Advantages and disadvantages of router

Router network can choose the best path across an internetwork using dynamic routing techniques. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of the router to know more details about it. 

Advantages of the router :
  • It provides sophisticated routing, flow control, and traffic isolation
  • Reduce network traffic by creating collision domains
  • Reduce network traffic by creating broadcast domains
  • Can connect different network architecture, such as Ethernet and token ring
  • They are configurable which allows the network manager to make policy based on routing decisions
  • It can choose the best path across the internetwork using dynamic routing algorithms
  • It can reduce network traffic by creating collision domains and also by creating broadcast domains
  • Allow achieving loop so that redundant paths are available
Disadvantages of the router :
  • A router is more expensive than bridge or repeaters
  • Router only work with rotatable network protocol, not all protocol are routable
  • The router is slower than bridge or repeaters because they must analyze data transmission from the physical to the network layer
  • Dynamic router communication causes additional network traffic 
  • Are relatively complex device 
  • Can require a considerable amount of initial configuration 
  • They are protocol dependent devices which must understand protocol they are forwarding
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Advantages and disadvantages flowchart

Flowchart are widely used in programming tool that programmer or program designer used to design a solution to a problem. Flowchart allows you to layout a complex set of interactions in a way that is easier to digest. This article gives the information about advantages and disadvantages of flowchart to know more details about it.

Advantages  of flowchart :
  • Better way of communicating the logic of a system to all concerned so flowchart is convenient method of communication
  • Problem can be analysed in more effective way with the use of flowchart  
  • It promote the logical accuracy
  • It provide overview of the system and also demonstrates the relationship between various steps. 
  • Easy to draw
  • Easy techniques to understand logic
  • Easy to identify the mistake done by non computer person
  • Easy to branching and looping
  • It is easy to convert flowchart makes program or system maintenance easier 
  • It help the programmer to write a program code which is need for various purpose
  • Flowchart act as a guide or blueprint during the system analysis and program development phase
  • It helps in debugging process 
  • Facilitates troubleshooting 
 Disadvantages of flowchart :
  • Some task are difficult to represent using a flowchart
  • Quite costly and difficult to use and manage
  • People need to understand what the symbol mean
  • Time consuming and slow down the process of software development 
  • Sometime in complex flowchart other program might have a difficult time understanding the logic and the process of the flowchart
  • Difficult for modification
  • It is just visualization of program it cannot function like an actual program
  • As the flowchart symbols can't be type so that reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem

Advantages and disadvantages of tree topology

Tree topology is the combination of bus and star topology in a network device, this topology is best when a network is large and not for too small because of it is west of cable to use it. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of tree topology to know more details about it.

Advantages of tree topology :
  • Point-to-point wiring for individual segment
  • Error detection and correction is easy
  • Each device is connected to the central device through a dedicated link type 
  • Expansion of the network is possible and easy 
  • If one segment is damaged other segment are not be affected 
  • All computers have access to larger and also their immediate networks 
  • We can the whole network into a segment, which can be easily managed and maintained
  • Supported by several  hardware and software vendors
Disadvantages of tree topology :
  • This topology is more difficult to configure and wire than other types of topologies
  • In this topology, relies heavily on the main bus cable, if it breaks the whole network is crippled
  • It requires more cabling
  • If the backbone link breaks, the entire segment totally goes down
  • As more and more nodes and segments are needed, the maintenance becomes difficult
  • The overall length of each segment is limited by the types of cabling used
  • The scalability of the network depends on the types of cable used
  • Heavily traffic cause the network and be it too slow
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Advantages and disadvantages of floppy disk

A floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium for a computer system. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of a floppy disk.

Advantages of a floppy disk :
  • Floppy disks are Small and lightweight.
  • Easy to carry
  • Floppy disks are generally Cheap
  • Easy to transport and handle
  • Data on a floppy disk device can be write-protected from being changed accidentally
  • Floppy disk can be used to transfer data from one computer to another computer
  • Portable and inexpensive
  • Data on a floppy disk can be accessed randomly manner
  • Useful for transferring a small file
  • Security tab to stop data from being overwritten
Disadvantages of a floppy disk :
  • Easy to be damaged
  • The access time of floppy disks low
  • They have to handle more carefully
  • Floppies can be affected by heat
  • Small storage capacity
  • Also limited capacity
  • Many new computers don't have any floppy disk drive
  • Data can be erased if the disk comes into contact with a magnetic field side
  • Slow to access and retrieve data when compared to a hard-disk device

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Full form of PCM

What is the full form of PCM?

