Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy

Geothermal comes from the Greek word Geo which means earth and Thermo which mean heat. So, as we know that geothermal energy means energy or power extracted from beneath the earth. Geothermal energy is a type of thermal energy which is generated and stored on the earth. To understand geothermal of energy, imagine having a fireplace nearby, one which will never go out. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of Geothermal energy to know more about it. 

Advantages of geothermal energy:

  • It is a renewable source of energy.
  • It is non-polluting and environment-friendly.
  • There is no wastage or generation of by-products.
  • Geothermal energy can be used directly.
  • It is reliable and stable.
  • Highly sustainable.
  • Low emissions.
  • Very less noise pollution,
  • Independent on whether unlike solar energy.
  • Massive potential.
  • Increase in employment.
  • High efficiency of energy conversion.
  • The maintenance cost of geothermal power plants is very less.
  • Geothermal power plants don't occupy too much space and thus it helps in protecting the natural environment.
  • Unlike solar energy, It is not dependent on for weather conditions.

Disadvantages of geothermal energy:

  • Only a few sites have the potential of geothermal energy.
  • Total generation potential of the eruption of a volcano.
  • These plants may affect the stability of the land.
  • It is based on location-specific.
  • Most of the sites, where the geothermal energy is produced, are far from markets or some cities, where it needs to be consumed.
  • Drilling and exploitation of it too much expensive.
  • Environmental concern due to the release of greenhouse gases during extraction.
  • There is always a danger of eruption of a volcano.
  • The installation cost of the steam power plant is very high.
  • There is no guarantee that the amount of energy which is produced will justify the capital expenditure and too many operations costs.
  • It may release some harmful, poisonous gases that can escape through the holes drilled during construction.
  • Pumps are required for extracting it may require external power, which may possibly come burning fossil fuels.

LM35 pinout | Introduction | Features | Working | Advantage | Application

As we know that there are available in various forms of 555 timers, single logic gates, microcontroller, microprocessor, voltage regulator and op-amps like different ICs IC  LM741, LM339 IC, LM358, LM338, LM337, LM7805, and many more ICs are available. LM35 is a precision of IC is a temperature sensor with its output is proportional to the temperature, in the form of Celcius. This IC is most commonly used in an industrial and commercial building where high accuracy of temperature measuring is needed. Here this gives the information about basic introduction about LM35, specification of LM35, Pinout of LM35 and application about LM35, advantages, and lastly working of IM35. Let us have a deep insight into the brief understanding of IM35 pinout. 

Introduction to LM35 :

  • LM35 is a commonly used in temperature sensor, It shows values in the form of output voltage instead of degree celsius. 
  • It does not require any external calibration circuitry.
  • LM35 shows high voltage values than thermocouple and may not need that the output voltage is amplified.
  • The sensitivity of LM35 is 10mV/degree celsius. As the temperature increases, the output voltage also increases.
  • One of the most important characteristics is that it draws just 60uA from its supply and acquires a low heating capacity.
  • The output voltage is always is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01 V/ C
  • The LM35 temperature sensor is available in many different packages like TO-92 plastic package form, 8 lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package. 
  • LM35 gives temperature output is more precise than thermistor output.

LM35 Pinout Diagram :


LM35 has three pinouts which are given below with figure:

PIN 1: Vcc, it is used as input at this pin we supply +5V input voltage.
PIN 2: At this pin, we get output voltage.
PIN 3: This pin is used for ground.


LM35 pinout diagram

 LM35 Features :

  • Low-cost temperature sensor.
  • Minimum and maximum voltages are 35V and -2V respectively, Typically 5V.
  • Drain current is less than 60uA.
  • Small and hence suitable for remote applications.
  • 0.5 C accuracy guarantee able
  • Can measure temperature ranging from -55 ̊ C to 150 ̊ C.
  • Available in TO-92, TO-220, TO-CAN and SOIC package.
  • The output voltage is directly proportional to temperature there will be a rise of 10mV for every 1 ̊ C rise in temperature.
  • Suitable for remote applications.

