GSM technology

In this article, you can learn the full analysis of GSM technology and all useful information about GSM. Now first of all one question arise before you can check detailed information about GSM is what is GSM full form?

 Definition of GSM :

Global system for mobile is a world first cellular system to specify digital modulation. It is a second generation system (2G) developed in Europe.

 GSM was developed to solve the fragmentation problems of the first generation networks.

 The global system for mobile communication is a feature-rich digital wireless technology. It provides subscribers with a high quality digital wireless phone service and clarity and enhanced call security and privacy.

GPRS uses GSM architecture for voice. In order to offer packet data services through GPRS, a new class of network node needs to be introduced as an upgrade to the existing GSM network.

 Each GSM user transmits data burst during a time slot that is assigned to it. The transmission of bursts occurs in a particular format called GSM frame.

 GSM technology is old technology nowadays many new technologies had been launched but GSM has many impacting features on the newest technology. Let we check feature one by one below :

 Features of GSM technology :
  • GSM supports more subscriber capacity in the given spectrum.
  • It supports smaller handsets.
  • Rapid call setup.
  • It supports call forwarding, calls on hold, conference facility.
  • It has the ability to use the same phone in different networks.
  • It allows data transmission and reception across GSM networks at 9600 bps.
  • The encrypted conversions cannot be tapped.
  • It supports calling number identification presentation.
  • The short message service allows the GSM subscriber to transmit and receive a character text message.
  • It supports fully international roaming capability.
  • It has compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services.
  • SIM phonebook management. 
  • Supports fixed dialing number ( FDN ).
  • Real-time clock with alarm management. 
GSM has many impacting features on the newest technology so there are many advantages of GSM technology. We can check some main advantages here. 
  • Internal roaming is not a big problem.
  • High transmission quality.
  • Worldwide connectivity.
  • High data transfer speed.
  • GSM receiver is widely available in mobile phone and GSM model.
GSM network :

 GSM operates at a different frequency. A frequency band of GSM is either the 900 MHz or much high-frequency band 1800 MHz. 

 UMTS R4 techniques are preferred mobile operator, especially those with GSM legacy network. UMTS R4 techniques to evolve their existing 2G GSM network. It provides a smooth path to bridge legacy TDM based network to an IP based soft switch network.

 The proposed evolution path In UMTS R4 suggests three layers of structure solution to seamless coverage UMTS R4 core network with a GSM core network. So can achieve the all IP version and its capable of coverage with EPC and IMS.

GSM networks types :
  • T-Mobile
  • AT&T
  • Indigo wireless 
  • Pine cellular
  • TerreStar
This network is maintained by different types of GSM channels.

There are two main types of GSM channel :
  • Traffic channel 
  • Control channel 
GSM frequency band listed below :

1.  GSM 850 :
  • Channel - 128-251
  • Up-link frequency - 824-849 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 869-894 MHz
2. GSM 1800 :
  • Channel - 512-885
  • Up-link frequency - 1710-1785 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 1805-1880 MHz

3. GSM 1900 :
  • Channel - 512-810
  • Up-link frequency - 1850-1910 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 1930-1990 MHz
4. GSM 450/480 :
  • Up-link frequency - 450-458 MHz, 479-486 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 460-468 MHz, 489-496 MHz
Application of GSM technology :
  • Home automation.
  • Mobile telephony.
  • Automatic meter reading.
  • Toll collection.
  • A user can control in case of forgetting to do so while leaving for some other place.
  • Value added services.
  • Fleet management.
  • Energy conversion.
  • Personal communication using GSM.
  • Irrigation system.
  • It will also help to control while attending the other work.
  • It is used to improve the security of our home and office.
  • Office automation.
  • Remote sensing and monitoring of electrical fault in a pump or motor.
Some application while combining with GSM techniques including  W-CDMA, LTE, EDGE :
  • Measuring multi-standard radio base station.
  • Including EDGE evolution with GSM to change in radio interface.
  • Machine to machine communication is about integrated real-time data from remote assets with a business process to gain more business advantages.

Explore more information:

GSM repeater

We all know that each GSM full form user transmits data burst during a time slot that is assigned to it. The transmission of bursts occurs in a particular format called as in frame as GSM frame.

