LiFi applications

LiFi stands for Light Fidelity, LiFi uses the applications are varied as a result of its key features such as directional lighting, energy efficiency, intrinsic security, high data rate capability, integrated networking capability and also many more advantages of LiFi. Here this pose gives an introduction about how the LiFi technology applications used in a different area.  
The different type of main application of LiFi are listed below:

EMI sensitive environments

Li-Fi enabled lighting will allow high data rate connectivity for each and every passenger. This process will allow connectivity at all times without creating electromagnetic interference with sensitive radio equipment on the flight deck. 

Underwater communication

Radio waves are quickly absorbed in water, preventing underwater radio communication, but light can penetrate for large distances. Therefore LiFi can enable communication from driver to driver, driver to mini-sub, driver to drilling, etc.

Traffic light

LiFi can be used to provide drivers with traffic and also to be weather updates as they wait at the traffic for light. This also eliminates the problem of getting critical traffic updates to drivers who are already on the road.

The Military

Unlike WiFi, LiFi is confined to a small range. As light does not penetrate walls, data transmitted over LiFi can be limited to a small area such as a tent. This makes LiFi great for use by the military even in remote locations as the data can't be intercepted by the outside hackers. 

Augmented reality

This system will exhibit in museums and galleries that are illuminated with specific lighting. LiFi enabled lighting can provide localized information within the light. This means that visitors' cameras or mobile phones can be used to download further information regarding the object being viewed from the light that illuminates the exhibit.

Safety environments

In the explosion hazard environment, the use of electrical equipment, including mobile phones, is generally greatly restricted. The use of LiFi, will to the pass data simplify the configuration of data networks in such an environment and it can enable new systems to enhance security in these real environments.

Localized advertising

 By using shop display lighting as a LiFi broadcast channel used and, it is possible to transmit the advertising information on the goods being viewed, as well as say special offers and coupons. This will allow the merging of the high street and online shopping experience, and provide a novel retail business model to emerge. 

Sensitive data

 Hospitals are specific cases of an environment where both EMI sensitivity and security of data are issues. LiFi can enable the better deployment of secure networked on medical instruments, and patient records.

Indoor navigation

 Be identifying each light it is possible to provide a smart means of navigating through the urban environment. The identification of each code would of each code be linked to a specific location.

 Connectivity

 Our homes already have lighting widely installed. So the uses of the LiFi system enabled lighting will transform the various applications that can be envisaged, that not only the interconnection of devices, such as televisions computers and HiFi but also connecting ordinary domestic appliances, such as fridges, washing machines, vacuums.

Advantages and disadvantages of fuse

Fuse is the cheapest protection device in all over the electrical circuit against the short circuit overloading of the circuit. Fuse is used in low and moderate voltage applications where the frequency operations not expected or where the use of a circuit breaker is uneconomical. It is a basic metal wire or thin strip which has the property of a low melting point which is inserted into the electrical circuit as a protective device. The fuse will protect the machine or electrical equipment against excessive currents. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of fuse to better understand how to fuse is used in an electrical circuit.

Advantages of Fuse:

  • Fuses are the cheapest form of protection.
  • The fuse element change very easily.
  • The fuse needs zero maintenance.
  • It affords the current limiting effect under short circuit conditions.
  • Its operation is completely automatic and requires less time as compared to circuit breakers and no complexity is envolved
  • Most of the fuses are self-protecting and also they extinguishing the arc.
  • When we use the small size of the fuse element impose a current limiting effect under short circuit conditions.
  • Its inverse time-current characteristics enable its use for overload protection.
  • Fuse has the ability to interrupt enormous short circuits without producing noise, flame or smoke.
  • Easy to removable for replacement without any damage to coming into contact with a live part.
  • The operation time of fuse can be much smaller than the operation of the circuit breaker. It is the primary protection device, against the short circuits.

