Difference between potential difference and EMF

We all know that the potential difference and electromotive force both in the form of energy. One of the major key difference between P.D and EMF is that the EMF is caused by converting the other form of the energy into electrical energy whereas in P.D is the difference the electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy some of the major difference is given below.

If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding P.D and EMF.

Definition of Potential Difference :


The potential difference is defined as the amount of energy can be used to moving from one point to another by one coulomb of charge. It is the measurement in volt and represented by the symbol of V. 

Definition of EMF : 


Electromotive force: The EMF is the total voltage induced by the source. It is also the amount of energy supplied by the source to each coulomb of charge, It is measured in volts and represented by an E.

Difference between P.D and EMF : 

  • EMF stands for electromotive force while P.D stands for potential difference.
  • Potential difference is the difference of potentials between any two points in a closed circuit while EMF is the maximum potential difference between the two electrodes of the cell when no current drawn from the cell.i.e  when the circuit is open.
  • P.D is the amount of energy used by the one coulomb of change while EMF force is the measure of the energy that it gives to each Colomb of change.
  • P.D is the effect while EMF is the cause.
  • P.D is a symbol of V, while EMF is the symbol of E.
  • P.D does not remain constant, EMF remain constant.
  • P.D is proportional to the resistance between the given point, EMF is independent of the resistance of the circuit.
  • P.D is measured between any two points of the circuit while EMF is used only for the source of EMF.
  • P.D is greater than EMF when the cell is being charged while EMF is greater than the potential difference between any two points in a circuit.
  • P.D is less than the maximum voltage obtainable current from the cell, EMF is the maximum voltage that can be obtained from the cell.
  • P.D is not responsible for the flow of steady current in the cell, EMF is responsible for the flow of steady current in the cell.
  • P.D is represented by the voltmeter reading in a closed circuit(when the circuit is closed) while in EMF is represented by the voltmeter reading in an open circuit(when the switch is opened).
  • A voltmeter is used for measuring the P.D while EMF meter is used for measuring the electromotive force.
  • P.D  = E - IR, R= total external resistance while EMF (E) = I(R+r), R+r = Total external resistance and total internal resistance, I = total current
  • Bothe P.D and EMF  are measured in volts(V). 
  • P.D loses the electrical energy in the circuit, EMF force gains the electrical energy in the circuit.
  • P.D is directly dependent on the resistance between two points of measurement while EMF does not depend on circuit resistance.
  • P.D  is generated only in an electric field, EMF  is induced in the electric, magnetic and gravitational field.
  • P.D is always less than the maximum possible value of EMF, EMF is the maximum voltage that battery can deliver whereas the magnitude of the P.D.
  • P.D does not exist in the circuit when the magnitude of current remains zero while the EMF force exists in the circuit when the current does not flow in the circuit.
  • The magnitude of the potential difference varies while the magnitude of EMF has always remained constant.
  • The magnitude of electromotive force is always greater than potential difference when the circuit is unchanged but when the circuit is fully charged the magnitude of the potential difference is equal to the EMF of the circuit.
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Difference between decoder and demultiplexer

The key difference between a decoder and demultiplexer is that the former is a logic circuit that decrypted an encoded bitstream from one format into another, while the latter is a combination circuit that routes a single input line to multiple digital output line. Let us have a deep insight into the difference between decoder and demultiplexer. 

