Difference between force and pressure

There can be a major difference between force and pressure is that, even though both are physics entities. In oreder to understand the difference, we need to definition and application. Force is the push and pulls action resulting in the change of motion and direction whereas pressure is the physical force per unit areas.

Definition:

Force: Force is any kind of push or pulls resulting from the interaction of two bodies, that can cause the object to accelerate.
Pressure: Pressure is a force to extend over an area, acted upon something in the direction perpendicular to its surface.

The main key difference between force and pressure have given below:

  • Force is the push and pulls action resulting in acceleration of the project, Pressure acting upon a certain area, and acted upon something perpendicular to its surface.
  • Forced measured in units called newtons, the Pressure measurement unit is the pascal.
  • Force has both magnitude and direction, Pressure has magnitude but no direction.
  • Force is an instrument of measurement is a dynamometer, Pressure is an instrument of measurement is a manometer.
  • Force can be acted upon on the face, sides, edges, or vertices of the object, Pressure only acts on the surface or face of the object.
  • Force is a vector quantity which means it also has direction, Pressure is a scalar quantity which means it does not have direction.
  • The velocity of the object can be changed with the application of force in one direction, Pressure on the object won't change the direction of the object.
  • Force has subcategories like normal, gravity and applied forces, Pressure has no subcategories.
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Difference between energy and power

Definition:
Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy is power integrated over time.
Power: Power is the rate at which work is done or must be energy is transmitted.

Here this post gives the difference between energy and power to better understand this topic.

The main key difference between energy and power are listed below:
  • Energy can be defined as the capacity of the object to perform work, while power implies the rate at which work is done upon an object.
  • Energy indicates how much work a person can do? Whereas power represents how quickly work can be done?
  • Energy is indicated by W, while power is indicated by P.
  • Energy is neither generated not destroyed it is only turned from to another on the contrary power cannot be transformed from one form to another.
  • Energy can be measured in terms of joules which is equal to watt seconds as power is expressed in terms of watt which is equal joules per second.
  • Conversion of energy is possible to power cannot be stored.
  • Energy is time quantity or component while power is an instantaneous quantity.
  • Various type of energy like kinetic, thermal, sound, electromagnetic, elastic, light, etc while a different type of power like electric power, human power, optical power, etc.
  • Energy is known to be stored which can be used in the future, Power quantity is not suitable or cannot be stored.
  • Energy is used in moving car, heating home, flying an airplane, lighting night, etc, Power finds its uses in mechanical applications, electrical applications, heat applications, etc.
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Difference between work and power

Work and power are two very important concepts discussed in mechanics. Work describes the amount of energy transferred, while power describes the rate of energy transfer. Both of these concepts are very important in fields such as engineering, Thermodynamics, physics, and even every human biology. Here this post gives the discussion of what work and power are, their similarities, applications and the most important difference between them.

The main key difference between work and power are listed below:
  • Work is measured in joule whereas power is measured in Watt.
  • Both are a scalar quantity.
  • Power is used more often than work.
  • Power is the rate at which work is being to be done.
  • Work represents the amount of energy transferred when doing something, power represents how fast the energy was transferred.
  • The equation of calculating work is work = force * displacement, The equation to calculate power is power = Work/ time.
  • An object can have for the power without doing work. If the object does any work the value of the power cannot be zero.
  • Work can also be measured in units like electrons volt(eV), kWh, MWh, and GWh, Energy is also measured in units like kW, MW, and GW.
You may also learn about this topic:
  1. Difference between energy and power
  2. Difference between force and pressure
  3. Difference between speed and velocity
  4. Difference between Gravitation and Gravity

Difference between diode and rectifier

The diode and rectifier both semiconductor device but are used in different application due to their different functioning. A diode is a device that allows the flow of current in one direction only while in rectifier is a diode that is able to convert the current from AC to DC. Here this post gives the difference between diode and rectifier to better understand this topic.

Definition:

Diode: A diode is a semiconductor device which conducts when it is forward biased and becomes open circuit when it is reversed biased.
Rectifier: Rectifier is a circuit which consists of a diode, step down transformer and filter circuit which collectively converts AC into pulsating DC.