Disadvantages of fuse:

  • It is not suitable for overload, at that time fuse blow off replacing of fuse takes time. During this period of lost power.
  • The protection of fuse is not reliable.
  • Low breaking capacity.
  • Fuse is slow compared to circuit breakers. It is a slow speed.
  • Considerable time is required in replacing a fuse after the operations, while the circuit breaker can be used multiple times.
  • It can't bear a surge current in the case of motor starting.
  • Fuse has not protected the circuit against under-voltage.
  • The fusing elements of the fuse are exposed to air, hence it is oxidized. Therefore the resistance of the element is increased and produced heat when the current passing through it.
  • There is a possibility of renewal by the fuse wire of the wrong size.
  • The current time characteristics of a fuse cannot always be correlated with that of the protective device.
  • When fuses are connected in series it is difficult to discriminate against the fuse unless the fuse has a significant size difference.
  • Fuse does not respond to the high voltage it only cares about current flowing and is not likely to melt and save the house in case of a direct lightning strike.
  • Accurate calibration of fuse wire is impossible, as longer fuse operates earlier than one of shorter length.
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Advantages and disadvantages of GiFi

GiFi is the efficient technology than the other wireless technology like WiFi, WiMax in terms of speed for transferring the videos within a second, less power consumption, highly portable, small size and also simplicity. For that, within a few years, we expect that GiFi to be a dominant technology. Here this post gives some benefits or advantages and drawbacks or disadvantages of GiFi technology to better understand this topic.

Advantages of GiFi:

  • It offers a very high data rate at lower interference.
  • The device is very cost-effective.
  • This device consumes very low power.
  • The GiFi chip is very small in size. Hence devices are also available in small sizes.
  • The deployment of the GiFi network and devices does not take much time. This system is very fast and also easy to install the GiFi network. 
  • It supports both service level and link-level security and hence it offers more security.
  • In GiFi technology secure encryption technology used to ensures privacy and security content.
  • It is a high-speed data transfer.
  • This device is highly portable and high mobility.
  • The data transfer rate of GiFi is 5-gigabit per second which is higher than other technologies. 
  • GiFi gives simple connection, improve the consumer experience, Also it highly portable and be constructed everywhere.
  • GiFi provides multimegabit wireless technology that is 100 times faster than short-range wireless technology such as Bluetooth and WiFi.

Disadvantages of GiFi:

  • It supports a short distance of about 10 meters due to high attenuation.
  • When we have used this system, the GiFi signals are easily blocked by objects due to lesser operating wavelength.
  • It is less secure compared to the LiFi system. 
  • RTS/CTS signals are not used in GiFi technology, unlike WiFi standards.
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LiFi advantages and disadvantages

LiFi stands for Light fidelity, it is a type of wireless communication technology that uses infrared light, the visible light spectrum, or ultraviolet radiation to transmit the data. Here this page covers almost the all advantages or benefits and also some disadvantages or drawbacks of LiFi technology.

Advantages of LiFi technology:

  • LiFi is easy to install.
  • The data transfer rate for internet applications is higher.
  • It uses the optical spectrum, and hence avoids crowded RF spectrum.
  • The LiFi technology devices consume low power for operation and hence used in IoT applications.
  • There is a great amount of energy reduction in the lighting industry which uses LiFi based devices.
  • It provides a high amount of security as data communication in line of sight Moreover LiFi signal cover low region does not pass through the walls. This will avoid unwanted access to the LiFi signal by unauthorized persons.
  • It mostly powered by LEDs so it is cost-efficient
  • The transmission of data is fast and easy.
  • The speed of LiFi is very high, and we can watch the video without buffering.
  • Risk-free LiFi utilized light wave which is harmless.
  • As it operates on the optical band which is not harmful like the RF spectrum. Hence there are no health concerns in LiFi based system.
  • It's main advantages its bandwidth 10000 times than the radio waves.
  • LiFi could be used in certain places sensitive to electromagnetic areas, such as airplanes or hospitals causing interference.
  • LiFi technology would be quite cheap to implement. It would be enough to incorporate a modulator to the light and to include the necessary receiver in the devices.
  • It would not always necessary for the lights to be on at a level perceptible by the human being. Their intensity could be reduced so that they could continue to operate in a non-visible way.
  • LiFi is more secure because light cannot pass through the solid and opaque structures. LiFi internet is only available to the users within a room and cannot be breached by users in other rooms or buildings.