Difference : 
  • The decoder is a logic circuit that decodes an encrypted input stream from one format to another while DEMUX is a combination circuit that used to implement general-purpose logic. It routes a single input signal to one of many output signals.
  • The decoder is the inverse function of an encoder, which is translate coded digital input signals into equivalent coded output signals while DEMUX, on the other hand, does exactly the opposite of what a multiplexer does, which is to consolidate several data streams into a single stream of media or information.
  • The decoder does not include select line while it is included in the demultiplexer.
  • A decoder is used in the machine-specific language to change the instruction format while a routing device is used in the demultiplexer to route data from one signal to multiple signals.
  • Decoding is employed data-intensive applications where data need to be changed into another form while demultiplexing is majorly implemented in the networking application.
  • The decoder is generally categorized into 2 to 4 decoders, 3 to 8 decoders and 4 to 16 decoder while demultiplexer, on the other hand, is classified into 1-4 demultiplexers, 1-8 demultiplexer, and 1-16 demultiplexer.
  • The decoder takes n input lines and produces 2^n out[ut lines, unlike an encoder which takes 2^n input lines and produces n output line whereas a demultiplexer transmits data from one line to 2^n  possible output lines, where the output line is determined by n select lines.
  • Both multiplexer and demultiplexer are widely used in communication systems such as telecommunication and networking solutions. It receives the output signal from the multiplexer and converts it back into the original format. The decoder is used in a variety of applications such as wireless communication, data demultiplexing, memory address decoding and many more.
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Difference between active and passive sensors

What is an active sensor?

Active sensors create their own electromagnetic energy that is transmitted from the towards the terrain, interacts with the terrain producing a backscatter pf energy and is recorded the remote sensor's receiver.

 What is a passive sensor?

 The passive sensor detects the naturally emitted microwave energy within its field of view.

The main key difference between active and passive sensors are given below.

Active sensor : 
  • An active sensor is transducer generates electric current or voltage directly in response to environmental stimulation.
  • Active sensor both transmit and measure electromagnetic energy.
  • Active sensor self destructs during hijack attempts.
  • Active sensor actively transmits measurement to ground stations whether the personnel on duty want the data or not.
  • The active sensor emits their own EM energy which is transmitted towards the earth and receives energy reflected from the earth. The received EM(electromagnetic) energy is used for measurement purpose.
  • It provides their own energy source for illumination.
  • Active sensors are able to obtain measurement anytime.
  • Example of active sensor like communication satellite, earth observation satellite, LISS -1, etc.
Passive sensor :
  • The passive sensor is transducer produces a change in some passive electrical quantity such as capacitance, resistance or inductance as a result of the stimulation. These usually require additional electrical energy for excitation.
  • The passive sensor only measures electromagnetic energy.
  • The passive sensor has no defence against enemy attack.
  • Passive sensors wait patiently until data are requested.
  • The passive sensor receives naturally emitted EM energy within its field of view and performs measurement using it.
  • Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when naturally when the naturally occurring energy is available.
  • Passive sensors can obtain measurement only in the day time.
  • Example of passive sensor like remote sensing satellite, SPOT-1, LANDSAT-1, etc.
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Difference between multiplexer and demultiplexer

Multiplexer and demultiplexer are two common jargon in the network transmission field. This post will give you information about the difference between multiplexing and demultiplexing to better understand this topic. No matter whether you have any question about your network connection not, It is better to have a general understanding of them in case we need. Let us have a deep insight into the difference between multiplexer and demultiplexer. 

What is multiplexer?

The multiplexer is a method in which more than one signal are combined into one signal that travels on a medium.
  • It has so many inputs and one output.
  • People call it MUX.
  • It includes data selectors. 
  • In MUX the selection of particular input is controlled by a set of selection lines.
  • Parallel to serial conversion.
  • We don't need additional gates when designing multiplexers.
  • Examples of multiplexer 8 input 1 output, 16 input 1 output, 32 input 1 output.

What is demultiplexer?

The demultiplexer is a reverse of multiplexing. In this method, a multiplexed signal is again decomposed in individual signals.
  • It has one input and many outputs.
  • People call it DEMUX.
  • It includes data distributors. 
  • In DEMUX output line selection is controlled by bit values of n selection lines.
  • Serial to parallel connection.
  • Additional gates are included when designing de-multiplexer.
  • Examples of demultiplexer 1 input 8 output, 1 input 16 output, 1 input 32 output.