 1. GSM repeater 900 MHz(voice) - 200m2
  • Suitable for all European 900 MHz providers
  • Low energy consumption
  • Easy to install
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 200 m2
  • The compact repeater for use at home and offices
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable, and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF E10C
2. GSM repeater 900 MHz(voice) - 300m2
  • Suitable for all European 900 MHz providers
  • Low energy consumption 
  • Easy to install
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 300 m2
  • The compact repeater for use at home and office
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable, and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF10l - EGSM
3.  GSM band repeater 900+1800 MHz(voice form) - 700m2
  • Suitable for all European 900+1800 MHz providers
  • Low energy consumption 
  • Easy to install
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 700 m2
  • The compact repeater for use at home and office
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable, and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF ED13-L
4. GSM TRI band repeater 900+1800+800 MHz(voice form) - 2000m2
  • Suitable for all European 900+1800+800 MHz providers
  • Low energy consumption 
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 2000 m2
  • Compact repeater for use at home and office
  • Easy to install
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF LED20-L
5.  Band GSM repeater all network (3G/4G/LTE internet form) - 2000m2
  • Suitable for all European network
  • Low energy consumption 
  • Easy to install
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 2000 m2
  • Compact repeater for use at home and office
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF 20-5B

GSM frequency

GSM frequency band listed below :

1.  GSM 850
  • Channel - 128-251
  • Up-link frequency - 824-849 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 869-894 MHz
2. GSM 1800

  • Channel - 512-885
  • Up-link frequency - 1710-1785 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 1805-1880 MHz
3 GSM 1900
  • Channel - 512-810
  • Up-link frequency - 1850-1910 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 1930-1990 MHz
4. GSM 450/480
  • Up-link frequency - 450-458 MHz, 479-486 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 460-468 MHz, 489-496 MHz

GSM network version

GSM stands for Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a second generation digital mobile technology system, GSM Provides for the best mobile coverage within countries and across them all over the world.

GSM system used mobile delivered a data speed of 9.6 kb/s. The upgrade pushed up data speed around 48 kb/s.

GSM uses a variation of wireless technology used like time division multiplier access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA).

GSM operates at either the 900 MHz or much high-frequency band 1800 MHz.

UMTS R4 techniques are preferred as a mobile operator, especially for those with GSM legacy network. This techniques to evolve their existing 2G GSM network. It provides a smooth path to bridge legacy TDM based network to an IP based soft switch network.

The proposed evolution path in UMTS R4 suggests three layers structure solution to seamless coverage UMTS R4 core network with a GSM core network. So can achieve the all IP version and its capable of coverage with EPC and also an IMS.

 GSM networks :
  • T-Mobile
  • AT&T
  • Indigo wireless 
  • Pine cellular
  • TerreStar

GSM definition

GSM stands for Global system for mobile is a world first cellular system to specify as especially digital modulation. It is a second generation system (2G) developed in Europe.

GSM was developed to solve the fragmentation problems of the first generation networks and a developed new technology called 2G network.

GSM is a feature of rich digital wireless technology. It provides subscribers with a high quality digital wireless phone service and clarity also enhanced call security and privacy.

Application of SDMA

SDMA stands for space division multiple access. It depends on the user position information and provides users access to the communication channel based on their spatial locations. 

 SDMA separated into the geographical space, where users are located, into smaller space. It is used for a mobile communication system which reuses the same set of cell phone frequencies in a given service area.

 So compare to the other multiple access techniques like TDMA full form, CDMA full form,  FDMA full form, SDMA full form is compatible So it can be more used in a wireless communication system. This article gives the application about SDMA to know more details about SDMA.
  • Satellite communication
  • Optical communication
  • Wireless communication
  • Mobile communication
  • SDMA can be also used in conjunction with the WDM system  and TDM
  • SDMA uses a spot beam antenna

What is SDMA

For to know about SDMA you should first of all check it out the full form of SDMA.


SDMA stands for space division multiple access. It depends on the user position information and provides users access to the communication channel based on their spatial locations. 

SDMA separated into the geographical space, where users are located, into smaller space. It is used for a mobile communication system which reuses the same set of cell phone frequencies in a given service area.

