Brushed DC motor advantages and disadvantages

Brushed DC motors have low efficiency and require periodic maintenance. This creates a lot of friction and this friction equals to the heat and wear and tear. While in brushless Dc motor is essentially frictionless and thus have really high efficiency, require zero maintenance and last longer than brushed DC motor. Now here this post gives the pros and cons of brushed DC motor to better understand this topic.

Advantages of a brushed DC motor:

  • Low cost of construction.
  • Simple and inexpensive controller.
  • No controller is required for fixed speeds.
  • The ideal for the extreme environment due to the lack of electronics.
  • Two-wire control.
  • Rebuild new brush for extended life.

Disadvantages of Brushed DC motor:

  • Periodic maintenance is required.
  • Less efficient.
  • Electrically noisy.
  • Poor heat dissipation due to internal rotor construction.
  • Higher rotor inertia limits the dynamic characteristics.
  • Speed/torque is moderately flat. At higher speed brush friction increases thus reducing useful torque.
  • Lower speed range due to mechanical limitation s on the brushes.
  • Brush arcing will generate noise-causing electrical magnetic interference.

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Advantages and disadvantages of DC shunt motor

Advantages of Dc shunt motor:

  • The power supply of the DC motor is any way cheap.
  • Shunt would motor able to runs at a predetermined speed.
  • The speed of a dc shunt motor is sufficiently constant.
  • Direct current machines can use for heavy industrial applications where the torque and speed wider range.
Disadvantages of DC shunt motor:
  • Dc motors are unreliable at low-speed operations.
  • The size of Dc motors is large compared to alternative current motors.
  • The installation of DC machines is expensive compare with other types of machines.
  • Shunt motor is a constant speed motor, it would be disadvantages where it's necessary to operate under variable speed.
  • For the same current input, its starting torque is not a high as that of a DC series motor.

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Advantages and disadvantages of DC series motor

Advantages of DC series motors:

  • It is an easy assembly and simple design.
  • Vast starting torque.
  • Protection is very easy.
  • It is cost-effective.
  • Series wound motors can use for AC or DC supply so it is also known as universal motors.
  • Compare with shunt motor DC series motor develop power for the same construction size.
  • Starting torque of DC series motor is comparatively higher than other motor so this kind of motors are widely used for traction applications.

Disadvantages of DC series motors:

  • The speed control and regulation of the DC series motor are not good, it is very poor.
  • It is necessary to have a load before starting the DC series motor. So the series motor is not good to use load does not apply to the initial stage.
  • When the speed is increased then the DC series motors torque will be decreased sharply.
  • As we know that the basic is, DC series motor should be always required to be loaded before starting the motor. Therefor series motor is not suited always for the applications where the load on the motor is completely removed and where also a motor is driving the belts mishap to the belt leads to motor operate no-load and attains dangerous speed which damages the motor. 
  • This motor always needs the load before running any type of motor. So these type of motors is not suitable for where the motor's load is totally removed.

Advantages and disadvantages of induction motor over DC motor

Almost 70% of the machines used in industries nowadays are 3 phase induction motor. It works on the principle of the induction moto where the emf is induced into the rotor conductors when rotations magnetic field cuts the stationary rotor conductor. Here this article gives the advantages of induction motor compared to the DC motor and synchronous motors also gives some disadvantages of induction motor compared to other motor are listed below.

Advantages of induction motor:

  • It is a very cheap cost compare to the other motors.
  • This motor is a highly efficient motor. The efficiency of the induction motor is varying from 85 to 95%.
  • The maintenance of an induction motor is very less compared to the DC motor and synchronous motor.
  • The working of an induction motor is very simple and unique. 
  • The construction of an induction motor is robust and also sturdy.
  • In this motor, only the AC source requires to operate. It does not require DC excitation like the use of a synchronous motor.
  • In this motor, the speed variation from no load to rated load is very less.
  • The induction motor is famous for its durability. This makes it the ideal machine for many of the uses. This results in the motor run for many years with no cost and maintenance.
  • Due to the absence of brushes, there are no sparks in the motor. It can also be operated in hazardous conditions.
  • Unlike synchronous motors, a 3 phase induction motor has high starting torque, good speed regulation, and also reasonable overload capacity.