Difference between MUX and DEMUX :

  • MUX and DEMUX are that multiplexers are N to 1 device but demultiplexer is 1 to N device.
  • Multiplexer with the help of control signals selects the particular input that has to be transmitted at the output. Demultiplexer utilized the control signal and allows us to have multiple outputs.
  • Both MUX and DEMUX are combinational logic circuit used in the communication system but their operation is exactly reverse of each other as one operates on multiple inputs and other on a single input.
  • In MUX system is an increasing the efficiency of the communication system by allowing the transmission data, such as audio and video data transmission while in DEMUX receive the output signals from the multiplexer and convert them back to the original form at the receiver end.

Conclusion :

From all, that above it is easier for you to tell the difference between multiplexing and demultiplexing. Both systems are bidirectional nature but the operation of the two are exactly opposite to each other. They are the reverse process of each and it can be applied to many occasions. So we conclude that both are two technologies widely used in CWDM and DWDM. The device used for multiplexing is a multiplexer and a device used for demultiplexing is a demultiplexer. Nowadays a typical device will have both MUX and DEMUX capabilities. 

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  1. Difference between decoder and demultiplexer

Difference between volte and LTE

The terms LTE and VoLTE are often thrown around so much, especially when it comes to marketing, that their meaning is often confused and muddled so that they often don't understand what the terms mean or what they entail. Both are often used together for marketing but in reality, the two are completely different things though one is depended on the other. 

VoLTE network supports both voice and data same time without hampering the other. Whereas the traditional LTE network may or may not support data and voice together or may affect the quality of the voice call.

The main key difference between VoLTE and LTE are given below.
  • VoLTE stands for voice over LTE while LTE stands for long term evolution.
  • VoLTE designed to carry both voice and data while LTE is primarily designed to be data-only technology.
  • VoLTE support voice as well as data while LTE does not natively support voice transmission.
  • In  VoLTE voice quality remains excellent when a data connection is on while the quality of voice reduce if the data connection is left on in LTE device.

Here this pose also give why VoLTE is better than LTE?
  • Voice quality is better in VoLTE.
  • VoLTE can connect calls faster.
  • Use of VoLTE may save phone battery.
  • VoLTE allows you video calls without using any third-party apps.
  • You can keep the data connection on while making a voice call.

Summary:
  • LTE is the next generation of mobile technology.
  • LTE offers a high data transfer rate over a 4G network.
  • VoLTE supports both voice and data simultaneously without affecting the quality of others.

Difference between resistance and impedance

Definition of resistance and impedance:

 Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current offered by a substance. It is represented by the R.

 Impedance is total opposition to the flow of AC current because of any three components that are resistive, capacitive or inductive. It is represented by Z.

 The basic difference between resistance and impedance is explained below keeping in mind the various factors like the basic definition of resistance and impedance, real and imaginary numbers, phase angle, power dissipation, and energy stored. 

 The main key difference between resistance and impedance are given below.
  • Resistor occurs in both AC and DC circuit whereas impedance takes place the contribution of both resistance in an AC circuit.
  • Resistance is the contribution of the resistive element in the circuit while the contribution of both resistance and reactance forms impedance.
  • Resistance denoted by R while impedance denoted by Z.
  • The opposition offered to the flow of current in an electric circuit whether AC or DC is known as the resistance, the opposition offered to the flow of current in an AC circuit because of resistance, capacitance and inductance are known as impedance.
  • Impedance has both magnitude and phase angle whereas resistance does not have any phase angle.
  • The resistance of the circuit does not vary according to the frequency of AC or DC whereas impedance varies with the change in frequency.
  • Impedance is subjected to a magnetic field it represents both power dissipation and energy storage while resistance is an electromagnetic field represents power dissipation in any material.
  • Resistance is a simple value consisting of only real number while the impedance of both real and imaginary numbers.
  • Resistance is too much simple while in impedance will consider reactance in addition to resistance to determine it.
  • Impedance may often take into consideration the overall circuit while resistance may or may not.
  • Resistance is pure ohmic impedance.
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Difference between inductor and capacitor

The main key difference between the inductor and capacitor is that the inductor opposes an abrupt change in current whereas the capacitor opposes an abrupt change in voltage. This article is intended to cover the main difference between capacitor and inductor on the basis of units, energy storage, DC behavior, current flow, types, phasor diagram, applications, series, and parallel connection.