LM35 Working :

  • LM35 is a precision of temperature sensor with its output is proportional to the temperature. The sensor is circuitry is sealed and therefore it does not subject to oxidation and other processes. 
  • LM35 temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. 
  • The output voltage range of this sensor is from -55 to 150 C.  It also has low self-heating power.
  • Operating voltage is 4 to 30 Volts.
  • This sensor is used with an operational amplifier which amplifies a voltage at a certain level.  
  • In operational amplifier there are three terminals, first two are inverting and non-inverting input and the third one is used for the output. 
  • So by using the IC LM35 with an operational amplifier, we can get amplification of output voltages of LM35.
LM35 Working Diagram


LM35 Advantages:

  • Low self-heating.
  • This IC and circuit are not too much complected.
  • It does not require signal conditioning.
  • It requires only 4 to 30 V voltage.

LM35 Applications :

  • It is used for measuring the temperature of a particular environment.
  • Monitoring battery temperature and also provides battery protection from overheating.
  • Providing thermal shutdown for a circuit or a component used in a specific project.
  • It can be used for measuring temperature for HVAC transmission.

Conclusions :

Here this post gives the all about information of IC LM 35 like pinout, applications, advantages, and features. We hope you all understand this topic. Furthermore, query regarding your project please give your feedback by commenting in the comment sections.

Advantages and disadvantages of squirrel cage induction motor

Squirrel cage induction motor is widely used in industries this is the reason this kind of three-phase induction motor which uses as squirrel cage motor is known as the squirrel cage induction motor. This motor is very robust in construction and also very cheap. Squirrel cage induction motor consists of part like stator, rotor. Stator which is a stationary part and rotor which is a rotating part. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of squirrel cage induction motor to know more about it. 

Advantages of squirrel cage induction motor :

  • Squirrel cage induction motor is cheaper in cost compared to slip ring induction motor.
  • This motor required less maintenance as compared to the slip ring motor.
  • Rugged construction.
  • Generate less heat.
  • Squirrel cage motor is better cooled compared to slip ring induction motor.
  • Squirrel cage motors operate at nearly constant, high overload capacity, and operates at better power factor.
  • Squirrel cage motor is explosion-proof due to the absence of brushes slip ring and brushes which eliminates the risk of sparking.
  • Squirrel cage motor operates at a nearly constant speed, high overload capacity, and operates at a better power factor.
  • Squirrel cage induction motor requires less conductor material than slip ring motor, hence copper losses in squirrel cage motor are fewer results in higher efficiency compared to slip ring induction motor. 

Disadvantages of squirrel cage induction motor :

  • Poor starting torque.
  • High starting current.
  • Speed control is not possible in a squirrel cage induction motor., in short, no speed regulation.
  • Sensitive to change in supply voltage.
  • More sensitive to the supply voltage regulation fluctuations.
  • Total energy loss during stating of squirrel cage motor is more compared to the slip ring motor. 

Center tapped full wave rectifier vs bridge rectifier

The main key difference between a center tap full-wave rectifier and bridge rectifier is that one uses a center-tapped transformer while another does not require a center-tapped transformer. Both these types are used full-wave rectifier but their method of converting AC input into DC is different by employing a different number of diodes. Let us have to deep inside the information about the difference between center tap full wave rectifier and bridge rectifier to better understand this topic.

Center tap full wave rectifier vs bridge rectifier:

  • Center tap full wave rectifier need for center-tapped transformer while Bridge rectifier does not need the required center-tapped transformer.
  • Both have an efficiency of 81.2%.
  • Both have a 0.48 ripple factor.
  • The peak inverse voltage rating of the diode in a bridge rectifier is half than that needed in a center-tapped full-wave rectifier. The voltage coming across each diode is twice the maximum across the half of the secondary winding is the center-tapped full-wave rectifier.
  • In center tap, full-wave rectifier peak inverse voltage of diode in center-tapped full-wave rectifier is twice the secondary terminal voltage, while in bridge rectifier the PIV of the diode is equal to the transformer secondary voltage. Thus this type of rectifier can be used for high voltage applications.
  • In the center tap, full-wave rectifier there is two number of the diode are required while four diodes are required for the bridge rectifier.
  • In center-tapped full-wave rectifier transformer utilization factor must be equal to 0.672 while the Bridge rectifier transformer utilization factor must be equal to 0.810.
  • The transformer size i.e kVA rating required for center-tapped rectifier is more, while the bridge rectifier transformer size requirement is less.
  • The transformer utilization factor for a center-tapped full-wave rectifier is 0.693 while 0.812 in the case of a bridge rectifier. 
  • The ripple factor for both of them is the same as 0.48. The form factor for both of them also same as 1.11. The peak factor for both of them is the same as √2.
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Difference Between Potentiometer and Rheostat

