Important definition for electronics / electrical engineering students

Important books to refer for electronics engineering students

Digital logic design books

1. Book name: Digital electronics and logic design
Author: Gate academy team
Publisher: Gate academy publications

2. Book name: Digital  logic and computer design
Author: M Morris Mano
Publisher: Pearson

3. Book name: Fundamental of  Digital  Logic with VHDL design 
Author: Stephen Brown
Publisher: Mcgraw hill education

4. Book name: Digital electronics and logic design
Author: A P Adsul, R H Jagdale, SS  Kulkarni
Publisher: Nirali Prakashan

5. Book name: Digital logic design
Author: Alam mansaf, Alam basis
Publisher: PHI learning Pvt Ltd
6. Book name: Digital logic: application and design
Author: John M Yarbrough
Publisher: Cengage Learning
7. Book name: Digital logic design: principal
Author: Bradley  Carlson norman  balabanian
Publisher: Wiley
8. Book name: Digital circuit and  logic design 
Author: Lee c Samuel
Publisher: PHI learning  

 9.  Book name : Digital principal  logic design 
Author : N manna
Publisher : Laxmi publication 

Advantages of Z transform

The Z transform provides a valuable technique for analysis design of discrete time signals as well as discrete time LTI systems. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of Z transform to know more details about it.

Advantages of Z transform :
  • Z transform is used for the digital signal
  • Both Discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant (LTI) systems can be completely characterized using Z transform
  • The stability of the linear time-invariant (LTI)  system can be determined using the Z transform
  • By calculating Z transform of the given signal, DFT and FT can be determined
  • The entire family of digital filters can be obtained from one proto-type design using Z transform
  • The solution of differential equations can be simplified or obtained by using Z transform theorem
  • Mathematical calculations are reduced using the Z transform. For example, consider the convolution operation is transformed into simple multiplication operation 
Disadvantages of Z transform :
  • Z transform cannot apply in the continuous signal

What is z transform

The Z transform has a real and imaginary part like Fourier transform. A plot of imaginary part versus the real part is called a Z plane or complex Z plane.

The pole-zero plot is the main characteristic of discrete time LTI systems full form. We can also check the stability of the system using a pole-zero plot. Z transform used for many signal processing

There are two types of Z transform :

1. Single sided Z transform
2. Double-sided Z transform 

1. Single sided Z transform :

As we know that a single-sided Z transform of discrete time signal x (n) is defined as,

                ∞
X  (Z) =  ∑     x (n)  Z -n

              n=0

Here "Z" is a complex variable. In this equation limits of summation are from the 0 too ∞. So while expanding the summation we will put only positive values of n (from the range n = 0 ton =  ∞). So this is single-sided or one-sided Z- transform.

2. Double-sided Z transform 

As we know that a double-sided Z transform of discrete time signal x (n) is defined as,

                ∞
X  (Z) =  ∑     x (n)  Z -n

              n= - ∞

While expanding the summation we will put both positive as well as negative values of "n". Thus this is called a double-sided Z transform.

How to denote Z transform?

The relationship between x(n) and X(Z) is indicated as given below :

         Z
x (n) ↔ X (Z)

Note that X (Z) is Z transform of x (n), always when Z transform of the sequence is obtained then it is denoted by capital letter, X (Z) Here arrow is bidirectional. This is because we can also obtain x (n) from X (Z) using the inverse Z transform.

The Z transform of x (n) is also denoted as in this form,

X (Z) = Z  { x(n) }

So here x (n) and  X(Z) are called as Z transform pairs.

In same way if we want to analyze a system, which is already represented in frequency domain, a discrete time signal then we go for inverse Z transformation.