The main key difference between diode and semiconductor are listed below:
  • The diode is a semiconductor device but a single element or entity in an electronics circuit, While in rectifier itself is an electronics circuit which consists of several elements as its components among which diode holds a crucial place.
  • A diode is a device that allows the flow of current in one direction only, a rectifier is a diode that able to convert from AC to DC.
  • A diode is a semiconductor device which conducts uni-directionally and acts as a switch, while the rectifier is the semiconductor device which converts alternating current into pulsating direct current.
  • Current carrying capability of the diode in low, while rectifier has higher current capability than the conventional diode.
  • Diode example like tunnel diode, PIN diode, Photodiode, Zener diode, etc while the rectifier is basically divided into two categories that are single phase and 3 phase rectifier and single phase is also further subdivided into half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier.
  • A diode is used in switches, clippers and clampers, etc while the rectifier is used in computers, battery, chargers, modulators, demodulators, DC motors, etc.
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Difference between conductor and semiconductor

Basically. semiconductor and conductor are mainly used in different types of electrical and electronics components. The main comparison between conductor semiconductor can be aspects like conductivity variation, electrical resistivity, temperature coefficient, energy bands and current carriers are represented below difference from.

The main key difference between conductor and semiconductor are listed below:
  • The resistivity of the conductor is low, whereas semiconductor is moderate.
  • The temperature coefficient of a conductor is positive, whereas semiconductor has constant.
  • The conductivity of the conductor is high, whereas semiconductor is moderate.
  • The conductor has a large number of electrons for transmission, whereas semiconductor has a very limited number of electrons for transmission.
  • The conductor doesn't have forbidden gap while semiconductor has forbidden gap.
  • The amount of current carrier at the usual temperature in the conductor is very high whereas semiconductor it is low.
  • The resistivity value of the conductor is less than 10-5 ohms meters so it is negligible whereas semiconductor has among the values of conductors and insulator.
  • The valence electrons are a conductor is one in the outer most shell, but in semiconductor, it is four.
  • The 0-kelvin behavior of conductor acts as a superconductor whereas in semiconductor acts as an insulator.
  • The flow of current in a conductor is due to free electrons whereas in semiconductor due to holes as well as free electrons.
  •  The formation of the conductor can be done by metallic bonding whereas in semiconductor it can be formed by covalent bonding.
  • The band overlap in a conductor in both the valence and conduction bands are overlapped whereas in semiconductor both bands are divided with an energy space of 1.1 eV.
  • The main example of a conductor is copper, silver, mercury, and aluminum whereas semiconductor examples are silicon and germanium.
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Difference between conductor and insulator

One of the major difference between the conductor and insulator is that the conductor allows the energy to pass through it, whereas the insulator does not allow the energy to pass through it. Here this article gives information about the difference between conductor and insulator to better understand this topic.

Definition:

Conductor: Conductor is a material which permits the electric current or heat to pass through it.
Insulator: Insulator was restricted the electric current or heat to pass through it.


Difference between conductor and insulator
Difference between conductor and insulator

The main key difference between conductor and insulator are listed below:
  • In the electric field,  the conductor exists on the surface but remain zero inside the conductor, Insulator does not exist on insulator.
  • Potential remains same at all the point on the conductor, insulator potential remains zero.
  • In magnetic field conductor store the energy, while insulator, not stores energy.
  • In conductor thermal conductivity is high,  while using insulator thermal conductivity is low.
  • Conductivity remains very high while using the conductor compared to the insulator.
  • A covalent bond is weak, while the insulator covalent bond is strong.
  • Resistance is very low in conductor compared to the insulator,
  • Electrons freely move in a conductor, while insulator electrons do not move freely.
  • Resistivity is varied from high to low while using insulator resistivity is high.
  • Temperature coefficient of the conductor is a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, while the insulator negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
  • There is no forbidden gap in conductor but in insulator large forbidden gap.
  • Valence band remains empty in conductor but insulator must be full of an electron in the valence band.
  • Conduction band in conductor full of electrons, while insulator conduction band remain empty.
  • Examples of a conductor are irons, aluminium, copper, and silver, while insulator rubber, wood, paper etc.
  • Application of conductor for making electrical wires and conductor, while insulator as insulation in electrical cable or conductor for supporting electrical equipment etc.