The construction of both the rheostat and potentiometer is almost the same but the main difference is the way we used it for operation. It potentiometers, we use all the three terminals for performing the operation whereas in rheostats we use only two terminals for performing the operation. Let us have a deep insight into a comparison and difference between them to know more about it. 

Definition of Rheostat:

A rheostat is a basically resistor, which is used to control the flow of electric current by manually increasing or decreasing the resistance. Rheostat can be defined as a "Rheos" and "-Statis" which means a stream controlling device or current controlling device. Rheostat having two terminals.

Definition of Potentiometer:

Potentiometer which is also known as a "Pot", which has a resistor with three terminals and sliding contact with an adjustable voltage divider.

Difference between potentiometer and Rheostat :

  • The potentiometer is a component having three terminals, Rheostat has two terminals.
  • The potentiometer is a sliding contact with an adjustable voltage while the rheostat is a variable resistor.
  • A potentiometer can be used as a rheostat, but as a potentiometer, a rheostat can not be used.
  • The potentiometer is often used to vary voltage and rheostats are used to vary current.
  • The potentiometer is used as a measuring instrument or component as in electronics whereas rheostats are used to vary the resistance of a circuit.
  • A potentiometer is made of resistive elements such as graphite, resistance wire, cermet, and carbon particles while a rheostat is made of various materials such as fluids, metal ribbons, and carbon disks.
  • A potentiometer has low power and used for audio devices, television control, and as a transducer while a rheostat is used for high power and appliances like fans, mixers, and the motors and the motors of large industrial machines.

Rheostats and potentiometers are still used today but nowadays they are being replaced by the TRIAC also known as a silicon control rectifier because of that mechanical parts corrode and break after some time which can cause them to malfunction.

 Explore more information:
  1. Difference between resistor and capacitor
  2. Difference between resistor and resistance 
  3. Difference between resistor and reactance
  4. Difference between resistor and inductor
  5. Difference Between Cell and Battery
  6. Capacitor vs supercapacitor

Infrared sensor advantages and disadvantages

The infrared sensor is a device which uses infrared waves to sense the characteristics of the surroundings. It is used to measure heat emitted by an object or human being. It can be also used for data communication for monitoring and control applications. Here this post gives information about the pros and cons of an infrared sensor to better understand this topic.

Advantages of infrared transmission:

  • They do not require contact with the object for detection.
  • It provides secure communication.
  • They are no leakage of data due to beam directionality IR radiation.
  • They are not affected by corrosion or oxidation.
  • It provides good stability over time.
  • It delivers high repeatability.
  • It has a response time faster than a thermocouple.
  • No corrosion or oxidation can be affected by the accuracy of the infrared sensor
  • They have very strong noise immunity.
  • Their low power requirement makes them suitable for most electronic devices such as laptops, telephones, and PDAs.
  • Infrared motion sensor detects motion in daytime and nighttime reliably.
  • This sensor does not require any contact with the product to be sensed. The infrared devices are more appropriate for targets which are closer than 10 mm.
  • They are capable of detecting motion in the presence or absence of light almost with the same reliability.
  • The battery-used infrared devices last for a long duration due to lower power consumption.
  • The infrared device can measure the distance to the soft object which may not easily be detected by ultrasound.
  • They are physically small in size and are more affordable.
  • It provides secured communication due to line of sight or points-to-point modes of communication.