Disadvantages of induction motor:

  • The power factor of the motor is very low during light load conditions.
  • During light load conditions, it operates at a very low power factor. 
  • It has low efficiency.
  • Single-phase induction motor is not self-starting.  It requires some auxiliary for stating.
  • This motor cannot use in such applications where the uses of high starting torque is necessary like traction and lifting weight.
  • The change in the speed of the motor is very low loading different loading conditions, so the speed control of IM is difficult.
  • The speed of the motor is very low during different loading conditioned so, the speed control of the induction motor is difficult.
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Advantages of polyphase system over single phase system

Advantages of the polyphase system:

  • More power can e transmitted y the polyphase transmission system using the same amount of conducting material.
  • Polyphase motor has a more uniform torque than the single-phase motors output torque is pulsating in nature.
  •  In the case of induction motor polyphase induction motors are self-starting and more efficient ut single-phase induction motor is too self-starting.
  • The output of 3 phase machine is always greater than the single-phase machine of the same size.
  • A polyphase transmission line requires less conductor material a single-phase line for transmitting the amount of power at the same voltage.
  • Polyphase motor has a uniform torque where most of the single-phase motor has pulsating torque.
  • Per the unit of output, the polyphase machine is very much cheaper.

Advantages and disadvantages of CSMA/CA

CSMA/CA solve some problems that occur in the wireless network but that method cannot be solved by CSMA/CD this was the biggest disadvantage of this technology. Here the post gives the more advantages and disadvantages of CSMA/CA.

Advantages of CSMA/CA:
  • It helps to prevent data collisions
  • Avoid unnecessary data traffic with the RTS/CTS extension.
  • It avoids the hidden terminal collision.
  • It controls the packet and sends these packet to whom the receiver wants to send.
  • When data is large than it reduces the collisions chances.
Disadvantages of CSMA/CA:
  • Longer waiting times.
  • It causes additional traffic.
  • Solve the hidden station problem only by using RTS/CTS extension.
  • Create the exposed station problem.
  • It is less efficient than CSMA/CD.
  • It can not solve the problem MAC layer in wireless networks.
  • It is difficult to avoid a collision in wireless networks.

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 1. Advantages and disadvantages of CSMA/CD

Advantages of three phase transformer over single phase transformer

What are the  main key advantages of three-phase transformer over single-phase transformer

  • Low cost.
  • Light in weight.
  • Low size.
  • Need less space.
  • Easy to install.
  • More economical.
  • Easy to assembling.
  • High efficiency.
  • Must be assembled for a short time.
  • Easy to modify.
  • Easy to transportation and installation.
  • Deliver more power.
  • Bas bar structure and switchgear installation for a single three-phase unit are simple.
  • Only three-terminal are required to be brought out in case of a three-phase transformer compared to six terminals from three single-phase transformer.

Advantages and disadvantages of single phase transformer

A main key advantages to single phase transformer vs three-phase transformer is lower cost. The main difference between that the single-phase transformer is more appropriate for lighter equipment while in the three-phase transformer is used in the high power system. here this post gives the advantages and disadvantages of a single-phase transformer to better understand this topic.

Advantages of single-phase transformer:

  • The cost of stand by the unit transformer is reduced.
  • Any transformer can be switch off or maybe depending on their load demand.
  • If two ad more transformer are connected in parallel the service continuity ensures and the system becomes reliable.
  • If more transformed works in parallel the chance of overloading of particular transformer reduces.

Disadvantages of single-phase transformer:

  • The maintenance cost becomes more.
  • The space required for installing the transformed is more.
  • When one or more transformer works on a parallel then chance of fault occurrence will e increased.
  • The protective device of the transformer is more.

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Full form of USB

What is the full form of  USB?

  • Universal Serial Bus

What does USB mean?

USB is for an industry-standard used to define the connector, cable ad communication protocols are used us for communication ad also a power supply twee laptops, some computers ad also an electronics device.


Advantages and disadvantages of CSMA/CD

Advantages of  CSMA/CD:
  • This technique is efficient for light to moderate load.
  • It was invented for wireless networks.
  • It is inexpensive.
  • It is fast. 
  • Very simple to implement.
  • It avoids a collision.
  • It detects collision within a short time 
  • CSMA/CD is a control software that is relatively simple ad produces little overhead. 
  • It uses CTS means cleat to send.
  • It uses RTS means a request to send.
  • More efficient than a simple CSMA.
  • CSMA/CD is beneficial because it avoids a wasteful transmission.
  • It is similar to CSMA but instead of sending the packet control frame are exchanged.
  • It uses three stages to avoid a collision. IFS, contention window, acknowledgment.
  • CSMA/CD is a control software that is relatively simple ad produces little overhead.
 Disadvantages of CSMA/CD:
  • Not scalable due to broadcasting.
  • The algorithm calls for the long waiting time.
  • It has high power consumption.
  • The network may not e available when needed.
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Full form of ICT

What is the full form of ICT?