Answer :
  • Pulse Code Modulation

What does PCM mean?

PCM is a digital scheme for transmitting analog data and converted into digital form. The signal in PCM is that there are only two possible states, represented by logic 1 and logic 0 form. Using PCM is possible to digitized all form of analog data, including full-motion video, voice, etc.

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Advantages and disadvantages of FPGA

FPGA is one of the most popular logic circuit components and has revolutionized the way digital system are design. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of FPGA to know more details about it. 

Advantages of  FPGA :
  • Reconfigurable computing
  • Low cost
  • High density
  • High speed
  • A large amount of logic gate, register, RAM, routing resources
  • The manufacturing cycle is too much costly, lengthy and engages lots of manpower
  • It is easy to upgrade like in the case of software
  • Unique application
  • Flexible 
  • Reusable
  • Mistake not detected at design time have a large impact on development time and cost
  • Reconfigurable computing
Disadvantages of  FPGA :
  • Slower 
  • Size of dataset
  • Complexity
  • More expensive than custom silicon
  • No analog stuff
  • Can not get as much circuitry a single chip
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Advantages and disadvantages of sampling

Sampling is the method, it can be defined as the method or the techniques that consisting of the selection for the study of a so-called part the portion or sample. Here this article gives the information about the advantages and disadvantages of sampling to know more details about it.

Advantages of sampling :
  • Sampling reduces demands on 
  • It is very accurate
  • Simple random sampling
  • Economical in nature
  • Save time
  • Systematic sampling easy to use
  • Much cheaper
  • Take less time
  • Guaranty that population will be evenly sampled
  • Very reliable
  • Scientific in nature
  • Very suitable for carving out a different survey
  • The result is obtained more quickly
  • Sampling may lead to better accuracy collected data, a small sample allow more effort to be made to reduce non-sampling error and non-response bases
Disadvantages of sampling :
  • There is always sampling error
  • Untrained main power
  • A good sampling result is required experience and qualified person
  • Chances for bias
  • Sampling may create a feeling of discrimination within the population
  • Sampling may be inadvisable where every unit in the population is illegally required to have a record 
  • Problem of accuracy
  • Difficult of getting the representative sample
  • A sample may be a biased hidden periodicity in the population coincide with that of selection
  • An absence of the informants
  • Chances of committing the error in sampling
  • For rare event, small sample may not yield sufficient  cases for study

Advantage and disadvantages of frequency modulation

FM is nothing but frequency modulation in which when the frequency of carrier wave is chance in accordance with the message signal, the process is called frequency modulation. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of frequency modulation to know more details about it.

Advantages of frequency modulation :
  • No limit for the depth of modulation
  • Less prone to noise
  • Give high fidelity reception has more number of useful side-band are present for modulations
  • High efficient as all of the transmitted power is too much useful
  • Noise reduction
  • Does not require a linear amplifier in the transmitter
  • Enable greater efficiency than any other modes 
  • More efficient use of power
Disadvantages of frequency modulation :
  • FM transmitter and receiver are more complex as well as costly
  • Increases bandwidth
  • Use too much spectrum space
  • Sideband extend to infinity either side
  • Require more complicated demodulator
  • Use of a more complex circuit
  • FM reception is limited to line of sight. Hence less area is covered

Advantages and disadvantages of DC motor

Almost 70% of the machines used in industries nowadays are 3 phase induction motor. It works on the principle of the induction moto where the emf is induced into the rotor conductors when rotations magnetic field cuts the stationary rotor conductor. Here this article gives the advantages of induction motor compared to the DC motor and synchronous motors also gives some disadvantages of induction motor compared to other motor are listed below.

Advantages of induction motor:

  • It is a very cheap cost compare to the other motors.
  • This motor is a highly efficient motor. The efficiency of the induction motor is varying from 85 to 95%.
  • The maintenance of an induction motor is very less compared to the DC motor and synchronous motor.
  • The working of an induction motor is very simple and unique. 
  • The construction of an induction motor is robust and also sturdy.
  • In this motor, only the AC source requires to operate. It does not require DC excitation like the use of a synchronous motor.
  • In this motor, the speed variation from no load to rated load is very less.
  • The induction motor is famous for its durability. This makes it the ideal machine for many of the uses. This results in the motor run for many years with no cost and maintenance.
  • Due to the absence of brushes, there are no sparks in the motor. It can also be operated in hazardous conditions.
  • Unlike synchronous motors, a 3 phase induction motor has high starting torque, good speed regulation, and also reasonable overload capacity.

