Advantages and disadvantages of direct sequence spread spectrum

Advantages of DS/SS :
  • It has best noise and anti-jam performance.
  • Simple hard ware implementation.
  • It support high coverage range due to low SNR requirement at receiver.
  • Do no require high speed fast setting frequency synthesizer.
  • It has best discrimination against multi-path signals.
  • The unidentified receivers find it difficult to detect the direct sequence signals.
  • It can be employed in point to point application at the rate of 11 Mbps.
  • Determination of relative timing between transmitter and receiver. 
Disadvantages of DS/SS :
  • DS/SS has a longer acquisition time.
  • It require wideband channel with small phase distortion.
  • The pseudo noise generator must generate sequence at high rates.
  • Near-far problem.
  • Fast code generator needed.
  • The system is prone to error at lower than frequency hoping spread spectrum.
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What is direct sequence spread spectrum

Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is spread spectrum modulation technique used in telecommunication to reduce overall signal interface. 

 Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is one type of channel access method is better known as direct sequence CDMA. This is mainly used in IEEE 802.11b and also used  Zigbee technology. 

 Overview : 
  • The term DS/SS stands for direct sequence spread spectrum
  • In this method, the pseudo-random code is used when the signal can be detected at the receiver end. If avoid unauthorized signal access.
  • The DS/SS is affected by the near-far problem. This problem occurs because of the unequal power that is received by the user.
  • It is a very sensitive technology.
  • Many users can be used in the same band with a better signal to noise ratio. 
  • DS/SS is used point to point scenario.
  • The DS/SS signal spectrum is spread over a wide band while the PSD is small, Hence, it is simple to hide the signal within the noise floor.
  • DS/SS delivers capacity of about 11 Mbps.
Advantages of  DS/SS :
  • It has the best noise and antijam performance.
  • Simple hardware implementation.
  • It supports high coverage range due to low SNR requirement at receiver.
  • Do not require high-speed fast setting frequency synthesizer.
  • It has the best discrimination against multi-path signals.
  • The unidentified receivers find it difficult to detect the direct sequence type of signals.
  • It can be employed in point to point the application at the rate of 11 Mbps.
Disadvantages of DS/SS :
  • DS/SS has a longer acquisition time.
  • It requires a wideband channel with small phase distortion.
  • The pseudo noise generator must generate a sequence at high rates.
  • Near-far problem.
  • Fast code generator needed.
  • The system is prone to error at lower compared to FH/SS.
Application of DSSS :

 The application of direct spread spectrum analysis is listed below.
  • DSSS is used in the low probability of intercept signal.
  • It obtains message privacy.
  • It is used military and much commercial application.
  • It can support the unique spreading codes support code division multiple access.
  • Support various decision-making level.
  • To reject unintentional interference.
  • To minimize self-interference due to the multi-path propagation.
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CDMA 2000 reverse channel

The reverse link for CDMA 2000 has properties similar to the forward link of a signal. 
And also have CDMA 2000 user is assigned a forward channel that consists of the following combination :

  1. Forward fundamental channel  (F-FCH)
  2. 0-7: Forward supplemental code channel (F-SCHs) for both RC1 and RC2
  3. 0-2: Forward supplemental code channel (F-SCHs) for both RC3 and RC
The minimum configuration consists of a reverse pilot channel to enable the base station (BS) to perform synchronous detection and reverse fundamental channel for voice.
The different reverse channel is:
  1. Reverse supplemental channel (R-SCH)
  2. Reverse pilot channel (R-PICH)
  3. The reverse dedicated control channel (R-DCCH)
  4. Reverse enhanced access channel (R-EACH)
  5. The reverse common control channel (R-CCCH)
  6. Reverse fundamental channel (R-FCH)
  7. Reverse supplemental code channel (R-SCCH)
1. Reverse supplemental channel (R-SCH)
When the data rate is greater than 9.6 kbps, an R-SCH is needed. R-SCH channel is assigned for power control. A total of one or two R-SCH can be assigned per mobile unit.

2. Reverse pilot channel (R-PICH)
It provides pilot and power control information. It enables the mobile unit to transmit a lower power level and allow to inform the base station of the forward power levels being received, enabling the base station to reduce power.

