Applications of 3G

3G technology stands for third generation technology, 3G is wireless based network technology which is utilized in smart phones such as i-phones, blackberries, 2G technology. This post we have to discuss a 3G application to understand better knowledge about the 3G network.

Application of 3G network technology :
  • 3G mobile can be used as a modem for the computer that can easily access the internet.
  • 3G technology offers a high-quality voice as well as a video called.
  • 3G devices can offer data transmission speed up to 2Mbits/s when used in the stationary mode.
  • You can view live TV broadcasting in mobile and also you can get weather updates and news headlines in mobiles.
  • The 3G network provides with multimedia services such as sharing of digital photos and movies.
  • The 3G network can offer real-time multiplayer gaming and location-based services.
  • 3G allows the users to be online all the time and it also includes mobile office services, such as virtual banking, online selling as well as teleconferencing at work is one of the best applications.
  • It can be also used for secure mobile commerce transactions.
  • For a business aspect, it can be used for real-time financial information, sales force automation, VPN access etc.


4G applications

If you are a regular web suffer and you like to see online videos then you will fall in love 4G technology. Till the date, 4G technology is the best technology ever in the mobile networks to access video streaming without any interruption of buffering. This post will discuss 4G applications.

Most of us do not like the waiting time which a 2G or 3G network takes for opening the desired page, audio or video over the web. If you are suffering from the issue, then you should not wait for any more, enjoy the latest 4G technology with a superfast data speed of approx 10 times of the 3G.

Applications of  4G technology :
  • A user can access a database of street, building, large city etc
  • 4G will provide user services at all times, even if the user is off-site.
  • LTE advanced
  • IEEE 802.16m 
  • 3GPP long term
  • UMB
  • It will provide a good opportunity to people anywhere in the world to continue their education on a line in a cost-effective manner, best technology till date
  • Camera in traffic light
  • Flash OFDM
  • I burst and MBWA
  • Mobile WiMAX
  • 4G car
  • Telemedicine
  • Tele GEO processing applications
  • A sensor in public vehicle

Application of 5G

Applications of 5G are beyond our imagination. A user never experienced ever before such high-value technology which includes all type of advanced features. Some of the applications of 5G are:
  • We can able to charge our mobile using our own heartbeat.
  • We can able to feel our grandmother’s sugar level with our mobile.
  • We can able to know the exact time of our childbirth in nanoseconds.
  • Our mobile rings according to our mood.
  • We can vote for our mobile.
  • We can able to visualize lively all the planets and the universe. 
  • We can able to navigate a train for which we are waiting for them.
  • We can able to view our residence in our mobile when someone enters and also when some once open our intelligent car.
  • We can able to pay all our bills in a single payment with our mobile.
  • We can able to sense the Tsunami/Earthquake before it occurs.
  • We can access our office desktop, PC,  Laptop, car, bike using our mobile.
  • We can identify our stolen mobile within nanoseconds.
  • Our mobile can share our workload, identify the best server and also have intimate us before the call drops.
  • We can able to also expand our coverage using mobile phones.
  • We can able to fold our mobile as per our desire.

5G technology features

5G technology called as a 5th generation mobile-based technology. 5G mobile technology has changed the means to use cell phones within a very high bandwidth. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of cell phone technology. The 5G technology includes all type of advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in the near future.

Features of  5G technology :
  • 5G mobile technology providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
  • 5G offers transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
  • 5G provide large broadcasting.
  • It provides large bandwidth.
  • 5G technology provides high resolution for crazy cell phone users.
  • 5G is more attractive and effective.
  • 5G mobile technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
  • The traffic statistics by 5G technology make it more accurate.
  • It supports virtual private network.
  • The network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the world.
  • The uploading and downloading speed of 5G mobile technology touching the peak.
  • The new 5G technology will take delivery service out of business prospect.
  • The remote diagnostic is a great feature of 5G technology.
  • The advance billing interfaces of 5G technology make it more attractive and effective.
  • Through remote management offered by 5G technology, a user can get a better and fast solution.
  • It providing large broadcasting of data in gigabit which supporting almost 65000 connections. 

4G technology features

4G stands for the fourth-generation wireless mobile modem, with high data speed, The 4G can reach 100Mbps, 150Mbps, and 300Mbps, future will update to 1000Mbps, 4G mobile network offer amazing speed and efficiency and also they took the mobile market by storm. 

 4G network technology is a theoretically will have a higher data transfer rate over 3G network technology, with the appropriate amount of spectrum and good network engineering, 4G LTE network is very fast, the long term evolution based network has the potential to reach 100 Mbps, while the WiMAX network can top out at 70 Mbps. Here this article gives information about 4G technology to know more details about 4G advance technology.

