Application of Zigbee networks

Zigbee is a wireless protocol used for wireless networking technology and connectivity. Zigbee is the wireless language that every device used to connect to one another. It is the recently emerged technology of network communication based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard where IEEE stands for Institute of electrical and electronic and communication engineers. Zigbee is a new standard developed by the Zigbee alliance for personal area network ( called PAN), Consisting of more than 270 companies. 

Now let us now check it out the application of the Zigbee network to know more details about the Zigbee network.

Home automation :
  • Heating, lighting
  • Cooling, door locking mechanisms
  • Home security system
  • Smoke detector
Telecom application :
  • Used to transmit and receive the message
  • Share ring tone, images, and contacts
  • Emergency services
Industrial automation :
  • Personal tracking
  • Livestock tracking
  • Record and transmit critical data like pressure, temperature, and also a vibration
Security :
  • Home security
  • Fire detection
Some other applications :
  • Health care
  • Smart energy
  • Remote control for consumer electronics 
  • Hotel room access
  • Smart metering

Advantages and disadvantages of Zigbee networks

Zigbee network technology is a wireless protocol used for wireless networking and connectivity. Zigbee is the wireless language that every device used to connect to one another. It is the recently emerged technology of network communication system based on the  IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Zigbee is a new standard developed by the Zigbee alliance for personal area network ( called PAN), Consisting of more than 270 companies. Let us now check it out advantages and disadvantages of  Zigbee network to know more details about the Zigbee network.

Advantages of Zigbee networks :
  • Zigbee has a flexible network structure
  • It has very long battery life
  • Zigbee has a mesh network topology with low cost, multi hope data transmission and is power effective
  • It is less complex than Bluetooth
  • It is easy to install
  • Zigbee support a large number of nodes 
  • Zigbee is more reliable 
  • It is a short working period result in power saving and power consumption of communication
Disadvantages of Zigbee networks :
  • Zigbee disadvantages mainly include short range
  • Low complexity, and low data speed
  • Its high maintenance cost, lack of total solution, and slow materialization,
  • Low transmission, as well as low network stability, are also some of its disadvantages that takes it a step back as compared to others
  • Replacement with Zigbee compliant appliances can be costly 
  • Zigbee is not secure like WiFi based secured system
  • It does not have end devices available yet
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Features of Zigbee network

We all know that Zigbee technology is a wireless protocol used for wireless networking and connectivity. Zigbee is the wireless language technology that every device used to connect to one another. It is the recently emerged technology of network communication based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard where the standard IEEE stands for Institute of electrical and electronic engineers. Zigbee is a new standard developed by the Zigbee alliance for PAN stands called personal area network, Consisting of more than 270 or more companies. Here this article gives the basic features of the Zigbee network to know more details about the Zigbee network.

 Feature of Zigbee
  • Zigbee has incorporated power saving mechanisms for all device classes
  • Discovery mechanism with full application confirmation
  • Pairing mechanism with full application confirmation
  • Various transmission option included broadcast
  • It has a small packet compared with WiFi and Bluetooth
  • Low data rate
  • Low battery consumption
  • The maximum range of operation for a Zigbee device is  around 250 feet
  • Easy to implement
  • Low cost
  • It supports up to around 65000 nodes connected in a network
  • Support alliance standard or manufacturer specific profiles
  • It has used small packets compared with WiFi and Bluetooth
  • Multiple star topology and interpersonal area network communication
  • Zigbee can automatically establish its network

Features of WDM

The technology of WDM full meaning is wavelength division multiplexing. This technology widely used in optical transport networks so many application of WDM in the communication system. The technical requirement is only that the laser is of very specific and that the DWDM full form is capable of distinguishing each wavelength without cross-talk. This article gives some features of WDM to give more information about WDM.
  • Capacity upgrades - Since each wavelength support independent data rate in up to Gbps range.
  • Transparency - WDM can carry fast asynchronous, slow synchronous, synchronous analog and also provide digital data.
  • Wavelength routing - Link capacity and flexibility can be increased by using multiple wavelengths.
  • Wavelength switching - WDM can add and drop multiplexers, cross-connect and wavelength converters.