Inductor and capacitor both are the passive components of an electrical circuit. A capacitor consists of two metallic plates or conductor which are separated by a dielectric medium. An electric field set up because of the potential difference between the twp conductors or we can say between the two plates while in the inductor is the type of coil that stores energy in the form of magnetic flux. when an electric current is passed through a coil, voltage is developed across the coil due to a change in the magnetic field.

The main key difference between inductance and capacitance are given below.
  • Inductance is a property of current-carrying conductors which generates a magnetic field around the conductor while capacitance is the ability of a device to store electric charge.
  • Inductance is measured by henry(H) while in capacitance is measured in farads(F) and is symbolized as C.
  • In an inductor current passes through the coil but there is no flow of current through the capacitor plates but 
  • The capacitor acts as an insulator for the DC circuit whereas inductors act as a conductor for the DC circuit.
  • Inductor behaves as a short circuit to the steady-state condition in DC whereas the capacitor acts as an open circuit to the steady-state condition in DC circuit.
  • Capacitance stores energy in the form of electric field whereas inductor stores energy in the form of the magnetic field.
  • In an AC circuit for the capacitor, current leads voltage by 90 degrees and in case of inductor current lags voltage by 90 degrees.
  • Energy stored in the capacitor is calculated in terms of voltage (1/2*CV^2) while in inductor energy stored is calculated in terms of current, 1/2*LI^2.
  • Capacitance is the dominating component in high pass filter while in inductance is the dominating component in low pass filter.
  • Capacitance is associated with capacitors. there are several types of capacitors used in circuits while in inductor the electrical component associated with inductance is knowns as inductors which usually coils with core or without a core.
  • The inductor is equivalent to a short to the direct current while the capacitor acts as a short circuit in the alternating current.
  • An inductor resists the change in the current while capacitor resists the change in voltage.
  • Coupled inductor, multi-layers ceramic core inductor moulded inductor are some of the types of inductor while in ceramic, electrolytic and tantalum are some of the types of capacitor.
  • In case of the inductor when it is added in series with a resistor the value of current is small at starting but gradually it increases with time while in the capacitor is added in series with a resistor the current initially becomes high but later it falls to zero.
  • Low-frequency AC voltages cannot pass through capacitors as they act as barriers to low frequencies while in inductors response to slow changing voltages high-frequency AC voltage cannot pass through inductors.
  • The inductor is used in radio, TV, chokes, automobile spark plug, transformer, etc while in a capacitor is used in high voltage power supplies and where high capacity values are needed.
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Difference between resistor and capacitor

Resistor and capacitor are two of the most fundamental concept in electronics. These two ideas play a vital role in almost every electronic device we use today. We all know that resistor is the ability to resist the flow of electric current through it while the capacitor is the ability to oppose the change of voltage across it. Let us have a deep insight into the comparison between resistor and capacitor. 

 The main key difference between the resistor and the capacitor are given below.
  • The resistor is a represents the amount of resistance in an electrical circuit while the capacitor is a represents the amount in an electrical circuit.
  • Resistor dissipates energy in the form of heat, whereas capacitors store energy in an electric field.
  • Resistance is a value of the material itself, capacitance is a value of the combination of objects.
  • The resistor is an electronic component that limits or regulates the flow of current in a circuit while the capacitor is an electronic component that stores an electric charge in the form of an electrostatic field.
  • Resistance depends on the temperature while capacitance does not.
  • The function of the resistor is to control the flow of current to other components of a circuit whereas a capacitor is a function of to keep positive and negative charges separated from each other.
  • The resistor is measured in ohms while the capacitor is measured in farads.
  • Resistor behaves similarity to both AC and DC but capacitors act in two different manners.
  • Resistor=Volt/Current while Capacitor=Charge/Voltage.
  • In resistor hooked into a circuit to have the currents and voltages that you want precisely in your circuit while the capacitor is a charge and discharges the electric charge stored in the circuit.
  • Resister used in precision circuits, logic circuits, RF circuits and capacitor used in waveform generation, filtering, blocking and bypass applications. 
  • The resistor can not improve power factor whereas the capacitor used to improve power factor for inductive load. 
  • The resistor can not create a phase difference between current and voltage while the capacitor creates it.  
  • The resistor creates a unity power factor whereas the capacitor creates a leading power factor. 
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Difference between ups and inverter