Audio video system books

1. Book name: Audio and video system
Author: Gupta
Publisher: Mcgraw hill education

2. Book name: Audio  video system
Author: SP Bali, Rajeev Bali
Publisher: Khanna book publishing

3. Book name: Principal of multimedia
Author: Ranjan Parekh
Publisher: Mcgraw hill education

4. Book name: Modern recording techniques
Author: David Miles Huber
Publisher: A focal press book

5. Book name: Multi-model processing and integration
Author: Potamianos, Patrick
Publisher: Springer

Time shifting property of z transform

Before we learn about time shifting property first let we learn about what is z transform system in digital signal processing subject.

 Statement : 

              Z
If  x(n) ↔ X (Z)

                      Z
Then x (n-k) ↔ Z -k  X (Z)

Proof :
                                 -∞
So here Z{x(n)} = X  (Z) = ∑     x (n)  Z-n
                                 +∞
Z { x(n-k) }  can be written as,


                    -∞
Z{x(n-k)} = ∑     x (n-k)  Z-n
                     +∞

Now  Z-n can be  written as  Z-n  =   Z-(n-k) Z-k  thus the equation 

                    -∞
Z{x(n-k)} = ∑     x (n-k)  Z-(n-k) Z-k
                     +∞

Since the limits of summation are in terms of  'n'  we can take Z-k outside the summation sign.

                             -∞
so Z{x(n-k)} = Z-k  ∑     x (n-k)  Z-(n-k) 
                             +∞

Now put n-k =m on R.H.S 

At  n = -∞, -∞-k = m → m =  -∞
At n = ∞, ∞-k = m  → m =  ∞

                              ∞
Z{x(n-k)} = Z-k  ∑     x (m)  Z-(m) 
                          m = -∞ 
                  
Comparing Equation : 
                           
Z{x(n-k)} = Z-k   X (Z)


= x (n-k) ↔ Z-k   X (Z)

Similarly, we can write 

= x (n+k) ↔ Z+k   X (Z)

Wireless communication books

1. Book name: Wireless communication theory and application 
Author: Arumita Biswas, Manjak Chowdhury
Publisher: Cambridge university press

2. Book name: Modern Wireless communication
Author: Michael Moher, Simon Daykin, David koilpillai
Publisher: Pearson

3. Book name: Wireless and mobile communication
Author: Upena Dalal, Manoj K Shukla
Publisher: Oxford

4. Book name: Wireless communication principal and practice
Author: Rapaport
Publisher: Person

5. Book name: Wireless communication
Author: Andrea Goldsmith
Publisher: Cambridge university press

6. Book name: Wireless communication
Author: T l Singal
Publisher: Tata Mcgraw hill education

7. Book name: Wireless communication
Author: Asrar U H sheik
Publisher: Pearson

8. Book name: Wireless communication network and system
Author: William Stallings, Cory Beard
Publisher: Person

9. Book name: Wireless communication and network 3G and beyond
Author: It Saha Misra
Publisher: Mcgraw hill education

Antenna and wave propagation books

1. Book name: Antenna and wave propagation
Author: Sisir K Das
Publisher: Magraw higher Ed

2. Book name: Wave propagation and Antenna engineering
Author:  Kumar Sanjay, Shukla Saurabh
Publisher: PHI Learning Pvt Ltd

3. Book name: Antenna and wave propagation
Author: K D Prasad
Publisher: Satya Prakashan

4. Book name: Antenna and wave propagation
Author: Kamal Kishore
Publisher: I K international publishing house Pvt Ltd

5. Book name: Antenna and wave propagation
Author: A K Gautam
Publisher: S K Kataria and sons

6. Book name: Antenna and wave propagation
Author: U A Bakshi
Publisher: Technical publication 

7. Book name: Antenna and wave propagation
Author: Raju
Publisher: Pearson

8. Book name: Antenna and wave propagation
Author: Ahmad s khan, Ronald J Marhefka, John D Kraus
Publisher: Magraw higher Ed