Application of WDM

The technology of WDM is nothing but wavelength division multiplexing the full form of WDM. This technology widely used in optical transport networks. The technical requirement is only that the laser is of very specific and that the DWDM full form is capable of distinguishing each wavelength without cross-talk. This article gives some application of WDM to give more information about WDM.

  • In SONET network
  • Dense WDM multiplexing allow to muxed and demuxed numbers of channel closer to one another to achieve greater efficiency
  • FDM to the optical fiber
  • Optical transport network
  • Local exchange network
You can also know the feature and applications of WDM.

Application of WiMAX

Wi-Fi and WiMAX offer complementary solutions with Wi-Fi being suitable for short range and WiMAX being suitable for long-range outdoor connection.
  • It is a wireless alternative to many existing wired and late miles coverage deployments such as cable modem, digital subscriber line, T and E-carrier system and optical carrier technologies.
  • The most important application offered by WiMAX technology is business, Multiplayer interactive gaming, backhaul, consumer connectivity, large area coverage access
  • It can offer broadband wireless access at data rates of multiple in Mbit/second to the end user and within a range of several kilometers. 
  • And also the same radio technology will also offer high-speed data services to all nomadic terminal like laptops. PDAs, etc
  • IEEE 802.16 - Fixed users
  • IEEE 802.16e - portable user
  • back-haul - Point to point antenna are used to connect base station located across a long distance
  • Last mile - Residential and business subscriber are connected to the base station using point to multi-point antennas
  • Large area coverage access - also offer broadband connectivity in larger areas

Advantages and disadvantages of WiMAX

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Acess services brings long time term evolution in the wireless sector. It is similar to the Wi-Fi both create hot-spots. Wi-Fi technology can cover several 100 meters while covering a range of 40-50 km. It can also provide a wireless alternative to cable, DSL, and broadband access. The main advantages of WiMAX are that it allows high-speed wireless internet connection over the broad coverage area, while main disadvantages of WiMAX is still much bigger installation coast and also operational cost. Now let us check it out the information about the advantages and disadvantages of WiMAX to know more details about it.

 Advantages of WiMAX :
  • A single location can serve hundreds of users
  • Single WiMax BS serves hundreds of users
  • Much faster deployment of the new user as compared to wired networks
  • It creates a volume opportunity for silicon suppliers
  • The speed of 10 Mbps at 10 kilometers with a line of sight
  • It is considered to be a cheaper alternative to broadband wired technologies viz. ADSL, cable modem etc
  • It is standardized, and also have same frequency equipment should work together
  • There exists a standard based, the stable platform upon which to rapidly add new capabilities so it is innovating more rapidly
  • Higher bandwidth
  • High coverage range
  • High speed can be achieve
  • Lower cost
  • Communication range up to 100 miles 
  • Does not require telephone lines
  • Provide mobility to a user with access to the internet
  • Design with better quality services
  • No SIM card requires
  • Non-line of sight connection
  • It works on an unlicensed frequency spectrum
  • Cellular like performance is achieved with mobile WiMAX
Disadvantages of WiMAX :
  • Big installation and operational cost
  • Multiple frequencies are used
  • A line of sight needed
  • Poor bandwidth when serving lots of clients
  • Higher latency
  • Unreliable service
  • Spectral limitation
  • Big delay
  • Big power consumption
  • Interference with other wireless signals
  • Hand over and roaming hard to achieve
  • Very power intensive technology  and  also have to require strong electrical support
  • Weather conditions like rain could cause interference
  • WiMAX is very power consuming
  • Multiple frequencies are used for WiMax deployment
  • WiMAX can offer up to 70 Mbps in the range of 70 miles with the moving station. So in practice, the situation is very different. So it is true that only in ideal circumstances with only one recipient
  • If there are many users in one sector, then they will have lower speed

WiFi technology

Wi-Fi network uses radio technologies to transmit and receive data at high speed. 