3. Reverse enhanced access channel (R-EACH)
R-EACH is used to initiate communication with the base station. It is used by a mobile station, This channel also reduces the access channel power.

4. The reverse common control channel (R-CCCH)
This channel is used by the mobile unit to send their data information after they have granted access.

5. The reverse dedicated control channel (R-DCCH)
This channel replaces the dim and burst and the blank and burst. It is used for messaging and control for data calls.

6. Reverse fundamental channel (R-FCH)
This channel is used for voice and data payload. R-FCH is allowed shorter frame, this shorter frame can be used lower latency.

7. Reverse supplemental code channel (R-SCCH)
This channel is the same as F-SCCH and same it can be used with radio configuration. 

Application of CDMA 2000

  • Wireless internet
  • Location-based services
  • Wireless email 
  • Steaming video games
  • Telemetry
  • Wireless telecommunication
  • Longer standby battery life
  • Enterprise solutions
  • Wireless commerce
  • Web browsing
  • Multimedia services
  • Future demand for data service

Advantages of CDMA 2000

CDMA 2000 has unique features, benefits, and performance so it provides better advantages like high-voice capacity and high-speed packet data. Now we can check some more advantages one by one below.
  • Industry-leading performance.
  • Device selection.
  • Flexible migration path.
  • Flexible network architecture.
  • New common channel structure and operation.
  • Ubiquitous idle time operation.
  • Global roaming and multi-mode, multiband devices.
  • Flexible spectral allocation and efficient use of spectrum.
  • New MAC states for efficient.
  • Support for advanced mobile service.
  • Seamless Evolution path.
  • Quick paging channel operation.
  • Reverse link gated transmission.
  • Superior voice quality.
  • High-speed broadband data connectivity. 
  • Improve securities and privacy.
  • Multi-mode, multiband global roaming features. 

CDMA 2000

What is CDMA 2000? 

Before we learn about CDMA 2000 first let us learn about what is full form of CDMA. CDMA 2000 is code division multiple access version of the IMT-2000 standard developed by the International Telecommunication Union. 

 CDMA 2000 also known as the IMT-CDMA multi-carrier or the 1xRTT.

 Overview :
  • CDMA 2000 is a high data rate upgrade path for current users of 2G and 2.5G CDMA standard. It is a unique radio and network access system that is part of the international telecommunication called 2000. It is called a 3G standard.
  • CDMA 2000 allows the basically same spectrum, bandwidth, RF equipment, and air interface framework to be used at each station.
  • The first CDMA air interface CDMA 2000  with 1 × RTT (Radio transmission technology language) indicates that a single 1.25 MHz radio channel used.
  • CDMA 1x support data rate up to 307 kbps for a single user in packet mode. It can provide a throughput rate of up to 144 kbps depending on the propagation conditions.
  • CDMA 1xEV as an also part of IMT 2000. Its provide CDMA carrier with the option of installing radio channel with data only or data and voice only.
  • CDMA 2000 3xRTT standard is used for three adjacent 1.25 MHz radio channel. It can be used together to provide instantaneous packet data.
  • This article gives information about Feature, advantages, application of CDMA 2000 to gives more information about CDMA 2000.
A feature of CDMA 2000 :  
  • Support high-speed data service.
  • It is a global standard.
  • It has the flexibility for evolution.
  • It has improved spectrum efficiency.
  • Support advance mobile service.
  • Leading performance.
  • Industry-leading performance
  • Device selection
  • Flexible migration path
  • Flexible network architecture
  • New common channel structure and operation
  • Ubiquitous idle time operation
  • Global roaming and multi-mode, multiband devices
  • Flexible spectral allocation and efficient use of spectrum
Let us check is out the application of CDMA 2000 given below :

 Application of CDMA 2000 :
  • It is developed for both mobile radio and cordless application
  • Wireless internet
  • Location-based services
  • Wireless email
  • Telemetry
  • Wireless telecommunication
  • Longer standby battery life
  • Wireless commerce

Feature of WiFi

Wi-Fi stands for Wireless fidelity is an alternative to wired technology that is commonly used for connecting devices in wireless mode. There is numerous application of Wi-Fi in different areas because of some useful feature of Wi-Fi. So now let us check the features of Wi-Fi one by one below :