Disadvantages of induction motor:

  • The power factor of the motor is very low during light load conditions.
  • During light load conditions, it operates at a very low power factor. 
  • It has low efficiency.
  • Single-phase induction motor is not self-starting.  It requires some auxiliary for stating.
  • This motor cannot use in such applications where the uses of high starting torque is necessary like traction and lifting weight.
  • The change in the speed of the motor is very low loading different loading conditions, so the speed control of IM is difficult.
  • The speed of the motor is very low during different loading conditioned so, the speed control of the induction motor is difficult.
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Advantages and disadvantages of Amplitude modulation

AM stands for amplitude modulation in which amplitude of the RF carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude of modulating signal input. This article gives the information about the advantages and disadvantages of Amplitude modulation to know more details about it.

Advantages of Amplitude modulation :
  • An easier method for transmitting and receiving an audio signal
  • Require low carrier frequencies
  • AM can be demodulated using a circuit, consisting of very few components
  • Low cost
  • Simple with proven reliability
  • More area can be covered by a transmitter
  • Require simple cheaper transmitter and receive
Disadvantages of Amplitude modulation :
  • Suffer from large amount noise
  • This signal is not efficient terms of its power usage
  • Quality of audio signal is poor
  • The most natural and also a man-made radio noise is to the amplitude modulations type. The AM receiver does not have any mean to reject this kind of noise
  • Week AM signal has a low magnitude compared to a strong signal
  • Wastage of power as most of the transmitted power  are in the carrier component which  is double to audio frequency
  • Amplitude modulations require a bandwidth which is double to audio frequency
  • Low efficiency at the information is contained only in the sideband

Advantages and disadvantages of pulse code modulation

The PCM stands for pulse code modulation, in which the analog speech waveform is sampled and converted into a multi-bit digital code by an analog to digital converter. This article gives information about the pulse code modulation advantages and disadvantages of to know more details about it.

Advantages of pulse code modulation :
  • It has a higher noise immunity
  • It has a higher transmitter efficiency
  • Easily multiplexed
  • Efficient SCR as well as bandwidth trade-off
  • Uniform transmission quality
  • Low manufacturing cost
  • Integrated digital circuit
  • Ease add and drop
  • It has secure
  • Efficient codes are readily available
  • A signal may be stored and time-scaled efficiently
  • Useful for long-distance communication
  • Increase utilization of the existing circuit
  • Better noise performance than an analog system
  • In this modulation, the compatibility of different classes of traffic in the network
  • Good performance over a very poor transmission path
  • The PCM convenient for long-distance communication 
  • The effect of noise is further reduced due to the use of a repeater
  • Due to its digital nature, we can easily store PCM signals
  • we can use various kind of coding techniques so that only the desired person can decode the received signal

Disadvantages of pulse code modulation :
  • It requires large bandwidth as compared  to other method called an analog system
  • Overloaded appears when modulation signal change between sampling, by an amount greater than the size of the step
  • The difference between the original analog signal and the translated digital signal is called quantization error
  • Encoding, decoding and also have quantizing circuit of PCM is very complex
  • Noise and cross talk leave low but rise attenuation
  • In this modulation integrated digital network can only be realized by gradual extension of noise

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Advantages and disadvantages of pulse position modulation

PPM stands for pulse position modulation, in which a relative position of the pulse is propositional to an amplitude of the modulating signal. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of pulse position modulation

Advantages of pulse position modulation :
  • Signal and noise separation is very easy
  • PPM is a simple command from a transmitter to a receiver
  • Constant transmitted power output
  • This method is easy to separate out the signal from a noisy signal
  • Require very less power compare to pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and PDM because of short duration pulse
  • Due to constant pulse width and amplitudes
  • Highest power efficiency among all three types
  • In this modulation, the amplitude is held constant thus less noise interference
Disadvantages of pulse position modulation :
  • Require very large bandwidth compare to PAM
  • A system has highest in complexity to implement
  • Highly sensitive to multi-pathway interference
  • Both devices are synchronized or differential pulse position modulation (PPM)  is used

Advantages and disadvantages of pulse width modulation

PWM stands for pulse width modulation, It is a method used to control the output voltage of the converter by modulating the width of the pulse of the output waveform. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of pulse width modulation to know more details about it.