RTD vs thermocouple

RTD sensor measure temperature based on the resistance changes in a metal resistor inside while in thermocouple uses two metal wires to produce a voltage relative to the temperature present junction between them. Here the post gives information about the difference between RTD and thermocouple to better understand this topic.

The main key difference between RTD and thermocouple are listed below:
  • RTD accuracy 0.1 to 1 °C and thermocouple accuracy 0.5 to 5 °C.
  • Long term stability of RTD has 0.05 °C/ year while thermocouple has variable.
  • Thermocouple has linear while RTD has fairly linear.
  • RTD has rarely susceptible, but thermocouple has susceptible.
  • RTD has generally slow response time(1 to 50 s) while thermocouple has generally fast response time ( 0.01 to 10 s).
  • Temperature range is around 200 to 650 °C while thermocouple is around 200 to 1750 C°
  • RTD has a high cost, thermocouple has a low cost.
  • RTDs are superior to a thermocouple in that there are more accurate and more repeatable.
  • RTD has constant voltage and current while thermocouple has self-power.
  • RTD produce better and more reliable measurement while thermocouple is cheap, more durable and can measure a bigger range of temperature.

Difference between positive and negative feedback

The main key difference between positive and negative feedback loop is that the positive feedback loop amplifies the initiating stimulus moving the system away from its equilibrium whereas the negative feedback loop counteracts the change of the system, maintaining them in a set point. This post gives information about the difference between positive and negative feedback to better understand this topic.

  • Positive feedback is a less frequent mechanism, negative feedback is the more frequent mechanism.
  • Positive feedback is a wide range, negative feedback is narrower range.
  • Positive feedback is less associated with stability, negative feedback is closely associated with stability.
  • The overall phase shift of positive feedback is 0 or 360 degrees while negative feedback overall phase shifts 180 degrees. 
  • Overall gain is increased while using positive feedback, overall gain decreases while using negative feedback.
  • Positive feedback may be enhanced change, negative feedback resists change.
  • Positive feedback exhibits a positive correlation between stimulus product or process, negative feedback exhibits a negative correlation between stimulus and product or process.
  • Positive feedback may be associated with vicious cycles and even death, while negative feedback most often associated with restoring homeostasis.
  • Positive feedback may require external interruption, whereas negative feedback does not require external interruption.
  • while using Positive feedback input and output signal even noise change when increases due to feedback but in negative feedback input and output chances decreases due to feedback.
  • Positive feedback use as an oscillator, negative feedback use as an amplifier.

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Difference between flip flop and latch

Both of flipflop and latch are a circuit wherein the output not only depends on the current inputs but also depends on the previous input and output. The main key difference between flipflop and latch is that a flipflop has a clock signal, whereas a latch does not have a clock signal.

Definition:

Flipflop: A flip-flop can be built with a NOR gate or NAND gate. therefore a flip-flop consists of 2 input 2 output and set and also a reset. This kind of flipflop is named like SR-FF. these are mainly used to store the binary data. A flipflop will have an extra CLK signal to make it work in a different way when contrasted with a latch. 
Latch: The working of the latch is asynchronous which means that the output produced fro latch will depend on the input, nowadays most of the personal computers are synchronous. The sequential circuit which is used in PC is competent of modifying concurrently by a global CLK signal.

The main key difference between flipflop and latch are given below:
  • The flip flop is very slow, Lathes are very fast.
  • A flip-flop contains a clock signal, A latch doesn't contain any clock signal.
  • Flipflop is designed with latches by adding an extra clock signal, while in latches is built with logic gates. 
  • The FFs are classified into different types such as D-type, SR-type, T-type, and JK-type while latches are classified into different types such as D-type, SR-type, T-type, and JK-type.
  • Nowadays flip flops are easy to transparent storage elements and little more superior nontransparent devices are used as flip-flops, whereas in latch are electronic device is a more bistable multivibrator and it has 2 stable states used to store one bit of data.
  • Flip flop consumes more power, Latche consumes less power.
  • FF is designed with latches by adding an extra clock signal, the structure of latch is built with logic gates,
  • Flipflop can be clock all time, Latch may be clockless or clock.
  • A flipflop considers CLK to Q, set up, and hold time are essential while the latch is transparent considers a D-Q propagation delay.
  • The flipflop is also responsive toward the CLK signal, moreover, the output will not vary until a modify takes place within the input CLK signal, A latch is responsive toward the input switch and also competent in transmitting the information as extended when the switch is ON.
  • Flipflops are protected toward faults, Latches are responsive toward faults on enable pin.
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What is thermistor

