fast as memory.
9. Memory is a component that accesses the data instantly, while the storage cannot modify or access the data as fast as memory.
10. Memory is quite faster than storage. But the storage is slower as comapred to memory.
11. Memory is made up of registers, but the storage is made up of magnetic parts or strips.
12. The module of memory component is more expensive than the storage, on the other hand, the cost of the storage device is less than the memory modules.
13. When the system of the device loses power, then the data or information is lost in the memory component, while the data and information will remain even in a storage device.
14. Types of memory are, cache, primary, and secondary memory, while the types of storage include HDD, SSD, CD, DVD, Disk, Magnetic taps, Blu-ray disc, etc.

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