Disadvantages of infrared sensor:

  • The required line of sight.
  • Limited range, support a shorter range.
  • Get blocked by common objects.
  • The transmission data rate is low.
  • Can be affected by environmental conditions such as rain, fog, dust, pollution, sunlight, smoke, etc.
  • Infrared waves at high power can damage the eyes.
  • In monitor and control applications, it can control only one device at a time. Moreover, it is difficult to control things that are not in LOS. It requires a line of sight between transmitter and receiver to communicate.

Difference between RTD and thermistor

As we know that the RTD and thermistor both are temperature measuring device. The major difference between the thermistor and RTD is that the RTD is made of metal while the thermistor is made that semiconductor material. Let us have a deep insight into the comparison between them and understand more about RTD and thermistor. 

Difference between RTD and thermistor :

  • The RTD is made of the metal a positive temperature coefficient whereas the thermistor is made of the semiconductor materials.
  • The RTD is less sensitive as compared to the thermistor.
  • The cost of the thermistor is much higher than RTD.
  • The size of the RTD is much larger as compared to the thermistor material.
  • The resistivity of the RTD is less as compared to the thermistor.
  • The thermistor gives a quick response to the small changes, whereas the response time of the RTD is low.
  • The characteristics are used for measuring the small range of the temperature up to 130 °C whereas the RTD measures the temperature up to 660 °C.
  • The hysteresis effect in the thermistor is much high as compared to the RTD device.
  • The characteristics graph between resistance and temperature of the RTD is linear whereas that of the thermistor it is nonlinear.
  • The RTD used in the industries for measuring the high temperature whereas the thermistor we used in home appliances for measuring the small temperature.
  • The accuracy of the RTD is low as compared to the thermistor.
  • The RTD is made of metals having a positive temperature coefficient whereas the thermistor is made of the semiconductor materials.
  • Thermistor has a much faster response time compared to RTDs.
  • RTDs have a greater temperature range compared to thermistors devices.

Conclusion:

Thermistor and RTD both are the temperature sensing device. A thermistor is used for measuring the temperature of small devices while RTDs is used for measuring the high temperature.

Advantages and disadvantages of full wave rectifier

As we know a full-wave rectifier, can convert an alternating voltage (AC) voltage into a pulsating direct current (DC) voltage using both half cycles of the applied AC voltage. When we have to use a full-wave rectifier uses two diodes of one conduct during a one-half cycle with other conduct during the other half cycle of the applied AC voltage.

If you want to learn some different you are in the right place to read so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding full-wave rectifiers. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of a full-wave rectifier. 

Advantages of full-wave rectifier:

  • The ripple frequency is two times the input frequency.
  • Efficiency is higher.
  • The large DC power output.
  • Ripple factor is less.
  • The ripple voltage is low and the higher frequency in the case full-wave rectifier so a simple filtering circuit is required.
  • Higher output voltage.
  • Higher transformer utilization factor.
  • Utilizes both halves of the AC waveform.
  • Easier to provide smoothing as a result of using the ripple frequency.

Disadvantages of full-wave rectifier:

  • More complected than half-wave rectifier.
  • It requires more diodes, two for the centre tap rectifier and four for the bridge rectifier.
  • The PIV rating of the diode is higher.
  • Higher PIV diodes are larger in size and too much costlier.
  • The cost of the centre tap transformer is high.
  • The twice-frequency hum on an audio circuit may be more audible.
  • This rectifier is difficult to locate the centre tap on the secondary winding.
  • The DC output is small as using each of diode utilized only one-half of the transformer's secondary voltages.
  • When a small voltage is required to be rectified, the full-wave rectifier circuit is unsuitable.
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Advantages and disadvantages of bridge rectifier

With the availabilities of low cost, highly reliable and small-sized silicon didoes bridge rectifier is becoming more and more popular in comparison of center tap and half-wave rectifier. So if you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding full-wave rectifier. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of a full-wave rectifier and also many more advantages over the center tap and other is to be half-wave a rectifier as listed below.