 Features of 4G technology :
  • Fully IP based mobile system
  • This technology is high speed, high capacity and low cost per bit
  • Better spectral efficiency
  • Ad-hoc and multihop network
  • Seamless switching, and variety of quality of service
  • Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
  • An IP packet switched network
  • Interprobability with an existing wireless standard
  • 4G has better signal
  • Tight network security
  • Easy roaming 
  • Scalability
  • Enhance GPS services
  • Integrated wireless solutions
  • More user-friendly device
  • Better response time
  • Provide high flexibility as compared to already existing technology
  • Entirely packet switch network

Features of 3G technology

3G is third generation wireless technology It enhance the features that were available in the second generation and adds further advanced features. This technology is widely used in a mobile phone as well as data cards.

The ITU called international telecommunication union has proposed 3G telecommunications standard to provide cost-effective high quality, wireless multimedia applications, and enhanced wireless communications. The basic features are divided into two categories one is called data rates and the other is called security.

Features of 3G technology :
  • 3G technology is that support greater voice and data capacity and data transmission at low cost.
  • 3G technology has a large capacity and broadband capacity
  • 3G mobile can operate on 2G and 3G technologies.
  • 3G offer greater security features than 2G like network domain security, application security etc.
  • The 3G network has a much greater transmission capacity than 2G.
  • 3G technology provides major features like video calls, video conference, weather updates, accessing traffic etc.
  • 3G has improved security and performance.
  • 3G has a common spectrum worldwide. This result in seamless global connectivity.
  • 3G support a variety of terminals from like PDA to desktop.

1G technology features

1G technology is the first generation technology of wireless telephone technology. It was the analog telecommunications standard and it was introduced in the year of 1980, After that, it continued to replace by 2G technology.

Most popular 1G system during the year of the 1980s :
  • The first generation of cell phone technology
  • Advanced mobile phone system (AMPS)
  • Nordic mobile phone system (NMTS)
  • Total access communication system (TACS)
  • European total access communication system (ETACS)
  • Only referred to as 1G once 2G was introduced
The main difference between the 1G and 2G is that the radio signal used by 1G technology is analog while in 2G technology is digital.

Here this article gives some key features of 1G technology system :
  • Analog switching technology used
  • FM called frequency modulation is used
  • PSTN core network is used
  • Frequency around 800 MHz to 900 MHz
  • Bandwidth around 10 MHz
  • FDMA techniques must be used for access
  • Mode of voice service only 
  • Only capable of simple phone call calls 

What is PNP transistor

PNP transistor structure :

PNP transistor consisting of a layer of N-doped semiconductor between two layers of p-doped material. In the collector output, a small current leaving the base is amplified. If its base is pulled low relative to the emitter, the PNP transistor is ON. The emitter-base region is biased forward in this type of transistor so that holes are injected into the base as a minority carrier. The base is very thin and most holes cross the collector's reverse biased base-collector junction. 

PNP potential barrier : 

 In PNP transistor as more electrons and holes flow in the region of depletion, the number of positive and negative ions is reduced and the region of depletion becomes narrow. The energy loss in overcoming the barrier potential results in a voltage drop across the PN junction equal to the barrier potential in the range of 0.7 V for Si and 0.3 V for Ge. 


PNP transistor works : 

 When you have a small current running from emitter to base of the transistor a PNP transistor will turn ON. When you say turn ON, means that the transistor will open up a channel between emitter and collector and this channel can carry a much larger current. As discussed, we need two depletion layers with specific barrier potential required to diffuse the depletion layer. According to the barrier potential most common type of transistor used is silicon because it is the most abundant element on the earth after oxygen. 

What is NPN transistor

NPN transistor structure : 

The transistor in which one p-type region is placed between two n-type regions is known as the NPN transistor. The p region has access to 'holes' mobile carrier of positive charge, and n region has access of electrons mobile carrier of negative charge. The charge carriers diffuse and some electrons fall into p-type holes are fitted with n-type electrons. This leaves some atoms with a negative charge in the p region, and some atoms with a positive charge in the n region. The atoms are fixed in place and they are charged but mobile is not charged. This creates a potential for space charge between regions, which forces mobile carriers near the junctions between regions away from the junction, leaving depletion layers at the junctions without mobile carriers.

NPN potential barriers : 

Since they do not have mobile charge carriers, the depletion layers are insulators, potential barriers. If you bias a positive n region with respect to the p region adds to the potential for space charging and increase the barrier potential and no current flows. So region n is called a collector. 

p region is called as a base because one way of making an NPN transistor starts with p material and n material are diffused into it to make other regions.