9. Book name: Antenna and wave propagation
Author: A R Harish, M Satchidananda
Publisher: Oxford

Digital image processing books

1. Book name: Digital image processing
Author: Rafael c Gonzalez, Richard E. Wood
Publisher: Pearson

2. Book name: Principal of digital image processing

Author: Burger Burge, Wilhelm mark j
Publisher: Springer Verlag London Ltd

3.  Book name: Digital image processing
Author: T Veerkumar, S Jayaraman, S esakkirajan
Publisher: Mcgraw higher Ed

4.  Book name: Digital image processing
Author: Abhishek Yadav
Publisher: Laxmi publications new Delhi

5.  Book name: Digital image processing using MATLAB
Author:  Rafael c Gonzalez
Publisher: Mcgraw higher Ed

6.  Book name: Fundamental of digital image processing 
Author:  Anil k jain
Publisher: PHI learning

7.  Book name: Introductory digital image processing 
Author: John r Jensen
Publisher: Pearson India

8. Book name: Fundamental of digital image processing 
Author: Annadhurai
Publisher: Pearson 

9. Book name: Digital image processing  method
Author: Dougherty
Publisher: Taylor and Francis

10. Book name: Digital signal and image processing 
Author: Soman k.p.Et.al
Publisher: Cengage Learning

Properties of even and odd signals

  • The sum of two even signals is even signal
  • The sum of two odd signals are odd
  • The sum of an even signal and an odd signal is neither even nor odd signal
  • The product of two even signals is even
  • The product of two odd signals is  even
  • The product of two odd signals and even the signal is odd
Show in  :

Addition / Subtraction :
In addition :
Even + Even = Even
Odd + Odd = Odd
Even + Odd = we can't say anything

In Subtraction :
Even - Even = Even
Odd - Odd = Odd
Even - Odd = we can't say anything

In Multiplication :
Odd * Odd = Even
Even * Odd = Odd
Even * Even = Even

Full form of DSP

What is the full form of DSP?


Answer :
  • Digital Signal Processing

What does DSP mean?

DSP stands for digital signal processing, which refers to manipulating analog information, such as sound that has been converted into a digital form.

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Advantages and disadvantages of step index fiber

This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of step index fiber to know more details about it.

Advantages of step index fiber :
  • It is easy to manufacture
  • It is cheaper compared to the graded index
  • Light is propagated through the graded index
  • Larger bandwidth 
  • High information rate
  • Less attenuation
  • Can run over a longer distance without repeaters
Disadvantages of step index fiber :
  • Pulse distortion is more
  • The information carrying capacity is less
  • Losses are more
  • Difficult to couple light in and also out of the tiny core
  • A high directive light source is required
  • Interfacing module is more expensive
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dwdm applications

DWDM stand for dense wavelength division multiplexing. Hence dense means the wavelength channel is very narrow and close to each other. Here this article gives the application of DWDM to know more details about it.
  • It can be used for signal transmission
  • It is ready to make for long distance, Telecommunication operator that use either point to point or ring topology 
  • Utilize the existing thin fiber
  • Building or expanding network
  • The transparency of the DWDM system to  various bit-rate and protocols
  • Network wholesalers can lease capacity rather than entire fiber cable

Advantages and disadvantages of DWDM

DWDM stands for dense wavelength division multiplexing, It has to increases bandwidth by allowing different data streams to be sent simultaneously over a single optical fiber network. Here this article gives information about DWDM  to know more details about it.

DWDM advantages :
  • Improve scalability
  • Provide extra resilience
  • New services to be provide
  • Maximum capacity system available
  • Can conserve switched bandwidth
  • Permits multiple logical topological over single physical MAN
  • Greater fiber capacity
  • DWDM system capable of longer span length
  • Easier network expansion
DWDM disadvantages :
  • Not cost effective for low channel numbers
  • Complex technology requires
  • More space
  • More power
  • Startup cost more than equivalent CWDM
  • High accuracy laser and wave filter
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erbium doped fiber amplifiers principles and applications

Erbium doped fiber amplifiers principles :

EDFA stands for erbium doped fiber amplifier, An optical amplifier are also called erbium doped fiber amplifier or EDFA. This article also gives you  advantages and disadvantages of EDFA to know more details about EDFA.