Advantages of bridge rectifier:

  • The need for the center-tapped transformer is eliminated.
  • It can be used in application floating output terminals, no output terminal is grounded
  • Transformer utilization factor, in case of the bridge rectifier, is higher than that of a center tap rectifier.
  • If stepping up or stepping down of the AC voltage is not needed, and it does not even require any transformer.
  • The PIV is one half that of center tap rectifier. Hence bridge rectifier is highly suited for high voltage applications.
  • The transformer is less costly as it is required to provide only half the voltage of an equivalent center-tapped transformer used in a full-wave rectifier.
  • Transformer utilization factor, in case of the bridge rectifier, is higher than that of a center tap rectifier.
  • For high voltage applications, bridge rectifier preferred, because it has high peak inverse voltage.

Advantages of bridge rectifier over a center tap transformer:

  • The size of the transformer used in a bridge rectifier is smaller than that in the center tap transformer.
  • The bridge rectifier utilizes the entire transformer during the entire cycle of a time period of the voltage/ current waveform, center tap uses only for 50% of the transformer.
  • A bridge rectifier may use a transformer or may not use a transformer. It depends on the necessity of stepping up or down of voltages.
  • The number of diodes used in a bridge rectifier is 4, while the number of diodes used in the center tap rectifier is only 2. 
  • The peak inverse voltage rating PIV of the didoes in the bridge rectifier is 1/2 of the PIV rating in case of center tap rectifier. That means that one needs high quality and costlier diodes for center tap rectifier. 

Disadvantages of bridge rectifier:

  • In this type, two extra diodes are used. So it requires four semiconducting didoes.
  • Two diodes in series conduct at a time on alternate half-cycles. This creates a problem when low DC voltages are required. This leads to poor voltage regulation.
  • Internal resistance voltage drop is twice than that of the center tap circuit.
  • If stepping up or stepping down of voltage is not needed, we may even do without a transformer.

Advantages and disadvantages of half wave rectifier

A rectifier is a nothing but a simple diode which converts the alternating current into direct current. A half-wave rectifier is one type of rectifier which converts the positive half cycle of the input signal into a direct current called output signal, So we have to very easily understand this topic about this definition but what is the use and what is the advantages of half-wave rectifier was not understand, so if you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding half-wave rectifier. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of a half-wave rectifier. 

Advantages of half-wave rectifier:

  • Half wave rectifier is a simple circuit.
  • It has a low cost.
  • We can easy to use it.
  • We can easily construct.
  • It has a low number of component, therefore it is cheap.

Disadvantages of half-wave rectifier:

  • The transformer utilization factor is low.
  • They produce a low output voltage.
  • DC saturation of transformer core resulting in magnetizing current and also some hysteresis losses and generation of harmonics.
  • The power output and therefore rectification efficiency are quite low. This is due to the fact that power is delivered only during the one-half cycle of the input alternating voltage.
  • Ripple factor is high and elaborate filtering is, therefore required to give steady dc output.
  • They only allow a half cycle through per sinewave, and the other half cycle is wasted. This leads to power loss.
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Advantages and disadvantages of microstrip antenna

Microstrip antenna is one of the most popular types of printed antenna, it plays a very significant role in today's world of wireless communication technology. This antenna is very simple in construction using conventional fabrication techniques.

 So if you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding microstrip antenna. Let us have a deep insight into the benefits and disadvantages of a microstrip antenna.

Advantages of microstrip antenna:

  • Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.
  • Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
  • Easily integrated with microwave integrated circuit.
  • This antenna has a smaller size and hence will provide small size and devices.
  • Low cost.
  • High performance
  • Light in weight and low volume.
  • Low mass.
  • Support both linear as well as circular polarization.
    They operate at microwave frequencies where the traditional antenna is not feasible to be designed.
  • Rectangular, triangular, square is the different shape of microstrip patches so easily etched.
  • As the path antennas are fed along the centerline to symmetry, it minimized excitation of other undesired modes.
  • Microstrip antenna is easy to integrate them with MICs and MMICs.
  • They are robust when mounted on a rigid surface of the devices.
  • Feedline and matching network can be simultaneous with the antenna structure.