 These are governed by some set of the standard given below :
  1. IEEE 802.11b
  2. IEEE 802.11a
  3. IEEE 802.11g
1. IEEE 802.11b
  • It was formulated in the year 1999
  • It operates at 2.4 GHz radio spectrum
  • The actual speed is 4-6 Mbps
  • It supports a range from 100-500 feet
  • It is a very popular Wi-Fi technology and is the least expensive
  • It has a theoretical speed of 11 Mbps within 30 m range
2. IEEE 802.11a
  • It was introduced in 2001
  • It operates at 5GHz with theoretical speed 54 Mbps
  • It is the most expensive technology and hence reduce its popularity
  • It is actual speed varies from 15-20 Mbps in a range of 50-75 feet
  • It is not compatible with IEEE 802.11b
3. IEEE 802.11g
  • It was introduced in 2003
  • It was improved version with inherent advantages of 802.11a and 802.11b specification
  • It operates at 2.4 GHz radio frequency
  • It has a speed of 54 Mbps and covers a range of 100-150 feet
  • It is compatible with IEEE 802.11b

Advantages and disadvantages of WiFi

Wi-Fi is term full form of Wi-Fi is Wireless fidelity is an alternative to wired technology that is commonly used for connecting devices in wireless mode. Wi-Fi network device connects computers to each other to the internet and to the wired network. This article gives information about some advantages and disadvantages of Wi-Fi to know more details about Wi-Fi. 

Advantages of Wi-Fi :
  • Ease of installation
  • It is easy to add Wi-Fi client
  • Flexibility
  • Cost-effective, Reduce set up the cost
  • Reduce cable clutter
  • Avoid deterioration
  • Secure
  • VOIP facility
  • Flexible computing
  • Better coverage
  • Hotspots
  • Increase efficiency
  • Working inflexible
  • Eliminate re-configuring computer
  • Support roaming
  • Provide high-speed internet access
  • Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum
  • Mobility facility
  • Cheaper than wired connection as no wires are required
  • Low cost of Implication
  • WiFi-enabled USB dongles are available at a very affordable rate from TP-link, D-link, Tenda, etc
  • Easy to integrate
  • No need to stick at one place
  • More than one device can be accessed wireless internet connection
Disadvantages of Wi-Fi :
  • Degradation in performance
  • Lesser range
  • Less speed
  • Lesser control
  • Less stable
  • Slower than cable
  • Effect of climatic condition
  • Unauthorized access
  • Compromising data
  • Denial of service
  • Data transfer rate decreases  when the number of clients
  • Limited range of network
  • Full security is difficult to achieve
  • Can generate radiation which can harm the human health
  • Installation problem
  • High power consumption
  • Limited range operation
  • Affected by interference
  • Limited lifetime
  • Risk of cancer
  • Effect of children and pregnant women
  • Sometimes bad weather slows down internet connection speed due to lack of proper WiFi signals
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Conclusion :
The conclusion is that a WiFi network is not perfect. There are many advantages and disadvantages to a WiFi network. However, it has a lot of advantages. Hence, every day, this modern technology is becoming popular and its uses are increasing on a large scale.

Application of WiFi

Wi-Fi fidelity is an alternative to wired technology that is commonly used for connecting devices in wireless mode. A Wi-Fi network connects to the computers to each other to the internet and the wired network. This article gives an application in Wi-Fi technology to gives more information in Wi-Fi.

Wi-Fi network finds a variety of application following below :

  • Home/residential areas
  • Health care
  • Travelers
  • Browsing the internet
  • Mobile application
  • Computerized application
  • Bank
  • Institutes
  • Educational
  • Stream audio to the wireless speaker
  • Sharing the files
  • Wireless ISP
  • Small business or SOHO
  • Large corporation and campuses
  • Video conference
  • Automotive segment
  • Mobile application
  • Business application
  • Video conference

Full form related to optical communication

Optical communication related full form :

AON - All-optical network
APD - Avalanche photodiode
ASE - Amplified spontaneous emission
ATM - Asynchronous transfer mode
BER - Bit error rate
BH - Buried heterostructure
CNR - Carrier to noise ratio
CVD - Chemical vapor deposition
DBR - Distributed Bragg reflector
DFB - Distributed feedback
EDFA - Erbium-doped fiber amplifier
FDDI - Fiber distributed data interface
FP - Fabry Perot
FWHM - Full width at half maximum
GVD - Group velocity dispersion
HBT - Heterojunction bipolar transistor
HFD - Hybrid fiber co-axial
IMD - Intermodulation distortion
IMP - Intermodulation product
ISI - Intersymbol interference
LEAF - Large effective area fiber
LED - Light-emitting diode
LO - Local oscillator
MCVD - Modified chemical vapor deposition
MEMS - Micro electro mechanical system
MOCVD - Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
MONET - Multi-wavelength optical network
NA - Optical carrier
OTDM - Optical time division multiplexing
OVD - Outside vapor deposition
PIC - Photonic integrated circuit
PON - Passive optical network
RDF - Reverse dispersion fiber
RIN - Relative intensity noise
RMS  - Root mean square
RZ - Return to zero
SCM - Subcarrier multiplexing
SDH - Synchronous digital hierarchy
SONET - Synchronized optical network
STM - Synchronous transport module
STS - Synchronous transport signal
TDM -  Time division multiplexing
TE - Transverse electric
TW - Transverse magnetic
VAD - Vapor axial deposition
VPE - Vapor phase epitaxy
WDM - Wavelength division multiplexing
WDMA - Wavelength division multiple access
YAG - Yttrium aluminium garnet
YIG - Yttrium iron garnet
ZDWL - Zero-dispersion wavelength