 The erbium atoms in silica are Er3+ ions with three lost electrons in its orbit. The raising of ions to higher energy levels is achieved by two pump level.

1. Meta stable state :
The meta stable state is a state from which the life time for the transitions from this state to the ground state are very long compared with the life times to the states that led to this level. 

 2. Stark splitting :
The meta stable, the pump band state and ground state levels are closely spaced energy levels form the manifold called stark splitting.


Erbium doped fiber amplifiers applications :
  • Erbium doped is a double clad fibers can be used for generating very high output power of tens of watts or even more.
  • It is also possible to amplify ultra short pulses in the 1.5 micro meter region to relatively high energies using EDFAs in the form of amplifier chains
  • As a pump absorption efficiency can be weak in this case, an ytterbium sensitized core may again be useful.
  • One exploits the relatively high saturation energy of such amplifier, particularly when erbium doped large mode area fibers.
  • For proper choice of material composition of the fiber core this energy transfer can be fairly efficient.
  • The use of pure erbium doped fibers is more common in the telecom area side.

Advantages and disadvantages of graded index fiber

Graded index fiber is one type of optical fiber. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of graded-index fiber to know more details about it. 

Advantages of graded-index fiber :
  • Losses are reduced
  • The information-carrying capacity is increased
  • Pulse distortion is reduced
  • The data rate is very high 
  • Attenuation is less
Disadvantages of graded-index fiber :
  • Difficult to manufacture
  • Costly compare to step-index fiber
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Linear and nonlinear systems examples

A linear model represents an accurate representation of the behavior of many systems where the non-linear system has steady state performance with a different kind of behavior. Here this article gives the information about the example of a linear and nonlinear system to know more details about it.

Example of linear systems :
  • Electronics circuit such as amplifier 
  • The unity system, where the output of a system is always equal to the input
  • Multiplication by a constant that is the amplification of the system
  • Linear system where the wave propagation produce such as sound as well as  an electromagnetic wave 
  • Some electrical circuit composed of the resistor, capacitor, and indicator
  • The null system where the output is always equal to zero regardless of the input system
  • Differentiation and integration
  • A signal must be changed such as a resonance and image blurring
  • A mathematical operation like a convolution where each value in the output is expressed as the sum of values in the input multiplied by a set of some weighing coefficient, so here give some many more example of linear as well as a non-linear system
Example of a non-linear system :
  • A system that does not have sinusoidal fidelity such as electronic circuit
  • Common electronic distortion clipping and cross over distortion
  • Saturation such as an electronic amplifier and transformer are driven too hard
  • A system does not have static linearity
  • A system with a threshold like digital logic gates 
  • Multiplication of signal by another signal called as amplitude modulations

What is DTFT

The DTFT is the member of the Fourier transform family, it can operate on aperiodic, discrete signals. 

The DTFT stands for discrete-time Fourier transform, It is a member of the Fourier transform family that operates on an aperiodic discrete signal. 

 The best way to understand the DTFT is how it related to the DFT.  In general, the DTFT is used for the analysis of non-periodic signals. Let us consider the discrete time signal x (n), its DTFT is denoted as X () is given is :

DTFT  = X (Ώ) = e -j Ώn

The inverse DTFT given as :

IDTFT  = X (n) = 1/2∏  * e -j Ώn  d Ώ
In this section, we will also study some  properties of  DTFT to learn better understand this topic. We know that x (n) and X (ω) are Fourier transform pair and is denoted as,

             DTFT
If  x (n)    ↔     X(ω)  


DTFT features :

  • Used for finite and infinite sequence
  • It is only theoretical
  • Cannot be implemented practically
  • DFT is derived from DTFT
  • It is periodic and continuous 
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