Disadvantages of microstrip antenna:

  • It offers a lower gain.
  • Narrow bandwidth associated with a tolerance problem.
  • It excitation of surface waves.
  • Large ohmic losses in feed structure of arrays.
  • Most of the microstrip antenna radiates into half-space.
  • It has a lower power handling capability.
  • Low power handling capacity.
  • Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions.
  • It has a higher level of cross-polarization radiation.
  • It offers low efficiency due to dielectric losses as well as conductor losses.
  • It has inherently lower impedance bandwidth.
  • This type of structure radiates from feeds and other junction points.

Advantages and disadvantages of microwave communication

As we know that microwave frequencies are extremely high hence they offer extremely high bandwidth for communication channels. For example, a typical microwave communication channel can carry 4000 audio or 4  different video channels. Only optical communication channels have more bandwidth than these communications.

If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding microwave communication. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of microwave communication. 

Advantages of  Microwave communication :

  • It has a larger bandwidth and hence a large amount of information can be transmitted using it.
  • Microwave spectrum is divided into a different channel as per application.
  • Microwave technology helps to manage crowded spectrum with the use of highly selective receivers, modulation, spread spectrum techniques and, data compression, etc.
  • Microwave communication is used since earlier days as one of the lines of sight(LOS) communication in hilly remote areas where other means of wired communication not possible to be installed.

Disadvantages of microwave communication:

  • The main disadvantages are microwave communication is limited to line of sight mode only, other modes of communication are not possible.
  • At microwave frequencies, transmit time of current carrier, the electron is higher which takes large % of the actual signal. So, a conventional transistor does not function properly at microwave frequency compare to lower frequency.
  • This transmission does require no obstacle is present in the transmission path.
  • The cost of implementing the communication infrastructure is too much high.
  • Microwave is susceptible to rain, snow, and electromagnetic interference.
  • Lump component such as a resistor, inductor, and capacitors do not have the same characteristics at mucro wave frequencies as they have at lower frequencies hence it is difficult to implement these components at microwave frequencies.

Ultrasonic sensor advantages and disadvantages

An ultrasonic sensor is a sensor which measures the distance of the respective object by sending the sound wave of a specific frequency. This sound wave is reflected after the collision with the respective object and this wave is received by the ultrasonic receiver. Distance is measured by calculating sending and receiving time of this sound wave. Here this post gives information about the pros and cons of ultrasonic to better understand this topic.

Advantages of Ultrasonic sensor:

  • This sensor could have easily sensed the nature, shape and orientation of that specific object which is within the area of these sensors so sensing capability to sense all the material types.
  • These sensors have greater accuracy than another method for measuring the thickness and depth of the parallel surface.
  • This sensor easily interfaces with a microcontroller or any type of controller.
  • This sensor has high frequency, high sensitivity and high penetrating power, therefore, it can easily detect the external or deep object.
  • It can work in any adverse conditions.
  • Their sensor is easy to use, not dangerous during operation for nearby object person, equipment or material.
  • This sensor is not affected due to atmospheric dust, rain, and snow.
  • It provides a good reading in sensing large-sized objects with hard surfaces.
  • It has a higher sensing distance compare to inductive or capacitive proximity sensor types.

Disadvantages of Ultrasonic sensor:

  • It is very sensitive to variation in the temperature.
  • It has more difficulties in reading reflections from soft, curved and thin as well as a small object.
  • These sensors have a base detecting distance.
  • It required careful attention for an experienced technician.
  • Change in nature for example temperature, airborne particles, weight, air turbulence, influence ultrasonic reaction.
  • In this sensor, the main focuses of low thickness similar to froth and fabric have a tendency to assimilate sound vitality these materials may be hard to sense at long range.
  • When these sensors are interfaced with a microcontroller or any controller then experienced person or programmer is required.
  • When these sensors are used for inspection purpose then these could be water-resistive otherwise they could be damaged.
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Difference between GPRS and EDGE

GPRS stands for  General packet radio services, It is used to give higher data speed over GSM, GPRS is the just extension to the older GSM technology to gain faster speed. Multimedia messaging services is the just features of GPRS. It allowed subscribers to send pictures, videos, or sound clips to each other just like text messages.  GPRS offer higher bit rate by the usage of a packet linked technology over GSM. 