 Space division multiple access is techniques which are MIMO architecture and it can be used in wireless and satellite communication. This article also gives some feature of SDMA given below. 
  • SDMA is completely free from interference.
  • Controlling the medium access for a wireless network.
  • Careful choice of a zone for each transmitter.
  • In this system control the radiated energy for each user in space.
  • All user can communicate at the same time using the same channel.
  • The directional spot beam antennas are used and hence the (BS) base station in SDMA can track a moving user.
  • A single satellite can communicate with more satellites receivers of the same frequency. frequency.
  • SDMA never used isolation.
  • Satellite communication
  • Optical communication
  • Wireless communication
  • Mobile communication
  • SDMA can be also used in conjunction with the WDM  system  and TDM
  • SDMA uses a spot beam antenna

Explore more information:

Advantages and disadvantages of telecommunication

This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of a telecommunication system to know more details about it.

Advantages of telecommunication :
  • Improve efficiency
  • Bring flexibility for workplace
  • Save time
  • Inspire collaboration
  • Lack of travel time
  • Do not have to drive distance
  • Easy to access to the people so you need to contact with different people
  • Worldwide access
  • Next, bring a thing to being there
  • Quick and accessible communication
  • Lack of travel time
  • Easy to exchange ideas and also basic information via phone and using fax
  • Communication must be less effort in using transportation just to meet an individual personally
  • Developed new product and invention
  • Enable end user to communicate electronically and share software, hardware and data resources 
  • You just stay home and use a telephone or a cellphone if you want to talk to someone
Disadvantages of telecommunication :
  • Cultural barrier
  • Prank calls
  • High electric bills
  • Sometimes expensive
  • It can also be a source of low grades if abused
  • Misunderstanding
  • Remote areas do not have access
  • Poor connection 
  • Cannot see whom you speaking with
  • Eliminate face to face communication
  • Increase vulnerability to information hacking and attacks

Advantages and disadvantages of SDMA

The term SDMA full form is Spatial Division Multiple Access OR Space Division Multiple Access methods. It is one type of channel access method. It is used for mobile communication system which reuses the same set of cell phone frequencies in a given service area. This article gives information about some advantages and disadvantages of SDMA to know more details about SDMA.

Advantages of SDMA :
  • SDMA is a purely optical path
  • SDMA is frequency reuse
  • Mobile station battery consumption is low
  • Increased spectral efficiency
  • SDMA is transparent to the system if it is purely optical
  • Use any bandwidth or data rate achievable in fiber
  • SDMA is usually combined with other multiplexing techniques to better utilize the individual physical channel
Disadvantages of SDMA :
  • Some of  the disadvantages of  SDMA is the fact that the number of switches
  • SDMA is very expensive and complected to construct and design
  • There are also high insertion losses since each input must have the capability to be split to any output.
  • The reverse link may be a problem like an interference problem
Explore more information:
  1. Advantages and disadvantages of FDMA
  2. Advantages and disadvantages of CDMA
  3. Advantages and disadvantages of TDMA

Feature of SDMA

Before we learn about a feature of SDMA first let we check it out what is full form of SDMA. Space division multiple access is techniques which are MIMO architecture and it can be used in wireless and satellite communication. This article gives some feature of SDMA given below. 
  • SDMA is completely free from interference.
  • Controlling the medium access for the wireless network.
  • Careful choice of a zone for each transmitter.
  • In this system, it controls the radiated energy for each user in space.
  • All user can communicate at the same time using the same channel.
  • The directional spot beam antennas are used and hence the base station (BS) in SDMA can track a moving user.
  • A single satellite can communicate with more satellites receivers of the same frequency. frequency.
  • SDMA never used isolation.

SDMA definition

SDMA full form stands for spatial division multiple access or space division multiple access methods. It is one types of multiple access methods. It is used for a mobile communication system which reuses the same set of cell phone frequencies in a given service area. A base station, SDMA continually adapts to the radio environment. Some feature of the SDMA method given below :
  • SDMA become less practical.
  • SDMA is suited for short distance transmission.
  • In SDMA single fiber replaced with multiple fibers used in parallel.

OFDM block diagram

In OFDM full form is basically two parts as transmitter and receiver.

In this system at the transmitter side error correction coding, interleaving process is done over the data stream. The data stream that is sent is in the form of a symbol that has undergone quadrature amplitude modulation. Then the symbol stream is assigned to one of the subcarriers with an assigned symbol. Every subscriber will operate at a particular frequency. 

In the frequency domain, the symbol frame is formed with a group of symbols from all subcarriers.