NPN transistor works : 

Electrons at the base are in a potential field that attracts them to the collector. Most of these electrons are collected due to the proper design, leaving only a few to flow out of the base connection. The proportion of collected electrons out of emitted electrons is called as an alpha. 

NPN transistor current gain : 

The overall effect of NPN transistor is that a small base current controls a much larger collector current. If we take the emitter current as 1, the collector current is alpha, and the base current is 1 - alpha. This is known as Kirchoff's Current Law. The current gain from base to collector called beta which is alpha / (1-alpha). 

If alpha is 0.95 beta is 0.95 / 0.05 = 19 ( a very poor design )
If alpha is 0.99 beta is 0.99 / 0.01 = 99 ( ok design )
If alpha is 0.999 beta is 0.999 / 0.001 = 999 ( Excellent design ) 

UMTS full form

What is the full form of UMTS?

Answer :

  • Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

 What does UMTS mean?

The UMTS is a third generation mobile cellular system for network based on the GSM standard. UMTS uses wideband code division multiple access radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to the mobile network operator. 

ISDN full form

What is the full form of ISDN?

 Answer :
  • Integrated Service Digital Network

 What does ISDN mean?

ISDN is a set of communication standard for simultaneous digital transmission and technology of voice, data, video and other types of network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in the year of 1988 in the CCITT red book.

ISDN network was designed to run on digital telephone systems that were already in place. ISDN to be standardized that it was never fully deployed in the telecommunications network it was intended for.

PDN full form

What is the full form of  PDN?

 Answer :
  • Public Data Network

 What does PDN mean?

PDN is a communication network shared and accessed by users not belonging to a single organization. It is a circuit or packet switched network that is available to the public and that can transmit data in digital form. 

PNP transistor application

PNP transistor used to source current so current flows out of the collector and because of that it has so many applications in electronics science. Let we check it out applications of PNP transistor.
  • Mainly used as switches.
  • Used in amplifying circuits. 
  • Used when we need to turn off something by pushing a button.
  • Used in heavy motors to control current flow.
  • Used in robotics industries. 
  • It is also used in matched pair circuits to produce continuous power. 
  • Used in Darlington pair circuits. 

Computation of linear convolution

The different method used for the computation of linear convolution is as follows :
  • Graphical method
  • Using the mathematical equation of convolution
  • Tabulation method
  • Multiplication method
This article gives information about the graphical method to how to find computation of linear convolution.

Graphical method :
                   
              ∞
y (n)  =  ∑  x (k) h(n-k)
           k= -∞
    
for n = 0              
              ∞
y (0)  =  ∑  x (k) h(-k)
           k= -∞        
    
for n =1

              ∞
y (1)  =  ∑  x (k) h(1-k)
           k= -∞       

Here the term (1-k) can be written as h(-k+1).

              ∞
y (1)  =  ∑  x (k) h(-k+1)
           k= -∞ 

Here h(-k+1) indicates of folded signal h(-k). It indicates that h(-k) is delayed by 1 sample. Similarly for other values of n output y (n) is calculated.

Thus different operation involved in the calculation of linear convolution are as follow :
  • Folding operation: It indicates folding of sequence h (k)
  • Shifting operation: It indicates time shifting of h (-k) e.g h (-k+1)
  • Multiplication: It indicates multiplication of x (k) and h (n-k)
  • Summation: It indicates the addition of all product terms obtained because of multiplication of x (k) and h (n-k)

SMSC full form

What is the full form of SMSC?

Answer :

  • Short Message Service Center

What does SMSC mean?

An SMSC is a network element in the mobile telephone and to store, routing, forward, convert and deliver short message service. Wireless network operators connect SMSCs through SMS gateways. 

The full designation of SMSC  according to 3GPP is a short message service center. A network operator usually manages its own SMSC and locates them inside its wireless network systems. 

Normally, the SMSC address is pre-set in the SIM card called subscriber identification module by the wireless network operator, which means you do not need to make any change to it.

Full form of PLMN

What is the full form of PLMN?

Answer :

  • Public Land Mobile Network

What does PLMN mean?

A PLMN is any wireless network that is centrally operated and administrated by an organization and use by land-based radio frequency transmitters or base stations as network hubs.

PLMN  can stand alone but interconnect with one another or connect to a fixed system such as the PSTN. 

It is used for cellular phones and mobile access.

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SGSN full form

What is the full form of SGSN?

 Answer :
  • Service GPRS Support Node 

What does SGSN mean?