 Features of Wi-Fi :
  • While using Wi-Fi there is no limitation
  • Faster and secure
  • Unmatched mobility
  • Fortress technology
  • No need for cabling
  • Secure interment connection for feature
  • It's convenient and everywhere
  • It is a scalable and robust system
  • Great power consumption
  • The easy way of network installation
  • The configuration of the device is very easy
  • If we are nearer to Wi-Fi hotspot  network then you will automatically connect internet 

Advantages and disadvantages of gate turnoff thyristor

Advantages of GTO :
  • Fast and efficient turn-off.
  • High efficiency.
  • Exhibits low gate currents.
  • Faster turn OFF permitting high switching frequencies.
  • High blocking voltage capabilities.
  • High over current capabilities.
  • High capability of blocking voltage.
  • Better for static and dynamic dv/dt capabilities.
  • It does not need to require the communication circuit, hence it reduced the size, weight, and cost.
Disadvantages of GTO :
  • Holding current and magnitude of latching current is more.
  • Gate drive circuit losses are more.
  • While GTO on state voltage drop is more.
  • Triggering gate current is much higher than that required for normal SCR.

Advantages and disadvantages of uninterruptible power supplies

The term UPS full form Uninterruptible Power Supplies typically used to protect as data centers, telecommunication, computers, and also have some other electrical equipment where unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, serious business, or data losses. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of a UPS device to know more about the UPS device.

 Advantages of Uninterruptible power supplies :
  • Emergency power supply
  • Maintain battery life
  • Provide surge protection
  • Protect some uncertain data loss
  • Use gives a huge power back in the industries
  • Reliable power source
  • Trusted power solution provider
  • Uncertain data loss can be prevented
  • Protect the voltage-sensitive device from bad electricity
Disadvantages of Uninterruptible power supplies :
  • Maintain cost is difficult
  • The startup cost is too much high
  • Commercial uses require a large number of batteries
There are just some the industries that can benefit from UPS system :
  • Data and call centers devices
  • Universities
  • Telecommunication and cable companies
  • Electronics manufactures
  • Bank
  • Hospital and medical centers
  • TV station
  • Utility companies
  • Production-based manufactures

Application of GSM

  • Home automation.
  • Mobile telephony.
  • Automatic meter reading.
  • Toll collection.
  • A user can control in case of forgetting to do so while leaving for some other place.
  • Value-added services.
  • Fleet management.
  • Energy Conversion.
  • Personal communication using GSM.
  • Irrigation system.
  • It will also help to control while attending the other work.
  • It is used to improve the security of our home and office.
  • Office automation.
  • Remote sensing and also for monitoring of electrical fault in a pump or motor.
Some application while combining with GSM techniques including  W-CDMA, LTE, EGGE :
  • Measuring multi-standard radio base station.
  • Including EDGE evolution with GSM to change in radio interface.
  • Machine to machine communication is about integrated real-time data from remote assets with a business process to gain more business advantages.

TDMA applications

TDMA is one type of multiple access method. First, let we check it out the full form of TDMA full form. In each user allowed to transmit only in a specified time slot with a common frequency band. It allows several users can transmit to share the same frequency band at a different time, so each using its own time slot. 
  • TDMA used in digital cellular telecommunication.
  • Satellite system.
  • It is used GSM, IS-136, iDEN.
  • Dynamic TDMA used for packet mode communication.
  • Also, GSM uses TDMA in combination with FDMA. its a one types of advantages of TDMA
  • PON network also uses for upstream traffic from premises to the operator.
  • TDMA also used as telephone communication.

CDMA applications

Because to inherent advantages of CDMA over TDMA full form and FDMA full forms such as user capacity, soft handoffs and securities applications of that increase and it used in a variety of applications. Let we check the applications one by one below.

Applications :
  • CDMA is used for a cellular system.
  • One of the most important for CDMA is on GPS.
  • It can be used for subscriber access control.
  • CDMA is used for personal communication service.
  • It can be used for over the air activation.
  • It can be used for short message service.
  • The UMTS 3G mobile phone standard, which uses CDMA.
  • It is used radar and navigation system.
  • Wireless laptop modem.
  • Soft handoff and security.
  • It is used military and some commercial application.
  • CDMA used for anti-collision and increased read efficiency of multiple RFID.
  • Bluetooth uses fast FH-CDMA.
  • Improvement of speech coders in the wireless communication system.
  • Another standard CDMA 2000, is used by several mobile, phone companies, as well as the global-star satellite phone network.