Today we all know that electricity has become a necessity. Almost all of our work requires electricity. We need electricity for laptops, electric cookers, mobile, computers, coolers, phones, etc. The main difference between the UPS power supply provides power supply even when there is a power cut. UPS is mostly used for desktop computer backup while the inverter is a power backup solution. It converts DC  current to AC and supply. Here this post gives information about the difference between UPS and inverter to better understand this topic.
The main key differences between UPS and Inverter are given below.
  • UPS is the electric device that has a rectifier for providing the backup power to the system whereas the inverter converts the AC into DC. So the UPS provides the electrical backup power, and the inverter provides the electronics backup power supply.
  • The main function of the UPS is to store the electric supply while the inverter converts the AC power into DC power.
  • The UPS is more expensive as compared to the inverter device.
  • During the power outages, the UPS immediately switches over from the mains supply to the battery whereas the inverter has a time delay.
  • The UPS is directly connected to the home appliances whereas the inverter is first linked to the battery and then attached to the appliance circuits.
  • The online, offline, and line interruptive are the types of UPS but the inverter is of two types.
  • UPS, and Inverter both do not create noise.
  • UPS does not have voltage fluctuations compared to the inverter.
  • The UPS provides the backup supply for a very short duration while the inverter supplies the power for an extended period.
  • The UPS does not have voltage fluctuation because its input is independent of the output supply while the inverter has too much voltage variation.
  • The UPS is used for domestic purposes like offices, and industries whereas the inverter is used in the office.
  • The rectifier and battery are built into the circuit of the UPS while inverter has an external battery for storing the DC power.
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Advantages and disadvantages of star and delta connection

A star-delta starter is the most commonly used method for the stating of 3 phase induction motor. In star connection, the starting or finishing ends of three coils are connected together to form the neutral point. A common wire is taken out from the neutral point which is called neutral while in delta connection the opposite end of three coils is connected together. Here this page gives information about the pros and cons of star and delta connection to better understand this topic.


Advantages of star connections:
  • Used for high voltage
  • Common neutral point
  • Good for unbalanced loading
  • Each phase is a separate circuit
  • Dual voltage applications 
  • Star connection can distribute the load evenly
  • Star connection alternator requires lesser insulation
  • Star connection alternator requires a lesser number of turns than delta for the same voltage
  • Ability to spread the load between the phases
  • Availability of single phase at a lower voltage
  • The neutral point can be earthed

Disadvantages of star connections:
  • Less torque
  • Construction involves combining 3 single phases into 1
  • Secondary distribution, light-duty applications
  • Construction cost is more expensive

Advantages of delts connections:
  • More torque
  • Efficient
  • Simple motor design
  • Heavy-duty application
  • Protection is simple and less costly
  • Used in rotatory conveyors
  • While use delta connection, less current per winding for the same power output
  • Major applications in power generation, transmission, and distribution
  • The transformer secondary provides all the 3 phases
  • Construction cost is low

Disadvantages of Delta connections:
  • No common neutral point
  • Detecting earth ground faults is difficult
  • Low voltage connection

Summary : 

If power is kept constant, delta connection has lower voltage and high current capacity whereas a star connection has higher voltage and low current capacity. 

Difference between active and passive components

Definition of active and passive components :

Active component: The active component is a device which can amplify the output signal of an electronic circuit with more power in it than the input signal.