Disadvantages of LiFi technology:

  • The presence of light is essential.
  • There should be a line of sight.
  • It doesn't work in a dim area.
  • The Internet can be used only where the light of the source device is available. One can not watch games and videos on the internet in the dark during the night before sleeping on the bed.
  • Though the installation is a very simple LiFi system require while new infrastructure, This will add the cost of people or companies wanting to take LiFi internet service.
  • Work better with fluorescent light and LEDs but very low efficiency with bulbs.
  • It can not be used in an outdoor environment like an RF signal. This is because of interference caused by sunlight and other optical sources present today. Moreover, it can be interpreted by the unwanted people if used outdoors,
  • It is lowe power, in order to available for LiFi internet services, light needs to be kept On throughout day and night. As the internet is in need of the hour, this will waste energy more than any other internet system.
  • Because it uses visible light, and light cannot penetrate walls. The signal range is limited by physical barriers while in more, secure this is limited range can be a bit annoying.
  • The light beam does not have a long-range. However, as in the case of overcoming obstacles, sensors could help increase distances.
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Floppy disk benefits in computer

The main advantages of the floppy disk are that it is a removable device and also can be used to distribute the software on the computer and to transfer data from one computer to another or to back up the files from the hard disk. But compared to a hard disk over the floppy disk, the floppy disk is too much slower, offer a relatively small amount of storage and it can be easily damaged. Here this article gives some benefits of a floppy disk in the computer so that this post makes useful whenever you need the floppy disk in use of a computer.

Benefits in computer:


  • Basically, the floppy disk is small and lightweight.
  • Floopy disk can be used at any time.
  • It is so cheap.
  • In the computer, all kinds of data, private or public can be stored on the floppy disk.
  • Floppy disk is useful in transferring files between computers.
  • It can store private data more securely so that other users on a network cannot access it.
  • They have to write protection which protects your data from accidental deletion.
  • If you are still using one of the old computers then the floppy disk is your best option in terms of storage devices. Most of the modern storage devices are not compatible with old computers.
  • Floppy disk is that they are often compatible with older computers that may not accept other data storage devices.
  • Floopy disk drives are often set above the main hard drives in the boot order sequence. The boot sequence is the order in which the computer attempts to boot to an operating system. 

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LM339 pinout | Introduction | Pin Configuration | Features | Rating | Package | Advantages | Applications

Introduction to LM339:


LM339 is a voltage comparator IC from the LMx39x series and is manufactured by many industries. The devices consist of four independent voltage comparator that is designed to operate from a single power supply. Also, operation from dual supplies is possible, as long as the difference between the two supplies is between 2V to 36 V.

 Basically, LM339 is a comparator IC having four built-in compare, The main purpose of a comparator is to rotate the signal between analog and digital domains. At input terminals the compares the two different input voltage applied and gives digital output and it indicates the larger input applied at the input terminal.

 You should also read about other ICs of the same family(LM3xx) like:

LM35, LM311, LM335, LM337, LM338,  LM339, LM348, LM358,  LM386, LM393, LM7805 PINOUT, LM317 PINOUT, LM340 etc.

LM339 pin configuration:

  • Pin 1(OUT): It is an output pin of the first comparator.
  • Pin 2(OUT): It is an output pin of the second comparator.
  • Pin 3(VCC): It is a power supply comparator.
  • Pin 4(IN-): It is a negative input pin of the second comparator.
  • Pin 5(IN+):  It is a positive input pin of the second comparator.
  • Pin 6(IN-):  It is a negative input pin of the first comparator.
  • Pin 7(IN+): It is a positive input pin of the first comparator.
  • Pin 8(IN-):  It is a negative input pin of the third comparator.
  • Pin 9(IN+): It is a positive input pin of the third comparator.
  • Pin 10(IN-): It is a negative input pin of the fourth comparator.
  • Pin 11(IN+): It is a +ve input pin of the fourth comparator.
  • Pin 12(GND): It is a ground pin.
  • Pin 13(OUT): It is an output pin of the fourth comparator.
  • Pin 14(OUT): It is an output pin of the third comparator.
LM339 pin configuration