Difference between FDMA and TDMA

Without the use of channel access methods, it would be very difficult for telecommunication device companies to provide a level of series. FDMA and TDMA both are technologies that are used before the 3G network technology launched. These technologies utilized to improve the performance of the 2G network. So difference or comparison between these two is needed to know. Let us check the difference between them one by one given below. First, let us check it out  the full form of FDMA and full form of TDMA

 FDMA :
  • FDMA stands for frequency division multiplexing.
  • FDMA has lesser power efficiency.
  • Only one terminal can be active only in one cell or one sector.
  • It has a continuous transmission scheme.
  • It requires higher carrier frequency stability.
  • It is not required synchronization.
  • Cell capacity depends upon the cell area.
  • It has divided the frequency band into some disjoint sub-band.
  • Difficult to power monitoring.
  • It is used GSM and PDC.
  • FDMA is simply idle when the channel is not used.
  • Analog link is suitable for FDMA.
  • In FDMA bandwidth is relatively narrow.
  • Tight filtering is needed to minimize interference.
  • Combined with FDD for duplexing.
  • No equalization is needed for spreading symbol time.
TDMA :
  • TDMA stands for time division multiple access.
  • TDMA has more power efficiency.
  • All terminal is active for a short term period of time on the same frequency.
  • It has a discontinuous transmission scheme.
  • The higher carrier frequency is not necessary.
  • It requires synchronization.
  • Limited cell capacity.
  • It has total divided time into a non-overlapping time slot.
  • Easy power monitoring.
  • It is used for advanced mobile phone systems.
  • All slot are assigned cyclically.
  • And also have all slots are assigned on demand.
  • Handoff is made simpler by using the non-continuous transmission
  • It is essential to use digital data and also uses a modulation system.
  • Overhead tradeoffs are the size of data payload and latency.
  • Transmission system is allowed for only one user in a given slot.
  • Multiple users share with a single carrier frequency.
  • Data rate overhead is between 20 to 30 %.
  • When reduced inter-user interference, power control is less stringent.
  • Also, GSM uses TDMA in combination with FDMA. its a one types of advantages of TDMA
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Static circuit breaker

Definition of static circuit breaker :

The static circuit breaker is basically semiconductor-based circuit. This circuit breaker is capable of providing a fast and also a reliable interruption current. 

The static circuit breaker is of two types :
  1. Static AC circuit breaker 
  2. Static DC circuit breaker
Here this article gives information about two circuit breaker to know more details about circuit breaker.

Static AC circuit breaker :
  • A simple arrangement of static ac circuit breaker shown in the figure. The circuit can switch on and switch off by using two thyristors SCR 1 and SCR 2.
  • When thyristor SCR 1 is turn on a positive cycle alternative supply when the switch is on condition.
  • When SCR 1 is off, the current becomes automatically zero.
  • When SCR 2 turn on the negative cycle of alternative supply.
  • SCR 1 receives the gate pulse through the diode D2 and  SCR 1 receives the gate pulse through the diode D1.
 

Static DC circuit breaker :
  • A simple arrangement of static dc circuit breaker shown in the figure given below. Force commutation is essential for turning off a thyristor device.
  • When SCR1 turn on, load voltage becomes equal to supply voltage and capacitor get charge through the circuit source voltage Vs, resistor R, capacitor C and SCR 1.
  • When breaking the circuit, SCR 2 is turned on.
  • SCR 2 turn on and  SCR 1 turn off due to reverse voltage across it.
  • The capacitor again charge +Vs to -Vs through the circuit Vs, load C and SCR 2.
  • When capacitor C is totally charged to -Vs, a current through load will be zero and the same time current through R will less than the holding current of SCR 2.
  • At that time SCR 2 will get turn off naturally, from this the value R can be determined.