Passive component: The passive component is a device which stores or maintains energy in the form of voltage or current are known as passive components.

The main key difference between Active and passive components is that active component is those who deliver or produce energy or power in the form of voltage or current while passive components are those who utilize or store energy in the form of voltage or current.

Difference between active and passive components :
  • Active components are energy donor and passive components are energy acceptor. 
  • The active components act as generators, on the other hand, passive components acts as attenuators. 
  • The active device injects power to the circuit, whereas passive devices are incapable of supplying any energy.
  • The active device is capable of providing gain while passive devices are incapable of providing power gain.
  • The active component requires an external source for the operations, Passive components does not require any external source for the operations.
  • Active device can control the current flow within the circuit whereas passive device can not control it.
  • Active components have unidirectional function while passive components have a bidirectional function.
  • Active components are widely used in personal computers while passive components are widely used in MP3 player, washing machine, etc.
  • Active components normally non-linear whereas passive components fall under linear category mostly. 
  • Active components include components like diodes, transistor, IC, battery, etc while passive component includes a resistor, capacitors, inductors, transformers, conductors, etc.

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Difference between induction motor and synchronous motor

AC motors are divided into two types, synchronous motor and induction motor also called an asynchronous motor. The biggest difference is whether the speed of the rotor is consistent with the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator. If the rotation speed of the rotor and the stator field are the same called a synchronous motor and if not then is called asynchronous motor. Let us have a deep insight into the difference between induction and synchronous motor. 

The key difference between the induction motor and the synchronous motor is given below.   
  • The synchronous motor is a doubly excited machine whereas an induction motor is a single excited machine.
  • The armature winding of the synchronous motor is energized from an AC source and its field winding from a DC source in the synchronous motor while the stator winding of induction motor is energized from an AC source in an induction motor. 
  • Synchronous motors require an additional DC power source for energizing rotor winding and induction motor does not require an additional power source.
  • The synchronous motor is more efficient than the same output and voltage rating of an induction motor. 
  • A synchronous motor is costlier than the same output and voltage rating of an induction motor.
  • The synchronous motor always runs at synchronous speed, and the speed of the motor is independent of load, but an induction motor always runs less than the synchronous speed. Induction motor speed is decreased if the load increased.
  • The induction motor has self-starting torque, on the other hand, the synchronous motor is not self-starting. It has to be run to synchronous speed by any means before it can be synchronized to AC supply.
  • Slip rings and brushes are required in synchronous motors but not in induction motors.
  • In addition to the supplied torque, the synchronous motor can be used to correct the power factor to drive mechanical load while an induction motor is only used to drive a mechanical load.
  • The synchronous motor can be operated with lagging and leading power by changing its excitation and the induction motor operates only at a lagging power factor. The power factor of the induction motor becomes very poor at light loads.

Difference between core type and shell type transformer

One of the biggest distinctions between the core type and the shell type transformer is that the winding encircles the more in a core type, whereas the core encircles the winding of the transformer in a shell type transformer. Now let us check some key points for both of the transformers.

Core type transformer :

  • It has one yoke and two limbs
  • Both the limbs are provided with winding and the core is surrounded by windings.
  • Winding is less protected by the core
  • Leakage flux is more than power transfer less capability
  • Series magnetic circuit
  • Both limbs have the same cross-sectional area
  • More amount of copper is required for winding
  • Required less amount of insulating material
  • Used high-voltage power transmission applications
  • High voltage, small KVA rating transformers are suitable
  • Easy to repair
  • Better cooling because more surface is exposed to the atmosphere

Shell type transformer :

  • It has three limbs and two yokes
  • Only the middle limbs are provided with winding and winding ar being surrounded by a core
  • More protected by the core
  • Leakage flux is less
  • Parallel magnetic circuit
  • The different cross-sectional area
  • Amount of chopper required for winding is less
  • Not easy to repair
  • Cooling is not very efficient 

The key difference between core-type and shell-type transformers are given below.