Features of  LM339 IC:

  • Four individually operated voltage comparators.
  • Single supply operation: +3V to +36V.
  • Dual supply operation: +18V to -18V.
  • Single supply operation: +3V to +36V.
  • Low input bias current: 25 nA.
  • Low input offset voltage.
  • Low input offset current: + or - 5.0 nA.
  • Input Common-Mode voltage range to GND.
  • TTL and CMOS are compatible.
  • Low output saturation voltage: 130mV 
  • ESD clamps on the input increase reliability without affecting device operation.
  • Pb-free, halogen-free/BER free and RoHS compliant.

LM339 rating:

  • The (Vcc) supply voltage is 36V.
  • The rating of  (VIDR) input voltage differential range is 30 volts.
  • The rating of (ISC) output short circuit to GND is continuous.
  • The rating of (VICMR) input common-mode voltage will range fro, -0.3 volts to Vcc.
  • The rating of  (TA) operating temperature is -25 °c to 85 °c.
  • The rating of  (PD) power dissipation is 1.
  • The rating of (TJ) junction temperature is 150 °c.

LM339 package:

  • For LM339DG, this package will be SOIC-14 (lead (Pb)  are free)
  • For LM339DR2G, this package will be SOIC-14 (lead (Pb) are free)
  • For LM339DTBR2G, this package will be TSSOP-14 (lead (Pb) are free)
  • For LM339NG, this package will be PDIP-14 (lead (Pb) free)

Advantages of the LM339 IC:

  • High precision comparator.
  • It reduced VOS drift over temperature.
  • Eliminates the need for dual supplies.
  • Allow sensing near GND. 
  • Compatible with all forms of logic.
  • Power drain suitable for battery operation.

LM339 Application:


LM339 has a wide range of real-life applications, we have to represent the major application of LM339 are listed below:
  • Oscillator
  • Voltage comparators
  • Peak detectors
  • Industrial
  • Automotive
  • Measuring instruments
  • Power supervision
  • Logic voltage translation
  • Measuring instruments
  • Translation
  • Driving CMOS
  • Low-frequency Op-amp
  • Transducer Amplifier
  • Zero crossing detector
  • Limit compactor
  • Crystal controlled oscillator
  • Negative reference comparator
  • Driving TTL

Batten wiring | Definition | Installation | Precautions | Materials | Advantages | Applications

Definition of batten wiring:


This is when a single wire or some group of wire is laid over a wooden batten. These wires are held to the batten for using a brass clip and spaced at an interval of 10 cm for horizontal runs and 15 cm for vertical runs.

 In this electrical wiring wooden batten wiring used. All the cable wiring is installed on the smooth batten steel clips and steels clip are installed on the surface of batten to equal to the wooden batten is installed on the wall with the help of a 1.5-inch screw. The batten available size 15,20,25,40 mm. Usually, PVC cable used for batten wiring. So you use proper wiring rules for how to used wires in-wall and put in an accessible junction box for the connected wires.

The procedure of batten wiring:


Group of single or double or three core cables is used to be laid on the straight teak wooden batten. The cable is held with the help of the tinned brass link clip or buckle clip. The brass pin is used to fix the buckle clip on the wooden batten. Buckle clips are a fixed brass pin on the wooden batten at an interval 10 cm for horizontal runs 15cm for vertical runs.