Advantages of pulse width modulation :
  • Cheap to make
  • Low power consumption
  • Efficiency up to 90 %
  • A signal can be separated very easily at demodulation and noise can be also separated easily 
  • High power handling capacity
  • Can utilize very high frequency
  • Little heat whilst working
  • Noise interference is less
  • Very energy efficient when used to convert the voltage or to his light bulb 
  • A system in moderate inefficiency among all three types
  • Synchronization between transmitter and receiver is not required unlike pulse position modulation (PPM)
  • Filter requirement is reduced
  • Amplitude and frequency can be controlled independently
  • Significance reduction in THD of load current

Disadvantages of pulse width modulation :
  • The complexity of the circuit
  • Voltage spikes
  • The system requires a semiconductor device with low turn ON and turn OFF times. Hence they are very expensive
  • Radiofrequency interference
  • Electromagnetic noise
  • Bandwidth should be large to use in communication
  • High switching loss due to the high PWM frequency
  • The instantaneous power of the transmitter is varies

Advantages and disadvantages of pulse amplitude modulation

PAM stands for pulse amplitude modulation in which amplitude of the pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. So here this article gives the information about the advantages and disadvantages of pulse amplitude modulation to know more details about it.

Advantages of pulse amplitude modulation :
  • Generation and detection is easy
  • This modulation is the base for all digital modulation techniques 
  • It is a simple process for both modulation and demodulation techniques
  • PAM can generate other pulse modulation signals and can carry the message or information at the same time
  • No complex circuity is required for both transmission and reception. 
  • Transmitter and receiver circuitry is simple and easy to construct
Disadvantages of pulse amplitude modulation :
  • Added noise cannot be removed easily  as it has an impact on amplitude which carries information
  • Noise will be great
  • It is difficult to remove noise, as this amplitude part which carries information
  • Noise interference is higher
  • Nyquist criteria have high bandwidth required
  • Transmission bandwidth is too large
  • Power required for transmission is more
  • Instantaneous power of transmitter varies

Advantages and disadvantages of FTP

FTP stands for file transfer protocol, it is a standard mechanism provided by the internet for copying a file from one host to another. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of FTP to know more details about it.

Advantages of  FTP  :
  • FTP is used to allows you to transfer multiple files as well as directories
  • Faster transfer then HTTP
  • Quick file transfer speed
  • Supported in almost all host
  • Most clients have a synchronizing utility
  • Many more FTP clients also have the ability to schedule a transfer
  • No size limitation on single transfers
  • Many clients have scripting capabilities through a command line
  • The ability to add items to a queue to be uploaded as well as downloaded
  • The ability to resume a transfer if the connection is  totally lost
  • FTP can also include automatic back up facility
Disadvantages of  FTP :
  • Usernames, password, and files are sent in clear text
  • Hard to script jobs
  • All provider aren't created equal
  • Encryption is not inherently offered or enforced by every provider
  • Servers can be spoofed to send data to a random port on an unintended computer side
  • Filtering active FTP connection is too  much difficulty on your local machine 
  • Easy for an inexperienced user to wipe out work
  • TLS 1.2 not always supported over https

Advantages and disadvantages of cluster sampling

A primary application is area sampling, where clusters are city block or other well-defined areas. Here this article gives information about the Advantages and disadvantages of cluster sampling to know more details about it.

Advantages of cluster sampling :
  • Sampling form is not required 
  • Simple
  • Chip and quick
  • Easy
  • Less travel 
  • Lower field cost
  • The close proximity of element can be cost-effective
  • Enable sampling of a group of an individual for which details on individuals themselves may not be available
  • Simple as a complete list of sampling unit within a population not required
  • This can be reduced travel and other administrative costs
  • In this sampling cut down on the cost of a preparing sampling frame
  • Less resource required
Disadvantages of cluster sampling :
  • Imprecise if unit within clusters are homogeneous
  • Lowest precision
  • The method generally requires a larger total sample size than simple or stratified random sampling
  • Cluster member may be more alike than those in other clusters
  • This needs to be taken into account into the sample size and in the analysis
  • Sampling error is too much higher for a simple random sample of the same size
  • Often used to evaluate vaccination coverage in EPI

Advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing

Cloud computing is the use of the internet for the task you perform on your computer device. The cloud represents the internet. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing to know more details about it.