  • The core surrounds the winding in a core-type transformer, whereas the winding surrounds the core of the transformer in a shell-type transformer.
  • The core-type transformer has two limbs, and the shell-type transformer has three limbs.
  • The lamination is cut in the form of L in the core-type transformer while the lamination is cut in the form of E and L in the shell-type transformer.
  • The core-type transformer required less insulation compared to the shell type transformer.
  • The mechanical strength of the core-type transformer is low compared to the shell-type transformer.
  • The output of the core-type transformer is less as compared to the shell-type transformer because it has more losses.
  • There are two magnetic circuits in the core type transformer, whereas one magnetic circuit in the shell type transformer.
  • The losses in a transformer of core type are more compared to the transformer of shell type.
  • In a core-type transformer, less winding is removed for maintenance, in a shell-type transformer number of the winding are required to remove for maintenance.
  • The winding of the shell type transformer is distributed type and hence heat is dissipated naturally, whereas in core type transformer the natural cooling is not possible.
  • In core-type transformers, both the primary and secondary windings are placed on the side limbs whereas the winding is placed on the central limbs of the transformer in shell-type transformers.
  • There are two magnetic circuits in the core type transformer, whereas one magnetic circuit in the shell type transformer.
  • The core type transformer cross-section area is rectangular, whereas the shell type transformer cross-section area is square, cross-sectional two bent, or three bent in shape.

Difference between power transformer and distribution transformer

The transformer is installed at various power stations for generation and transmission of power in power transformer. It acts as a step up or steps down transformer for increasing and decreasing the level of voltages as per the requirement and its also used as an interconnection between two power stations.

The distribution transformer is used to bring down or step down the voltage and current level of the transmission line to a predefined level, which is called safety level and interconnection between two power stations.

The key difference between the power transformer and distribution transformer is given below.

  • The power transformer is used in the transmission network of higher voltages whereas the distribution transformer is used in the distribution network of lower voltages.
  • Power transformer the iron and copper losses take place throughout the day but in distribution transformer, the iron loss takes place in 24 hours.
  • The power transformer always operates on rated full load as the load fluctuation is very less but the distribution transformer is operated at the load less than full load as the variation in the load are very high.
  • The power transformer is available in a various rating of 400 K, 200 KV, 110 KV, 66 KV, 33 KV in the market and the distribution transformer are available in 11 KV, 6.6 KV, 3.3 KV, 440 V, 230 Volts.
  • The power transformer is designed for maximum efficiency of 100% and the efficiency is simply calculated by the ratio o the output power to the input power whereas the distribution transformer the maximum efficiency varies between 50 to 70% and calculated by all-day efficiency.
  • The power transformer has a large size as compared to the distribution transformer.
  • The fluctuation of the load in the power transformer is much less compared with the distribution transformer.
  • The density of flux in the power transformer is higher than in a distribution transformer.
  • In the substation at the end of the transmission line, the power transformer connection is star delta.
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Difference between ac and dc motor

We all know that both AC and DC motors serve the actually same function of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, they are powered, constructed and controlled differently. The most basic difference between AC motor and DC motor is that AC motor power on AC current while DC motor power on DC current, to learn in detail about AC and DC motor difference is given below. 