Installation of batten wiring:


First of all, the first step is to draw the straight lines with colored threads on the wall of the building. Always draw the lines to the height of 3m above the ground surface. In any condition, the distance cannot duce to this specified limit. After with the help of an electric drill, the machine makes the hole to the marked point on the wall. The distance between these holes is 30 cm or 60 cm and all the holes are made on the equal distance to each other rawal plugs are inserted in holes. Cut the batten with the help of wood saw to the required length. Now connect the steel clip with nails on the surface of the batten to an equal distance. Batten is installing on the walls of the building. 1.5-inch screws are used to installations of batten on the walls. Installation to the cable on batten and tight the clips. All the switches, sockets, lamps, ceiling rose, the main switch is installed on wooden round rocks. In the last whole wiring tested with a megger.


Precautions of Batten wiring:


  • Always installed the batten to the hight of 5 above the ground.
  • Use bridge joint when crossing of cables is required.
  • Always varnish the batten before installation.
For detailed information:


The material used in batten wiring:

  • CTS or TRS cable
  • Stright teak wooden batten
  • Brass pins
  • Screw
  • Batten 
  • Wooden round block
  • Colour 
  • Nail
  • Kit kat
  • Socket
  • Thread
  • Steel clip
  • Lamp holder
  • Conduit pipe
  • Switchboard
  • ceiling rose
  • Main switch
  • Raw at plugs
  • Switch
  • Tinned brass link clip

Tools used in batten wiring:

  • Knife
  • Hammer
  • Chisel
  • Stair
  • Phase tester
  • Side driver
  • Drill machine
  • Measuring tape
  • Wood saw
  • Combinational plier
  • Side cutter

Advantages of batten wiring:

  • This is a simple wiring system.
  • Batten wiring system is a better long life.
  • Durable and have good strength.
  • The chance of leakage current is very rare.
  • It looks very beautiful.
  • Wiring installation is easy and simple.

Disadvantages of Batten wiring:

  • The risk of fire is possible.
  • After maintenance of the beauty of this wiring system is nor maintain. 
  • It is installed only for 220V.
  • The risk of mechanical injury is possible.
For detailed information:


You will also learn some other electrical wiring system:

How do hard disk and floppy disk differ?

In the floppy disk, the data is recorded in the form of magnetic dots on spots on tracks while in hard disk the data is stored as magnetic spots on tracks that concentric circles on the surface of disks but both of having the same technology. There are have some similarities like that both use magnetism to store and read the data. They also have both use a spinning platter read by a horizontally moving read head. Here this post gives information about how do hard disk and floppy disk differ?

Some key points to differentiate between them.

  • First most important that hard disk is faster while floppies are very slow in comparison to the hard disk.
  • The hard disk is huge in capacity but in floppy disk have very low capacity.
  • Storage disk in hard is made of metal material while in the floppy disk are made of plastic.
  • The life span of the hard disk is very long in comparison to floppies.
  • Hard disks are sealed units. They can survive dust or moisture while floppies can not.
  • A hard disk can have multiple platters inside it while floppies can have one only.
  • All the parts of the hard disk are enclosed in a single unit. Just plug and play. Floppies need the drive to run them. You can call it a floppy disk drive or reader too.
  • A hard disk can have multiple platters inside it while floppies can have one only.
  • All the parts of a hard disk are enclosed in a single unit. Just plug and play. Floppies need the drive to run them. You can call it a floppy disk drive or reader too.
  • You will not find floppies anywhere nowadays. They are obsolete. Hard disks are in use and survived the times bravely and gracefully. Still holding the front.

Differentiate between Floppy Disk and Hard Disk

As we know that, the hard disk is a mechanical drive with multiple disks capable of storing 8  Terabytes if not more worth of data. The disk drive is capable of reaching read and write speeds of 300 MB/s. While in the floppy disk is a small plastic storage device typically capable of no more than 1.44Megabytes or storage. It is also now rather outdated thanks to the advancement in today's technologies. Generally, the floppy disk is capable of reaching 250-300 bit/s read/write speed. The hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store computer data while diskette is random access, a removable data storage medium that can be used with personal computers. Based on the respective working conditions advantages of floppy disk and advantages of a hard disk are different also have some advantages of Hard disk over floppy disk and limitations of the hard disk over the floppy disk. Here some difference between floppy disk vs hard disk to better understand this topic.