Features of OFDM



  • A symbol is modulated on to orthogonal sub-carrier.
  • Modulation is done by using IFFT.
  • High spectral efficiency.
  • Demodulation is done by using FFT. ( Demodulation of received signal ) 
  • Low efficiency to time synchronization techniques.
  • Better resultant quality of fading.
  • Very sensitive to time-frequency synchronization.
  • Simplified channel equalization.
  • Immunity to intersymbol interference. 
  • No inter-carrier guard band.
  • Orthogonal carrier and control overlapping band.
  • Improved quality of narrowband interference.
  • Robust against intersymbol interference.
  • Fading caused by multi-path propagation.
  • Decoding and de-interleaving. 
  • Orthogonality is maintained during channel transmission.

Applications of OFDM

OFDM technique is the most prominent technique in a recent era so now we can check some applications of OFDM one by one below. 

 Applications of OFDM : 
  • Digital audio broadcasting
  • Digital video broadcasting over the terrestrial network. Digital terrestrial television broadcasting. In this broadcasting, 2000 to 8000 subcarriers are used.  
  • UMTS
  • Wireless LANs. OFDM is used in HIPERLAN phase II which supports 20 Mbit/s in propagation environments with delay spreads up to 1 Âµsecond. 
  • HDTV
  • The optical wireless communication system
  • Uni-polar communication system
  • Wireless ATM transmission system
  • Digital video broadcasting
  • Wireless LAN networks
  • UMTS terrestrial radio access
  • Some ultra wideband system
  • Power line communication
  • Very high-speed digital subscriber lines
  • Point to point and point to multipoint application
  • The flash OFDM cellular system
  • Mobile broadband wireless access
  • Used in Wi-Fi and WiMAX
  • High bit rate digital subscriber lines
  • A global standard for asymmetric subscriber line
  • Metropolitan area network standard also include in OFDM
  • 5.3.1 HIPERLAN/2
  • IEEE 802.16 Broadband
  • IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g
  • Used in LTE and LTE advanced

Advantages and disadvantages of OFDM

OFDM stands for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, it has been used in many high data rates wireless communication system because of the many advantages it provides. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of OFDM  to know more details about it.

Advantages of OFDM :
  • More resistance to frequency selective fading than single carrier system because it divides to the overall channel into multiple narrowband signals that are affected individually as flat fading sub-channels
  • Interference appearing on a channel may be bandwidth limited and in this way will not affect all the sub-channels this not all the data is lost
  • Very resilient to inter-symbol and inter-frame interference
  • It is possible to recover symbols lost due to the frequency selectivity of the channel and  also a narrow-band interference using adequate channel coding and interleaving
  • Maor efficient use of the available spectrum using close-spaced overlapping sub-carriers
  • Using multiple sub-channels, the channel equalization becomes much simpler that is cause issue with a CDMA method
  • Simple implementation by the mean of FFT
  • Eliminates ISI and IFI by the use of a cyclic prefix
  • Provide good protection against co-channel interference
  • High transmission bit rates
  • A chance to cancel any channel so it affected by fading device
  • Low sensitivity to time synchronization error
  • Facilitates single frequency networks ( SFN )
  • Tuned subchannel receiver filters are not required
  • It is able to protect  total energy loss at the frequency domain
Disadvantages of OFDM :
  • Require highly linear amplifier
  • Sensitive to carrier offset and drift
  • Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems
  • Inter-carrier interference between the sub-carrier
  • Loss of efficiency caused by cyclic prefix or guard of interval 
  • High power transmitter amplifier needs linearization
  • High peak to average power ratio
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High voltage DC transmission

It is well known that electric power generated in power plants is transmitted to the load centre on three phase ac transmission lines. However, for bulk power transmission over long distance, High voltage DC transmission line are preferred. First let we talk about full form of HVDC.

The additional cost of converting and inverting equipment makes HVDC transmission uneconomical for low power supply over short distance. However for large power transmission over long distance, HVDC turn out be economical. As a result, HVDC links are being used worldwide at power levels of several gigawatts with the use of thyristor valve.

How does HVDC system work ?

As we know that when AC power is generated which can be converted into DC by using the rectifier. so in end of the line there are two terminals inverter and rectifier. rectifier convert AC to DC while the inverter convert DC to AC.