Theory of thermistor:

Michael Faraday, the English scientist first discovered the concept of thermistor in 1833 while reporting on the semiconductor behaviour of silver sulfide. Through his research, he noticed that the silver sulfides resistance decreased as the temperature increased. This discovery would later lead to the commercial production of the thermistors in 1930 when Samuel Ruben invented the first commercial thermistor. Since then technology has improved paving the road to improved manufacturing processes along with the availability of higher quality material.


 Definition:

A thermistor is defined as a kind of resistor whose electrical resistance depends on varies with the changes in temperature. A thermistor is a temperature sensitive device. Basically, the thermistor is made of semiconductor materials that mean their resistance lies between the conductor and the insulator.


 Thermistor symbol:

The variation in the thermistor resistance shows that either conduction or maybe power dissipation occurs in the thermistor. The circuit diagram of thermistor uses the rectangular block which has a diagonal line on it.
thermistor symbol
Thermistor symbol
Types of  Thermistor:

The thermistor is classified into two types of based on how they behave with the change in temperature

  • Negative temperature coefficient temperature thermistor (NTC)
  • Positive temperature coefficient  temperature thermistor (PTC)
So now let us discuss these two types of the thermistor to better understand this topic:

Negative temperature coefficient thermistor (NTC): 

 In this type of thermistor the temperature increases with the decrease of the resistance. The resistance of the negative temperature coefficient thermistor is very large due to which it detects the small variation in the temperature.

Positive temperature coefficient thermistor (PTC): 

 The resistance of the thermistor increases with the increases in the temperature. 

Application for NTC and PTC thermistor include:
  • Temperature compensation 
  • Temperature control
  • Temperature measurement
  • Inrush current limiting

Benefits of NTC and PTC thermistors:

 NTC thermistor is basically rugged, stable, reliable and equipped more than other types of temperature sensors to handle extreme environmental conditions and noise immunity.
  • Compact size
  • Fast response time
  • Cost efficient
  • This thermistor was the ability to obtain a specific resistance at a particular temperature
Advantages and Disadvantages of thermistor:

 Advantages of thermistor:
  • It is a small size
  • Easy to use
  • They are fast in operation
  • It has good sensitivity in NTC region
  • Fast response over the narrow temperature range
  • Cost is low
  • Very responsive to changes in temperature
  • High accurate
  • Repeatable
  • Options for customization
  • Easily interfaced to electronics instrumentation

 Disadvantages of thermistor:
  • Thermistor need for shielding power lines
  • Extremely non-linear
  • Passive
  • More fragile as they are semiconductor devices
  • Susceptible to self-heating errors
  • The excitation for large temperature range
For detailed information:
Read  more >> Advantages and disadvantages of a thermistor

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Application of Thermistor:
  • It is used in automatic temperature controllers
  • It is widely used in temperature measurement
  • The thermistor measures the thermal conductivity
  • It is also used for biasing and compensating circuit of a transistor
  • In electronics circuit used for the temperature compensation
  • A thermistor is used in the control devices actuated by temperature
  • It is used the measurement of flow
  • It is used for the measurement of high-frequency power
  • It measures the composition of gases
  • It is used to measures the vacuum and provides the time delays
  • The thermistor measures the pressure of a liquid
  • Used for the thermal relay circuits and time delay circuit
  • It is used in the control devices actuated by temperature

What is thermocouple

History of thermocouple:

Thomas Johann Seebeck accidentally discovered the thermocouple in the year of 1821. He was experimentally determined that a voltage exists between the two ends of a conductor when the conductor's end is at different temperatures

Meaning of thermocouple:

The thermocouple is basically a temperature measuring device.  The thermocouple is used for measuring the temperature at one particular point. It issued to measure the temperature at one specific point or in the form of the EMF or in an electric current. The temperature can be measured at this junction and the change in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltage.