The main key difference between the floppy disk and hard disk are given below:

  • The hard disk is a circular piece of mylar or plastic-like material coated with iron oxide while the hard is a stack of few thin metal plates, usually coated, usually coated on both sides with magnetized material.
  • Hard disk has much more storage capacity than a floppy disk.
  • Slower access time while hard disk has faster access time.
  • In the floppy disk, the data is recorded in the form of magnetic dots on spots on tracks while in hard disk the data is stored as magnetic spots on tracks that concentric circles on the surface of disks.
  • The hard disk is the flexible disk is housed in a plastic jacket but in hard disk is flexible is housed in a metal jacket.
  • While use floppy disk the flexible disk is housed in a plastic jacket, hard disk is often called a fixed disk.
  • Floppy disk holds less data that is 1.1.4 MB, hard disks hold more data that is several GBs.
  • Floppy disk drive only begins rotating when they are required to read or write data, but in hard disk drive spin continuously. They start rotating when a computer is switched on.
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Give two limitations of hard disk over floppy disk

Here there some limitations of the hard disk over floppy disk:

  • Data become less secure if left on the hard disk.
  • The hard disk is not a portable expect removable hard disk, which is usually more expensive.
  • The hard disk drive cost much higher than floppy disk drives.
  • In a hard disk, Head crash may occur due to extreme shock or contaminants 
  • The floppy disk is transportable while the hard disk is not transportable.
  • Hard disks are sealed units. They are tens to noise than a floppy disk drive, They can survive dust and moisture. Floppies can not. 
  • Floppy can have only one plater inside it while in the hard disk can have multiple platters.
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Advantages of hard disk over floppy disk

The hard disk is a magnetic disk o which you can store computer data while diskette is random access, removable data storage medium that ca e used with personal computers. Based on the respective working conditions advantages of floppy disk and advantages of a hard disk are different. So, here this topic gives some advantages of the hard disk over the floppy disk to better understand this topic. 

Advantages of the hard disk over floppy disk:

  • The hard disk provides far larger storage capacities and much faster access time than floppy disks.
  • The hard disk is cheaper than the floppy disk per megabyte.
  • The hard disk is usually more reliable than a floppy disk.
  • The hard disk is more durable compared to a floppy disk.
  • hard disk store more data compared to a floppy disk.
  • The hard disk is universal while floppy disk drive can only be used on obsolete machines.
  • Access time is faster for hard disk than a floppy disk. the access time is 25 to msec while in floppy disk more than 100 msec.
  • Hard disk holds more data.
  • The life span of the hard disk is very long in comparison to floppies.
  • The hard disk is faster than other diskettes.
  • Nowadays you will not find floppies anywhere. There are some obsolete. Hard disk are used and survived the time bravely and gracefully. Still holding the front.
  • Hard disk load and store data more quickly compared to a floppy disk.
  • The storage system of the hard disk is available at varying storage capacity options.

Why use cleat wiring

These wires can be weatherproof. Simple wiring laying is done in this scheme of wiring. In the present day, this kind of wiring scheme is not recommended for a house or building. Only in a temporary army campus or some festivals like marriage. Cleat wiring system now rarely being used these days. This type of wiring can be very easily installed and materials can be recovered for further use and also have some advantages so this reason now a days it will be used. Here there is some reason why cleat wiring is used?

  • All the cables are in open-air therefore fault is very easily found and replaced it very quickly.
  • It is easy to fault detection.
  • Alternation and addition are easy.
  • Material is recoverable after the dismantlement.
  • The whole wiring is replaced for a short period of time and material of wiring is used in another place if we want.
  • Installation and dismantlement are easy and quick.

What is cleat wiring | Definition | Installation | Precautions | Materials | Advantages | Applications

Definition of cleat wiring: 


Cleat wiring is one of the cheapest wiring systems considering the initial cost and labor and it is most suitable for a temporary electrical wiring system. This wiring system is quickly installed, easily inspected and altered. In this type of wiring VIR or PVC insulated wire is used as a conductor.