The power transmitted remains same at the receiving end of the line. In substation system having more then two converter stations and one transmission line is called as a two terminal DC system. DC is transmitted over long distance because  it decreases the losses and improve the overall efficiency. If more than two converter and interconnecting DC terminal lines called as multi-terminal DC substation.
HVDC transmission possesses the following advantages over AC transmission system

Advantages of high voltage DC transmission :
  • Fault clearance in HVDC is faster, therefore DC transmission system possesses improved transient stability
  • Size of conductor in DC transmission can be reduced as there is no skin effect
  • Cost is less as compare to the AC transmission
  • HVDC tower are less costly 
  • No requirement of reactive power
  • No system stability problem
  • HVDC require less phase to phase and ground to ground clearance
  • Require less number of conductor for same power transfer
  • Improve line loading capacity
  • HVDC is preferred as it requires no charging current 
  • Power loss is reduced  with DC just because of fewer numbers of lines are required for power transmission
  • HVDC is more flexible system

Disadvantages of high voltage DC transmission :
  • Expenses inverters with limited overload capacity
  • HVDC is less relaible
  • IN HVDC very accurate and lossless power flows through DC link
  • The disadvantages of HVDC are in conversion, switching, control, mainatance
  • Lower availability than AC system
  • HVDC  is very complicted 
  • circuit breaker are used in HVDC for circuit breaking, and Inverter and rectifier terminals will generate harmonics which can be reduced by using active filters, which are also very expensive
  • HVDC does not have transformers for changing the voltage levels
  • Heat loss occurs in converters substation

HVDC advantages and disadvantages

HVDC links are being used worldwide at power levels of several gigawatts with the use of thyristor valve. So here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC to know more details about it. 

Advantages of high voltage DC transmission :

  • Fault clearance in HVDC is faster, therefore the DC transmission system possesses improved transient stability
  • Size of the conductor in DC transmission can be reduced as there is no skin effect
  • Cost is less as compared to the AC transmission
  • HVDC tower is less costly 
  • No requirement of reactive power
  • No system stability problem
  • HVDC require less phase to phase and ground to ground clearance
  • Require less number of conductor for same power transfer
  • Improve line loading capacity
  • To ac system at different frequencies can be interconnected through HVDC transmission lines
  • HVDC is preferred as it requires no charging current 
  • Power loss is reduced  with DC just because of fewer numbers of lines are required for power transmission
  • HVDC is a more flexible system

Disadvantages of high voltage DC transmission :

  • Expenses inverters with limited overload capacity
  • HVDC is less reliable
  • IN HVDC very accurate and lossless power flows through DC link
  • The disadvantages of HVDC are in conversion, switching, control, maintenance
  • Lower availability than the AC system
  • HVDC  is very complicated 
  • The circuit breaker is used in HVDC for circuit breaking, and Inverter and rectifier terminals will generate harmonics which can be reduced by using active filters, which are also very expensive
  • HVDC does not have transformers for changing the voltage levels
  • Heat loss occurs in converters substation

Advantages and disadvantages of SMPS

The disadvantages of linear power supplies (LPS), such as lower efficiency, transformers used are heavier and large, more power is wasted in the form of heat, dissipation is more etc. Overcome by implication of SMPS. So now let us talk about the advantages and disadvantages of SMPS to know more details about SMPS. first, let us check it out full form of SMPS

Advantages of SMPS :
  • The efficiency is high as compare to LPS, more than 80 to 90%
  • The device is used in SMPS is compact and very small in size
  • The manufacturing cost is reduced
  • Provide isolation between multiple output
  • Low power wastage
  • Less heat generation
  • High power density
  • Flexible technology
  • Lower weight
  • Providing the required number of voltage
  • Strong anti-interference
  • Reduced the harmonic feedback into the supply mains
  • Wide ac input voltage
Disadvantages of SMPS :
  • Greater circuit complexity
  • Expert design are required
  • High frequency electrical noise
  • It can be used step down regulator 
  • The noise to present due to high-frequency switching
  • It produces electromagnetic interference
  • Harmonic distortion
  • Only one output voltage
  • Expensive compared to LPS
The main advantages of SMPS over conventional linear power supply are as under :
  • SMPS is less sensitive to input voltage variations
  • For the same power rating, SMPS is of smaller size, lighter in weight, and possesses higher efficiency because of its high-frequency operation.
The disadvantages of SMPS are as under :
  • SMPS has higher output ripple and its regulation in worse
  • SMPS is a source of both electromagnetic and radio interference due to the high-frequency switching
  • Control of radio frequency noise requires the use of filters on both input and output of SMPS

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