So the thermocouple is comprised of at least two metals joined together to form two junctions. One is connected to the body whose temperature is to be measured this is the hot or measuring junction and the other junction is connected to a body known as temperature. This is the cold or reference junction.  So, therefore, the thermocouple measures the unknown temperature of the body with reference to the known temperature of the other body.

Working principle of thermocouple:
  • See back effect: This type of effect occurs among two different metals. When the heat offers to any one of the wire, the electrons start flowing from hot metal to cold metal wire. Therefore the direct current induces in the circuit. In short this phenomenon in which the temperature difference between the two different metal induces the potential difference between them. The see back effect produces small voltage for per kelvin of temperature.
  • Peltier effect: This effect totally opposite to see back effect. This effect state that the difference of the temperature can be created between any two dissimilar conductors by applying the potential difference or variation between them. 
  • Thompson effect: This effect states that when two disparate metal fixed and join together and if they create two joints then the voltage induces the entire length of the conductor because of the temperature gradient. The temperature gradient is a physical term which shows the direction and rate of change of temperature at a particular location.

Construction of thermocouple:

  • Ungrounded junction: In this type of junction, the conductor is entirely isolated from the protecting cover. So this one can be used in high-pressure application work. The major benefits of using such type of junction are that it decreases the stray magnetic field effect.
  • Grounded junction: In this type of junction the metal wires and protective cover are welded together. The grounded junction use for measuring the temperature in the acidic atmosphere and provides resistance to the noise.
  • Exposed junction: The exposed junction is applicable in the area where fast response requires. This type of junction is used for measuring the temperature of the gas. The metal used to make the thermocouple basically depends on the calculating range of temperature.
Thermocouple junction
Thermocouple junction

Working of thermocouple:

The circuit of the thermocouple is shown in the figure given below. The circuit consists of two dissimilar metals. These metals are joined together in such a manner that they are creating two junctions. The metal is bonded to the junction through welding

Let shown that in figure P and Q are two junctions of the thermocouple. The T1 and T2  are the temperatures at the junctions. As the temperature of the junction is different from each other, the EMF generated in the circuit 

If the temperature at the junction becomes equal, the equal and opposite EMF  generate in the circuit, and the zero current flows through it. If the temperature of the junction becomes unequal, the potential difference induces the circuit. The total current flowing through the circuit is measured through the measuring devices

Iron constant thermocouple
Iron constant thermocouple

The electromagnetic force induced in the circuit is calculated by the following equation
E = a (Δ𝛉) + b (Δ𝛉 ) 2
Where  Δ𝛉  is the temperature difference among the hot thermocouple junction end as well as the reference thermocouple junction end and here a and b are constant.  
Advantages  and disadvantages of thermocouple:

 Advantages or benefits of thermocouple:
  • Fast response time
  • They are a simple construction
  • Low initial cost
  • Durable
  • Not required bridge circuit
  • Good accuracy
  • Does not required bridge circuit
  • Good reproducibility
  • High-speed response
  • They are rugged
  • They are a self-power active device
Disadvantages  or drawback of thermocouple:
  • Not as stable as RTD
  • Recalibration is difficult
  • More susceptible to RFI/EMI
  • Less sensitivity
  • They require a reference for operation
    The stray voltage pick up is possible
For detailed information :

 You have also read:
1. RTD - Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Thermistor - Advantages and Disadvantages

Thermocouple applications:
  • These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame
  • These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants
  • These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and low-temperature application
  • These are used for a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling
  • These are used for medical equipment
  • It can be used for packing equipment
  • It can be used as Diesel engine
  • These are also used for plastic industry modeling machinery, steel industry
For detailed information
Read more >> Application of thermocouple

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Difference between amplifier and repeater

Amplifier and repeater are basically two types of electronic circuits used in a communication system. Usually, the communication happens between two points through a wired as well as wireless system. Basically, the transmitter sends a signal containing some information and traveling some distance, usually, a signal gets weekended due to energy loss in the medium. The amplifier is the circuit which magnifies the weak signal to signal with more power. Sometimes this signal attenuation happens much before the arrival to the destination. In this case, the signal is amplified and retransmitted with power gain in one or more midpoints. Those points are called as a repeater. So, therefore, an amplifier is an essential part of a repeater.