 This wiring system, All the cables are in open-air therefore fault is very easily found and replaced it very quickly and It is easy to fault detection. So nowadays cleat wiring used in most of the army Campus or festivals like marriage. 


Installation of cleat wiring:


Cleat wiring is recommended only for temporary installment. The cleat is made in pairs having a bottom and top halves. So in the bottom, half is grooved to receive the wire and the top half is for cable grip. initially, the bottom and top cleat are fixed on the wall loosely according to the layout. Then the cable is drawn, tensioned and the cleat is tightened by the screw. The cleat is of the basic three types, having one, two or three grooves, so as to receive one, two or maximum three wires. 

This wiring system is installing in a vertical or horizontal system. In this wiring system, The fault is easily replaced very easily because all the cable is open. When one circuit is the cable is passing through another circuit or cable in the cleat wiring system then insulators are used on lower cables for safety purposes. At the turning point in cleat wiring, a special type of cleat is used. The distance between the two-cleat is kept approximately 0.5 meters, 18 inches, or 45 cm and the distance between cables and wall is approximately 1.5 cm. The distance between two cable is 4 to 7 cm according to their current rating. The cleat wiring is used in most of the industry of high capacity current cables. The distance between earth and cable is approximately 2.5 to 3 cm, therefore at switches and junction boxes, the earthing points are marked. 

The cable is entered in junction box through holes and always one cable is passing through one hole. When the cable is passing through the walls or roofs then porcelain tubes or metal pipes are commonly used. The life period of this wiring is 3 months minimum and arid a maximum of 10 to 15 years.

Cleat wiring
 Cleat wiring

Some precautions of cleat wiring:

  • Cleat wiring is not suitable for those place where smoke, steam, dust, and risk mechanical injury is present.
  • The cable is lying straight in cleats.
  • Do not install this wiring in as specially for stores and flammable places.
  • The cap is not tightly screwed on the base because of cable is damaged and not as loosely screw that as a result, the cable is producing sag.
  • If the cable is passing through under the water pipes, wall or roofs then cables are always passing through met conduits.
  • Switches, sockets, cut out, ceiling rose and lamp holders are always installed on round wooden blocks.
  • The distance between branch circuits for single-phase supply is not less than 2.5 cm and for sub-main 4cm minimum.
  • Always use the wooden bushing on each end of the conduit circuit.

For detailed information 

Read more >> Precautions of cleat wiring 

Materials used in cleat wiring: 

  • PVC or VIR cable
  • Single way switches
  • Wooden round block
  • Insulation tap
  • Junction box
  • Rawal plug
  • Main switch
  • Lamp holder 
  • Ceiling range
  • Cleat
  • Colour
  • Fuse
  • Thread
  • Bushing
  • Socket
  • Screws 2.5"

Tools used in cleat wiring:

  • Knife
  • Stair
  • Hammer
  • Chisel
  • Wood saw
  • Phase tester
  • Measuring tape
  • Combinational plier
  • Electric drill machine
  • Screwdriver
  • Side cutter

Advantages of cleat wiring: 

  • It is easy to fault detection.
  • It is easy to repair.
  • This is the temporary wiring system.
  • It is the cheapest for internal wiring.

Disadvantages of cleat wiring:

  • It has a bad appearance.
  • It is not looking good.
  • This wiring system is not safe and durable.
  • It is a chance to shock or fire.
  • It is not a sustainable wiring system.
  • It is used only low-temperature places.

For detailed information 

 Read more >> Advantages and disadvantages of cleat wiring

Applications of cleat wiring: 

  • Industry
  • Army campus
  • In marriage function for different types of wiring

 Some other electrical wiring system:

 1. Casing capping wiring
2. Concealed conduit wiring
3. Batten wiring

We hope that you have got a better understanding of this concept. Furthermore, any quires regarding this concept or some electrical and electronics projects give your feedback in the comment section below.

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