OFDM is a multi-carrier transmission technology. OFDM is used to obtain a higher data rate in the multipath fading environment of mobile communication.

The every symbol frame is transformed into a time frame with the help of N point "inverse Fourier transformation.

OFDM block diagram

 The digital data stream is generated by this time of frames.
Finally, the signal is amplified and transmitted to the antenna side. Convolution coding method with CRC error detection is used to provide high data security for the system.
OFDM is sensitive to phase and frequency noise. To minimize its correct pulse shape needs to be selected.

 OFDM is possible to use maximum likelihood decoding with reasonable complexity, so it is one types of OFDM advantages.
In OFDM receiver side the symbol frame received is detected. so it has to adjust automatic gain control to the desired level. A robust algorithm is to be used to withstand phase noise and also a frequency offset of the receiving unit that will interface with the synchronization process.

OFDM definition

Before we learn about OFDM, first let we check it out what is full form of OFDM. OFDM is a modulation format used for the latest wireless communications technology. 

OFDM is a multi-carrier transmission technology. OFDM is used to obtain a higher data rate in the multipath fading environment of mobile communication.

In mobile communication, the selection of digital modulation is dependent on three parameters. They are listed below :
  • Narrower bandwidth 
  • Efficient power utilization
  • Elimination of intermodulation products

CDMA definition

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is one type of channel access method, In this method user, may transmit at the same time using same frequency band but with different codes so that we can easily decode to identify a particular user. 


CDMA definition
CDMA

TDMA definition

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is one type of multiple access method. In each user allowed to transmit only in a specified time slot with a common frequency band. It allows several users can transmit to share the same frequency band at a different time, so each using its own time slot.

TDMA

OSI full form

What is the full form of OSI?


Answer:

  • Open Systems Interconnection


What does OSI mean?


 OSI is an effort to standardize networking that was started in the year 1977 by the ISO. 

It is a conceptual model so that it characterizes and standardizes for the communication functions such as the telecommunication or computing system without regard to its internal structure and technology of a system. 

The OSI model comprises seven layers following below:

  • Layer 1 -  Physical Layer
  • Layer 2 - Data link layer 
  • Layer 3 - Network layer 
  • Layer 4 - Transport Layer 
  • Layer 5 - Session layer 
  • Layer 6 - Presentation layer
  • Layer 7 - Application layer

FDMA definition

Frequency division multiple access (full meaning of FDMA) is a frequency band, it is one types of channel access method and it can be divided small frequency channel and also have different channel are allocated to different users. Multiple users can transmit at the same time but on different frequency channel as shown in the figure below :

FDMA



How FDMA work

FDMA is a channel access method can be implemented at the MAC full form is a media access control layer of the data link layer in the OSI full form open systems interconnection reference model for networking protocol stacks. 

 First, let we check it out the full meaning of FDMA. It is a frequency band, it is one types of channel access method and it can be divided small frequency channel and also have different channel are allocated to different users. The user can be assigned a specific frequency band in the electromagnetic spectrum and at that time a call that user is the only who has the right to access the specific band. 

 In the AMPS cellular phone system, the frequency band is allocated from the electromagnetic spectrum as follows :

Two different frequency bands are used to allow full duplex communication between the base and mobile stations. 

Transmission by mobile station used AMPS cellular phone: 824 MHz to 849 MHz
Transmission by base station used AMPS cellular phone: 869 MHz to 894 MHz

 Both of these band are then divided into discrete channels that are 30 KHz wide in bandwidth.

FDMA applications

Frequency division multiple access is a frequency band, it is one types of channel access method and it can be divided small frequency channel and also have different channel are allocated to different users. Now here check it out the application of FDMA  to know more details about FDMA. 

 Applications :
  • Telephone system
  • Radio system 
  • Cable TV
  • Walkie talkies
  • Mobile network for a closed user group. e.g. Wi-Fi
  • Total access communication systems (TACS)
  • 2G mobile communication
  • GSM uses FDMA in combination with TDMA
  • UMTS in combination with other multiplexing techniques 


Full form of MAC

What is full form of MAC?

 Answer :
  • Media Access Control

What does MAC mean?

A MAC is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller for communication on the physical or data link layer of the network segment. MAC addresses are the most common network used for IEEE 802 network technology, Including Wi-Fi.

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