  • Information and Computation Technology


What does ICT mean?


ICT stats for Information and commutation technology. It is a nothing umbrella term that refers to technological tools and resources to handle network-based control ad monitoring, telecommunications, broadcast media and so on. 

ICT has become a basic red for today's society. the business organization uses ICT in many ways, for example, to increase productivity, post up their resources, etc. 

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Advantages and disadvantages of three phase transformer

A three-phase transformer is used as a step up and step down for Ac voltage in various stages of a power system. Here this post gives the advantages and disadvantages of 3 phases transformed to better understand this topic.

Advantages of three phase transformer:

  • It is lighter and smaller.
  • High efficiency.
  • It occupies less floor space for equal rating.
  • It requires a few bushing. 
  • Less transformer oil is used.
  • Less external wiring.
  • Less material for the same three-phase power ad voltage rating
  • Low cost compared with three units of single-phase transformer.
  • Transportation is easy and also the transportation cost is less.
  • Bus bar structure and switcher installation for a single three-phase unit are simpler.
  • Being prewired and ready to install these can be easier to install. 
  • To provide the same KVA the core material required is very less compared to a bank of three single-phase transformer.
  • Only three-terminal is required to be brought out in the case of a three-phase transformer.
  • It requires 1/3 as much iron for the magnetic circuit as compared to a bank of three 1 phase transformer.

Disadvantages of three-phase transformer:

  • If the failure of only one phase puts the entire transformer out of service.
  • Great cost study unit.
  • Additional cost and inconvenience of repair, so cost is more.
  • To restore the service, the spare unit cost is more compared with one single phase transformer.
  • When some of the case these are self-cooled, so the capacity of the transformer is reduced.
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Full form of CSMA

What is the full form of CSMA?

  • Carrier Sese Multiple Access

What does CSMA mean?

CSMA is a MAC protocol. It is defined how network devices respond when two device responds when two device attempt to use a data channel simultaneously add encounter a data collision. It uses the carrier sense to defer transmission until other stations are transmission.

Difference Between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motor

The main key difference between single-phase and three-phase induction motor are listed below:

  • Single-phase motors are easy to repair and maintain while in three-phase induction motor maintenance difficult.
  • The efficiency of a single-phase motor is low, whereas the efficiency of the three-phase induction motor is high.
  • The starting torque of the single-phase induction motor is low, while the starting torque of the three-phase induction motor is high.
  • Single-phase motor is simple in construction, reliable and economical as compared to the three-phase induction motor.
  • The power factor of a single-phase induction motor is low as compared to that of three-phase of induction motor.
  • Single-phase motor uses single-phase supply and a three-phase induction motor uses a three-phase supply.
  • Single-phase motor is mostly used in a domestic appliance such as a mixer grinder, fans, etc while a three-phase induction motor is mostly used in the industries.
  • In the three-phase system, more current voltages drop so the distance between 2 substations is less. so we require a number of the substation while in single-phase induction we can locate the substation near a high voltage grid which runs close to main railway routes and so the initial cost of transmission reduces.
  • In the three-phase system, the 2 overhead wire is required so cost is increases compared to the single-phase system. 
  • AS the weight of the conductor is less, the supporting tower becomes higher in the single-phase system compared to the 3 phase system,.
  • Due to low current, the I2R losses are reduced, so the transmission efficiency is increased while in 3 phase system the 3.3Kv is less as compared to 25Kv so because of low voltage current is high so I2R losses are more and also a less transmission efficiency.
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Advantages of three-phase system over single phase systems

The main advantages of 3 phase system compared to a single-phase system:

  • The output of 3 phase machine is always greater than a single-phase machine of the same size.
  • The three-phase system gives a steady output.
  • For a given frame size a polyphase machine gives a higher output than the use of a single-phase machine.
  • The power factor of single-phase machines are poor compared to three-phase machines.
  • 3 phase motor will have uniform torque whereas single phase motor will have pulsating torque.
  • Single-phase systems can be obtained from the three-phase supply system, vice versa is not possible.
  • Polyphase systems can set up a rotating magnetic field in stationary windings.
  • The parallel operation of a three-phase generator will be simple as compared to single-phase generators because of pulsating reaction in a single-phase generator.
  • The power delivered is constant. In the single-phase circuit, the power delivered is pulsating and objectionable for many applications.
  • For transmission of electrical power, a three-phase supply requires less copper or some less conducting material than that use of a single-phase system, for a given voltage compare and voltage rating.
  • Single-phase machines are not self-starting machines, on the other hand, three-phase machines are self-starting due to the rotating magnetic field.
  • For a while in use a three-phase system, converting systems like rectifiers the DC voltage waveform becomes smoother with the increase in the number of phases of the system. 
  • In polyphase induction motors are self-starting and are more efficient while in single-phase motor has no starting torque and require an auxiliary means for starting.
  • Three-phase motors are very robust, cheap, smaller, provide a steadier output and require little maintenance compared with single-phase motors.