Characteristics of avalanche photo diode

Avalanche photodetector construction and also have current-voltage characteristics curve with, depicts avalanche region to shown in the figure.

This allows each of photo-generated carrier to be multiplied by avalanche breakdown. This effect is known as the avalanche break down effect.

Resulting internal gain within the photodiode, which increases the effective responsibility of the device.



Application of Avalanche photo diode

An avalanche photodiode is a semiconductor device. It is a very similar structure to that of PIN or PN photodiode types. These diodes are specially designed to work in the reverse breakdown area. In an avalanche photodiode is basically two terminal namely anode and cathode. It is similar or looks like Schottky photodiode. Avalanche multiplication of the holes and electrons created by photon impact. Here is some application of avalanche photodiode.
  • High-speed laser scanner 
  • Speed gun
  • PET scanner
  • Data communication
  • White noise generators
  • Sources in radio gears
  • Confocal microscopy
  • Fault location
  • Ultrasensitive fluorescence 
  • Particle detection
  • Optical range finding and Optical fiber

Advantages and disadvantages of avalanche photo diode

An avalanche photodiode is a one type of diode. It is specially designed to work in the reverse breakdown region. In an avalanche photodiode is basically two-terminal namely anode and cathode. It is basically PN junction diode that operates in the avalanche break down the region. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of avalanche photodiode to know more details about it.

Advantages of avalanche photodiode :
  • Includes a greater level of sensitivity
  • High performance
  • Fast response time
Disadvantages of avalanche photodiode :
  • The much higher operating voltage required
  • The output is not linear
  • A much higher level of noise
  • Not as widely used due to low reliability
  • Requires high reverse bias for operation 

Avalanche photo diode

What is an avalanche photodiode?

An avalanche photodiode is one kind of semiconductor device specially designed to work in the reverse breakdown region. The symbol, of this diode, is actually same to a Zener diode. The avalanche diode comprises two terminals namely anode and cathode. The symbol is alike to the normal diode but with turn edges of the vertical bar that is shown in the following figure.

Avalanche photodiode basics :

 An avalanche photodiode is a semiconductor device types of a diode, it looks like as PN photodiode or PIN photodiode. An avalanche photodiode specially designed to work in the reverse breakdown region. In an avalanche photodiode is basically two terminal namely anode and cathode. It is similar or looks like Schottky photodiode. Avalanche multiplication of the holes and electrons created by photon impact.

In this diode when a P-N junction diode is applied with high reverse bias break down can occur by two separate mechanisms direct ionization of the lattice atoms devices, it is a Zener break down and also its is high-velocity carriers causing impact ionization of the lattice atoms called avalanche break down. APD uses has its avalanche break down phenomena for its operation. Here this articles also gives the difference between these two types of a diode; PIN photodiode versus avalanche photodiode.
The avalanche photodiode has its internal gain which increases its responsibility. Shows the figure schematic structure of an APD. By virtue of the doping concentration and physical construction of the N-P  junction, The electric field is high enough to cause of impact ionization.

Under normal operating bias, the I-layer is completely depleted. This is known as reach through condition, hence APDs are also known as reach through APD or reverse APDs.

The avalanche action enables the gain of the diode to be too much increased many times and providing a very much greater level of sensitivity.


APD schematic and variation of E - field across the diode


A breakdown voltage of diode :

The avalanche diode breakdown voltage totally depended on the density of doping. When rising the density of doping will reduce the breakdown voltage of the diode.