Definition of amplifier and repeater :
  • The amplifier is an electronics circuit that increases the power of an input signal. There are many types of amplifier ranging from voice amplifiers to optical amplifiers at different frequencies. A transistor can be configured as a simple amplifier. 
  • The repeater is an electronic circuit that receives a signal and retransmits the same signal with high power. Different types of repeaters have different types of configurations depending on the which type of transmission medium. If the medium is optical it may contain photodetector and light emitters and if the medium is microwave repeater may consist of antenna and waveguides.
The main key difference between amplifier and repeater are listed below:
  • Amplifier just increases the amplitude of the signal while the repeater is decoded the signal and extract the original signal and regenerate the signal the retransmit it.
  • The amplifier is a low gain and high output power, the repeater is high gain and low output power.
  • A repeater has an amplifier as a part of it.
  • The amplifier amplifies the signal along with the noise while in repeater eliminates the noise by regenerating the signal.
  • The amplifier is mainly used in a remote area and mobile environment, whereases repeaters is mainly used in a stationary environment.
  • The amplifier has minimized the signal to noise levels, therefore, increases the noise while repeaters maximize the signal to noise ratio hence decreases the error associated with the signal.

Difference between active and passive filter

The filter is one type of circuit which changes amplitude and phase of the input signal and produces output. The filters eliminate some frequencies and pass some frequencies hence it provides different attenuation to different frequencies. Based on components used in the construction of the filter there are two types of filters one is active filter and other is a passive filter. 

 What is an active filter? 

 The active filter uses active components such as operational amplifier addition to resistors and capacitors in the construction of the filter. 

 What is a passive filter? 

 The passive filter uses passive components such as resistor, coils or inductors and condenser or capacitors in the construction of the filter. 

 Active filters require an external power supply while we are using passive filter operate only on the signal input. Here this article gives information about the active filter vs passive filter to better understand this topic.

 Main difference :

 The main difference between active and passive filter is that passive filters can't cause a power gain or can't bring energy into circuit whereas active filter can add energy into the circuit and also control current. 

 Difference :
  • The active filter requires an external power supply while passive filters operate only on the signal input.
  • A passive filter is constructed using only passive components while active filters may contain active as well as passive components.
  • The active filter uses elements like op-amps and transistor which are active filter elements.
  • Passive filters have no frequency limitations while active filters have a limitation due to active elements.
  • Only passive filters use inductors.
  • Passive filters consume the energy of the signal, but not power gain is available while active filters have a power gain.
  • Passive filter has no external power source, active filters require an external power source.
  • Passive filters are relatively cheaper than active filters.
  • The passive filter has better stability and can withstand large currents.
  • The passive filter may consist of inductors, active filter do not contain inductors.
  • Compared to active filters properties of passive filters may change significantly when the load it must be changed.
  • Passive filters can be used at high frequencies by using inductors, while in active filters the frequency range is dependent on the bandwidth of the amplifier typically to filter high-frequency signals, passive filters are used.
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Advantages and disadvantages of passive filters

Filtering circuits are more important to many electronics designs because they remove unwanted frequencies. They are popular form because they do not need a power supply and depend on passive components rather than active components. This post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of passive filters to better understand this topic.

Advantages of passive filters:

  • It is reliable
  • They can handle large voltage currents and power
  • There is no limitation on the frequency range
  • They do not need the additional dc power supply for their operation
  • Easy to design
  • Cheaper as compared to active filter
  • No amplifying elements
  • Require no power supply
  • High frequency

Disadvantages of passive filters:

  • Response problems
  • Tuning for fixed frequency
  • Fixed reactive power compensation
  • Large in size
  • There is no isolation between input and output
  • The circuit becomes bulky if inductors are used
  • There is always some loss of signal it can be in the passband
  • This circuit can not provide any gain
  • Source loading can take place
  • There is no clear demarcation between passband and stopband but actually, it gets mixed up
  • In this frequency response is not sharp since when switching from passband to stopband there is no sudden change in output.
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