The SGSN is the main component of the GPRS network, which can handle all packets switched data within the network. The SGSN  supports GPRS and  UMTS devices. 

An SGSN is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and also to the mobile stations within its geographical service area. 

The mobility management and authentication of the users. It performs the same functions as the MSC function for voice traffic.

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Application of power transistor

This article we know that about the application of the power transistor in daily life. The transistor is a three-terminal semiconductors device as well as the current controlled device. Here we list out all the most application of the transistor to better understand this topic. A transistor is mainly used to amplify the small electrical signal and it is also useful in the amplifying circuit. So here we sort out the main application of power transistor for you.
  • Used in the signal amplifier device
  • Used in a digital as well as the analog circuit as a switch
  • Used in power regulator and controller
  • Used in Cellular phone
  • Used in modern electronic IC 
  • The microprocessor includes more than billion of the transistor is used in each chip
  • Darlington transistor pair is often used in touch alight sensing device 
  • The military also used a transistor as high power radio frequency abilities in radar and handheld  radio waves
  • In daily life, we have to use a computer, radios, hearing phones which require good sound quality that needs satisfy using a transistor circuit 
Why transistor is used in daily life application?
  • High voltage gain
  • Require low power supply voltage for operation
  • Smaller size 
  • No heating problem during operation 
  • Solid state device 
  • Mechanically so strong
  • Easily portable

Advantages and disadvantages of LCD

The Liquified Crystal Display ( LCD ) is a flat panel display, an electronic visual or video display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals, which do not emit the light directly. LCDs are used in televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. 

 Nowadays LCDs are most commonly used in DVD players, the gaming devices, the clocks, the watches, the calculators, the telephones replaced by Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ) in most of the applications. LCDs are available in a wider range of screen sizes compare to CRT display and a Plasma display, also they don't use phosphors, and don't suffer image burn-in. Following characteristics of LCDs possess certain advantages, and because of the latest innovation, they also possess some disadvantages too. In this article, you can check out the advantages and disadvantages briefly. 

Advantages of LCD :
  • Slim profile
  • No radiation emission from the screen
  • Better under brighter conditions because of anti-glare technology
  • Lighter in weight with respect to screen size
  • Energy efficient because of lower power consumption 
  • Brightness range is too much wider produce very bright images due to high peak intensity 
  • Produce lower electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields
  • Zero geometric distortion 
  • Excellent contrast 
  • Low flicker rates 
  • An image is perfectly sharp at the native resolution of the panel side
  • Number of pixels per square inch is typically higher than any other technology or system
  • Not prone to screen burn-in
  • It has not affected by an increase or decrease in air pressure 
Disadvantages of LCD : 
  • Slightly more expensive than CRT 
  • Can't act as a portal to another dimension
  • Suffer from a motion blur effect 
  • High refresh rate
  • Like the backlight ages, it can change colors slightly
  • The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed
  • Not proficient at producing black or very dark grays colors
  • Restricted viewing angles 
  • Slow response times 
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GPRS features

Introduction :

GPRS stands for general packet radio service. This technology allows information to be sent back and also for forth across a mobile network. It is an addition to today's circuit-switched the data and also provide short message services. This article gives advanced GPRS features to know more details about GPRS terms. 

Key features of GPRS :
  • It overlays on the existing GSM network to provide high-speed data service depending on the which type of coding method is used. It is possible to have a data rate up to 150 kbps with GPRS.
  • The GPRS system has the ability to offer a data speed of 14.4  kbps to 171.2 kbps that allow comfortable internet access.
  • GPRS supports point to pint packet transfer service and points to multipoint packet service.
  • The operator does not have to replace equipment; rather, the GPRS system is added on top of the existing infrastructure.
  • GPRS based networks have a high bandwidth.
  • GPRS is designed to support a bursty application like email, traffic, telemetry,  telecommunication, broadcast services, and web browsing.
  • GPRS offers a fast connection set up the mechanism to offer a perception of being “always on” connection device. Hence GPRS devices are referred to as the "always connected device”.
  • The security services provided by GPRS are users Authentication, user access control, user information confidentiality, user identity security.
  • GPRS is the packet data score network of 3G systems EDGE and WCDMA.
  • GPRS system is independent of the characteristics of the radio channel. GPRS provides the following types of data services like MMS, SMS, WAP

Goals of GPRS :

GPRS is the first step toward an end to end wireless infrastructure as well as communication and has the following goals given below :
  • Consistent IP services 
  • Open architecture
  • Same infrastructure for different air interfaces
  • Leverage industry investment in IP
  • Integrated telephony and internet infrastructure
  • Service innovation independent of infrastructure
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