                          



Avalanche diode modules :

Avalanche photodiode are available as part of modules which apart from the photodiode also contain additional different electronic components. In particular, there can be a current amplifier integrated into the package, which can not only reduces the number of parts required on a circuit board but also it can also improve the noise performance and results in a better combination of bandwidth and responsivity. Some modules have been specially optimized use for an optical fiber communication system and fiber coupled.


Application of avalanche photodiode :
  • It can be used as white noise generators
  • This diode is more protecting the circuit against unwanted voltages
  • This diode is produced RF noise, they are generally used as noise sources in radio gear
  • It can be also used to generate microwave frequency
For detailed information :
This article also gives the various types of diode listed below:

What is photo diode

What does photodiode mean?

 A photodiode is a device that helps in conversion of light electric current. It is a made of semiconductor material and containing a P-N junction and also it is designed to function in revere bias. Reverse bias means that the p - side of the photodiode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and n - side means is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. It is also sometimes referred as a photodiode detector, photo sensor or light detector. Photodiode technology has been successfully and widely used due to its low-cost rugged structure.

 A photodiode is very sensitive to light so when light or photons fall on the photodiode it easily converts light into electric current. A solar cell is also known as large area photodiode because it converts solar energy or light energy into electric energy. However solar cell works in bright light.

 Photodiode symbol :

 The schematic symbol of a photodiode is given below.  This diode is in order to convert the modulated electrical light back into an electrical signal type, Photodiode is one type of light detector.
Schematic symbol of a photodiode 
Photodiode looks like a light emitting diode. They have two terminal, one is a smaller end and other is a longer end. The longer end of the diode is the anode terminal while smaller end of the diode is cathode terminals. The characteristics of a photodiode are operated in a reverse bias mode.
The main feature of photodiode includes the  following ways :
  • Long life
  • Quick response
  • The linearity of the diode is too much good with respect to incident light 
  • Noise is very low
  • High Gain
  • Low cost
  • Long lifeline
  • Smaller size
  • Low sensitivity to temperature
  • High response speed
  • Small output current
  • Lightweight
  • Output change with respect to temperature change
  • Wide spectral responseApplied reverse voltage  be low
  • It will be always operated in reverse bias condition
Types of photodiode :

 There are different types of photodiode such as :

 There are many numerous types of photodiode available in the market.  They all work on the same basic principle, but working on different types of photodiode work in a slightly different way. A photodiode can be classified based on its construction are as follows given below :
  • PN photodiode - It is the first type of photodiode to be developed but not as widely used as others due to better performance parameters of other types of photodiodes.
  • PIN photodiode - It is one of the most widely used photodiodes, It generally offers lower capacitance and efficiently collects light photons better than PN photodiodes.
  • Avalanche photodiode -  It provides very high gain levels but comes with high noise levels
For detailed information :
Read more >>
Application of Photodiode :
  • An optical fiber communication system
  • Automotive devices
  • Solar cell panels
  • Medical devices
  • Demodulation
  • Camera light meters
  • Street lights
  • Logic circuit
  • Photodetection circuits
  • Character recognition circuit
  • Televisions and remote control in VCRs
  • Measurement of the intensity of light in science and industry
More detailed information 

Working of photo diode

In the photodiode, convert the modulated light back into an electrical signal. As the intensity of an optical signal at the receiver is very low, the detector has to meet high-performance specifications.

The conversion efficiency must be very high at the operating wavelength. The speed of the response must be high enough to ensure that the signal distortion does not occur. It must be possible to operated continuously over a wide range of temperature for many years.

At present, these requirements are met by a reverse biased p-n photodiode. In these devices, the semiconductor material will absorbs a photon of light, which excites an electron from the valence band to the conduction band.

The photogenerated electron leaves behind it a hole, and so each photon generates two change carriers. This increases the material conductivity so-called photo conductivity resulting in an increase in the diode current. 

V-I characteristics of photodiode :

The characteristics of the photodiode are shown in clearly in the following figure. A photodiode is operated in a reverse bias mode. To show in figure photocurrent is nearly independent of reverse bias voltage which is applied. For zero luminance, the photocurrent is almost zero excluding for small dark current to shown in the figure.
V-I characteristics of a photodiode
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