Advantages of three phase converter over single phase converter

The main advantages of the three-phase converter over a single-phase converter are given below:

  • In this converter more power per kilogram of metal from a three-phase machine.
  • Three-phase motors have better power factor regulations.
  • The size of the three-phase factor motor is smaller than the single-phase converter.
  • Power delivered for this system to a three-phase load is constant in all the time, instead of pulsing as is does in a single-phase system.
  • A three-phase generator is the smaller size that single phase generators as the wind phase can be more effectively used.
  • Three-phase power distribution requires a lesser of copper or aluminum for transferring the same amount of power as compared to single-phase power.
  • The ripple factor of rectified the produced from three-phase power is too much less than to the DC produced from a single-phase supply.
  • Three-phase motor is self-starting as it can produce a rotating magnetic field. The single-phase motor requires a special winding as it produces only a pulsating magnetic field.
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What are the advantages of three phase rectifier over a single phase rectifier?

Advantages of three-phase rectifier over a single-phase rectifier:
  • The transformer utilization factor is high.
  • More efficient than a single-phase system.
  • The power output and therefore rectification efficiency are quite high.
  • Ripple factor is too much lower and therefore they high-cost filtering is not required to give steady DC output.
  • The output current in the load contains very little Ac component as compared to a single-phase rectifier.
  • Lower amplitude ripple. so the output voltage is smoother.
  • Size is small compared to the single-phase system.
  • High output voltage for given input voltage.

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Advantages and disadvantages of center tapped full wave rectifier

Advantages of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier:
  • The ripple factor is much less than that of a half-wave rectifier.
  • The DC output voltage and DC load current value are twice those of a half-wave rectifier.
  • The rectification efficiency of the full-wave rectifier is double of that of a half-wave rectifier.
  • The output efficiency is high because the AC supply delivers power during both half cycles.

Disadvantages of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier:

  • It is expensive to manufacture.
  • The output voltage of the secondary voltage as each diode utilizes only one half of the transformer secondary voltage.
  • It is difficult to locate the center on the secondary for the tapping.
  • The PIV of the diode used twice that of the diode used in the half-wave rectifier so the diode used must have high PIV.

Difference between CDMA and OFDM

OFDM is a multi-carrier transmission technology. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM) is used to obtain a higher data rate in the multipath fading environment of mobile communication. carrier division multiple access (CDMA)  is a digital cellular network standard and it can utilize speed spectrum technology. This technology, the user may transmit at the same time using the same frequency band but it can be using different codes so that we can decode to identify a particular user. Here this post gives information about the difference between OFDM and CDMA are given below.  

The main key difference between OFDM and CDMA are given below:

  • While we have to use OFDM transmission bandwidth is maximum up to system bandwidth while using CDMA is equal to full system bandwidth.
  • OFDM is very long and it depends on subscriber spacing and it is independent of the system bandwidth.while in CDMA is very short and it is inverse of the system bandwidth.
  • OFDM is free from multipath up to the length of cyclic prefix but CDMA is very difficult bone 5 MHz.
  • OFDM is a separation for frequency and time, scrambling and spreading can also be used while in CDMA is scrambling and orthogonal spreading codes.
  • OFDM is vulnerable to narrowband distortion and interference while CDMA is averaged across channels due to spreading.
  • Equalization in OFDM is easy for all bandwidth because of frequency domain representation but in CDMA is is very difficult above 5MHz.
  • OFDM is possible and needs very accurate real-time feedback of channel conditions from receiver to the transmitter while in CDMA frequency selective scheduling which is no possible.

Difference between CDMA and WCDMA

The main key difference between CDMA and WCDA is given below:
  • CDMA is used as a 2G technology while WCDMA is a 3G technology.
  • CDMA and WCDMA are not used together.
  • CDMA provides fewer data rates compared to WCDMA.
  • WCDMA offers much faster speeds compared to CDMA.
  • CDMA uses frequency bands 1.25MHz wide while in WCDMA uses frequency bands 5MHz wide.
  • The WCDMA doesn't share the same design as CDMA technology.
  • In when we have to use CDMA and its successors are being phased out in favor of GSM and WCDMA.

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