The main key difference between AC and DC motor are given below:
  • AC motors are powered from AC current while DC motors are powered from DC current.
  • AC motor conversion of current is not required while DC motors conversion of current is required like DC current.
  • The main source of the AC motor is currently coming from the three-phase or the single phase supply mains while the sources of the DC motors are batteries and cells.
  • In AC motor there are three input terminals known as RYB while in DC motor are only two terminals. They are known as positive and negative.
  • AC motor is used where power performance is sought for extended periods of time, DC motors are used where motor speed required to be controlled externally.
  • AC motor can be single phase or three phases while DC motors are single phase.
  • AC motors armatures do not rotate while magnetic field continuously rotates, while in DC motors the armature rotates while the magnetic field does rotate.
  • AC motor is suitable for large and industrial applications while in DC motors are most commonly used for small and domestic applications.
  • AC motors do not use brushes, DC motor uses brushes.
  • AC motors are not self-starting and thus it requires some external equipment to start the motor initially, DC motor is self-starting motors.
  • AC motors have a longer life span, DC motors have not longer life span.
  • The maintenance cost of the AC motor is more as compared to DC motor.
  • AC motor requires effective starting equipment like a capacitor to start operation while DC motor does not require any external help to start operation.
  • The speed of AC motors is simply controlled by varying the frequency of the current, The speed of DC motors is controlled by varying the armature winding current.
  • Efficiency of AC motor is less while the efficiency of the DC motor is high as there is no slip and induction current loss.
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Difference between ac and dc generator

The main key difference between AC and DC generator is that , The AC generator is a electrical device, which transform the mechanical energy form intro an AC electrical form of energy, While the DC generator convert the mechanical input energy into DC electrical energy.  We all know that the power electronics knowledge is that the AC generator generates an output voltage which alters in amplitude as well as time whereas the DC generator as a constant output voltage which does not change in amplitude as well as time. Here this blog  post we will discuss the difference between AC and DC generator to better understand this topic.

The main KEY difference between AC and DC generator are given below:
  • AC generator is a mechanical device which converts mechanical energy into AC electric power while in DC generator is a mechanical device which converts mechanical energy in DC electric power supply.
  • AC generator is also known as alternator,  while DC generator also called as a Dynamo.
  • AC generator generates AC electric power while the DC generator generates DC electric power.
  • In AC generator current flow in one direction while in DC generator current periodically change direction.
  • AC generator can be used slip rings for the induced current transmission but the DC generator uses split rings for the transfer of induced current.
  • AC generator has slip rings, while DC generator uses a split ring commutator.
  • AC generator requires very less maintenance and thus more reliable than a DC generator while DC generator requires frequent maintenance.
  • In AC generator slip rings have smooth and uninterrupted surfaces which allow the brushes to remains in contact uninterrupted with the slip ring surfaces. Hence the brushes do not wear as quickly as in case of a DC  generator and there is almost no possibility of a short circuit while DC generator uses commutators and brushes were out quickly in the commutator because of sparking.
  • AC generator are  simple design, but DC generator have complex in design.
  • AC generator requires very less maintenance and thus more reliable than a DC generator while DC generator requires frequent maintenance.
  • AC generator used to generate very high voltages, DC generator used to generate comparatively lower voltages.
  • AC generator does not have commutator, DC generator possesses commutators in order to counter the changing polarities effect.
  • AC voltage can be distributed quite easily using a transformer but in DC generator DC voltage is comparatively difficult to distribute efficiently.
  • AC generator has a different type like rotating armature, single phase, three phases, rotating field while in DC generator has a different type like a permanent magnet, Self-excited and separately excited.
  • AC output is suitable for long distance transmission, on the other hand DC output is not suitable for long distance.
  • AC generator are more reliable, but DC generator are not reliable as they require more maintenance.
  • Efficiency of AC generator is higher, DC generator has relatively lower efficiency.
  • In AC generator output voltage amplitude is higher as compared to DC generator, but the DC generator output voltage amplitudes is comparatively lower.
  • In AC generator the alternating current(AC) can be induced in the rotor or stator, in contrast DC generator Direct current(DC) can be produced in the rotor only.
  • While in we are using AC generator the initial cost of AC generator is higher, on the other hand, the initial cost of DC generator is relatively lower.
  • While we are using the long turn AC generator, the overall cost of AC generator is low, but due to costly maintenance, the overall cost of DC generator is high.
  • AC generator may challenging to regulate the voltage, in contrast the DC generator easier to regulate the voltage.
  • AC generators are employed for suppling power for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes such as lighting, fans, etc. But the DC generators are mainly used for supplying power to large DC motors such as in electric traction, charging batteries etc.
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