EDGE called an Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution, It also termed as Enhanced GPRS. EDGE technology that must use the same equipment as GSM with only a few minor modifications to provide faster speeds and is often regarded as a stepping stone towards 3G thus it is called 2.5G. EDGE is basically digital mobile phone technology but GPRS is mobile data services. 

Difference between GPRS and EDGE :

GPRS:

  • GPRS stands for General packet radio services.
  • GPRS is a mobile data service.
  • GMSK modulations must be used in GPRS.
  • The symbol rate of 270 ksym/s.
  • The modulation bit rate of 810 Kbps.
  • Radio data rate/ time slot 22.8 Kbps.
  • User data rate/ time slot 20 Kbps.
  • User data rate(8-time slots) is 160 Kbps
  • GPRS allows both 2G and 3G communication systems.

EDGE:

  • EDGE stands for Enhanced Data rate for GSM evolution.
  • EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology.
  • GMSK and 8-PSK modulation must be used for this technique.
  • The symbol rate of 270 ksym/s.
  • Modulation rate of 810 Kbps.
  • Radio data rate/time slot 69.2 Kbps.
  • User date rate/time slot 59.2 Kbps(MCS-9).
  • User data rate(8-time slots) is 473.6 Kbps.
  • EDGE allows existing TDMA and GSM  carriers to provide 3G services.
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UDP advantages and disadvantages

UDP stands for user datagram protocol. UDP is a connectionless protocol in which data needed to send in chunks. UDP doesn't have error checking mechanism that is why it is less reliable but is faster in data transmission.

 If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding UDP.

Advantages of UDP :

  • UDP does not need to require a connection to be established and maintained
  • UDP uses a small packet size with a small header. This fewer bytes in the overhead makes UDP protocol need for less time in processing the packet as well as needless memory
  • UDP uses checksum with all packets for error detection
  • UDP can be used in events where a single packet of data needs to be exchanged between the hosts
  • Broadcast and multicast transmission are available with UDP
  • UDP doesn't restrict you to a connection based communication model, so startup latency in distributed applications is much lower, as is operating system overhead fast
  • UDP makes it faster as it need not have to wait on ACK or need have to data in memory until they are ACKed
  • All flow control, ack, transaction logging, etc is up to user programs, a broken OS implementation is not going to get in your way. Additionally, you only need to implement and  also use the features you have to need
  • The reception of UDP packet get them unmanaged  including block boundary
  • You want the application to have detailed control over what is sent across the network, UDP changes it  to be little 
  • No connection state data in the end hosts hence a server can support more UDP client than TCP
  • UDP communication can be more efficient than a guaranteed delivery data stream

Disadvantages of UDP :

  • UDP is an unreliable and connectionless protocol. 
  • UDP has no windowing and no function to ensure data is received in the same order as it was transmitted
  • UDP does not use any error control. So UDP detects an error in the received packet. It silently drops it
  • The router can be careless with UDP. They do not retransmit a UDP datagram after the collision and will often discard UDP packets before TCP packets
  • There is no flow control and no acknowledgement for received data
  • Only the application layer deals with error recovery. Hence applications can simply turn to the user to send the message again
  • In UDP a large number of users, transmitting a lot of data via UDP can cause congestion and no one do anything about it, so no congestion control
  • UDP has no flow control, congestion control. Implementation is the duty of the user program
  • They are no guaranteed with UDP.  So a packet may not be delivered or delivered twice or delivered must be out of order; you get no indication of this unless the listening program at the other end decides to say something

NFC full form

What is the full form of NFC?

  • Near Field Communication

 What does NFC mean?

NFC is short-range high-frequency wireless communication technology and is a set of communication protocol that enables two electronic devices that enables the exchange of data between devices over about a 10 cm distances. NFC communication allows one and two-way communication between the endpoints, suitable for many applications.



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