Advantages of cloud computing :
  • Storage
  • Lower computer cost
  • Improve performance
  • Scalability
  • Mobility
  • Instant software update
  • Unlimited storage capacity
  • Device independence
  • Reduced software cost
  • Latest version availability
  • Cost efficiency
  • IT innovation
Disadvantages of cloud computing :
  • Control and reliability
  • Can be slow
  • Features might be limited
  • Does not work well with low-speed connection
  • Unpredictable cost
  • Compatibility
  • Require constant internet
  • Speed connection
  • Storage date might not be secure
  • Storage data can be lost
  • Contracts and look-ins

Advantages and disadvantages of android

Android is the most important Google service like Android operating system supports all of Google's services ranging from Gmail to Google Reader. All Google services can you have with one operating system, namely Android. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of Android to know more details about it. 

Learn details on all the pros and cons of the Android system.

Advantages or benefits of Android:
  • Android is totally open because it is a Linux based open source
  • Excellent software support
  • It gives you a better notification
  • It lets you choose your hardware, allowing you to select the device that best meets your requirements and interests.
  • It has a better app market
  • Frequent OS updates, Users may take advantage of the most recent features and upgrade faster than on other devices.
  • A more mature platform
  • Android type of phone can also function as a router to share internet
  • It will be more secure than the iPhone OS
  • All applications are treated equally
  • Easy to access the Android app in the market, You may enjoy a wide range of apps accessible on the Google Play Store, which can enhance your smartphone experience.
  • Can install and modify RAM
  • Android is often less costly compared to other smartphones.
  • An Android-based product will be cheaper than its propriety
  • Support all Google services.
  • While using an Android phone, all the notifications of apps, emails, messages, and low battery are displayed nicely.
  • With the google chrome, you can open many windows at once.
  • If you have a good phone you should be able to run numerous apps at the same time. While using Instagram or Facebook you may listen to music.
Disadvantages or Drawbacks of Android :
  • Need internet connection
  • Sometimes slow devices 
  • Wasteful battery
  • It requires to continued internet connection
  • Generally, power-hungry
  • Very unstable 
  • Android market is too much less control of the manager, sometimes there is malware
  • Externally in-consistence in design among apps
  • No standardization of application quality
  • Advertising facility disturb you
  • Difficult to modify
  • Many application contains a virus
  • Android has no standard strategy or upgrade path
  • Android application must be written in JAVA

IIR filter properties

IIR filter stands for infinite impulse response. In IIR filter design that are following criteria should be satisfied by designing a digital filter in the analog domain and transforming into the digital domain.
  • IIR filter sometimes unstable
  • IIR filter has difficult to design
  • Lower filter order then a corresponding FIR filter
  • Non zero pole exists in its transfer function
  • Usually, have nonlinear property
  • When phase distortion tolerable IIR usually favored
  • IIR filter has lower computational
  • IIR filter has less memory
  • Less parameter to achieve a sharp cut off filter

FIR filter basics

Digital filter is very important in digital signal processing. As mentioned in the introduction, the filter has basically two uses: separation and signal restoration. One of the most popular filters knows as FIR filter, whose impulse response is of the finite period, as a result of it settles to zero in finite time. FIR filter is the most popular kind of filters can execute in software and these filter can be continuous time, analog or digital and discrete time.

 What does FIR mean?

 FIR filter stands for finite impulse response filter, It is a digital filter used in digital signal processing application. FIR filter can be easily designed to be in the linear phase.

 In this filtering, if you put in an impulse, that is, a single "1" sample followed by many "0" samples, zeroes will come out after the "1" sample so has made its way through the delay line of the filter.

FIR filter is to simple to implement it is one type of advantages of FIR filters. One of the most digital signal processor the FIR calculation can be implemented, learn or done by looping a single instruction.

FIR filter sometimes has the disadvantages that they require more memory or calculation to achieve a given filter response characteristics.

 Compared to IIR filter, FIR filter offers the following advantages :
  • They are simple to implement, the FIR calculation can be done by looping a single instruction.
  • They have desireable numeric properties. IIR filter can cause significant problems due to the use of feedback, but FIR filters without feedback can usually be implemented using fewer bits, and the designer has a fewer practical problem to solve related to non-ideal arithmetic.
  • They can be implemented using fractional arithmetic.
  • They can be easily be designed to be linear phase. 
  • They are suited to multi-rate applications. 
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