WiFi frequency

Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity uses two frequency bands available to use when setting up Wi-Fi network.
  • 2.4 GHz
  • 5 GHz
So now let us talk about where and which types of frequency most widely used in daily life.

In general 2.4 GHz is the most universally used frequency. 2.4 GHz is the most compatible with standard for building a wireless network known as 802.11b and 802.11g.

This frequency most common one, because it can result in device interfering with each other.

5 GHz is less common, It is range about 30 meters. Result is not good too much compare to 2.4 GHz. But sometimes it achieve high speed reason of less crowded frequency.

5 GHz is the most compatible with standard for building a wireless network known as 802.11a and 802.11n.

Now let us check it out some advantages and disadvantages of 2.4 GHz frequency and 5 GHz frequency :

2.4 GHz :

Advantages :
  • Accessible from greater distance
  • Compatible with lots of devices
Disadvantages :
  • Crowded frequency from all the device that supports 
5 GHz :

Advantages : 
  • Lots more bandwidth
  • Generally less interference on 5 GHz because the frequency is not as crowded
Disadvantages :
  • Available for shorter distances
  • Not compatible with as many devices 

WiFi bandwidth

Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity uses two frequency bands available to use when setting up a Wi-Fi network.

 How to set up 20 MHz or 40 MHz bandwidth?

In this article, we will go over some simple rules to help you decide the best bandwidth to use for the wireless network.

How we can choose 20 or 40 MHz?

This answer is very simple it can only depend on the devices that you have in your house. The best radio broadcast can be found without 2.4 GH vs 5GHz wireless guide.

When we have to use the 2.4 GHz frequency. you should use 20 MHz for channel width because of it is really a supportive measure for your older device.

When we have to use the 5 GHz frequency. you should use 40 MHz bandwidth. So we can use 5 GHz frequency, the network consisted of the latest device that supports 802.11n.

When we can use of 20 MHz / 40 MHz combination if one of your devices require it. If not required, just set it to 40 MHz.

GPRS network

We learn about GPRS network before we check it out GPRS full form. General packet radio services GPRS uses on the same network and also have to use the same base station but nowadays GPRS are upgraded.

 It is allowed the 2G, 3G, W-CDMA mobile network to transmit the IP packet to an external network such as the internet. So the GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem.

General packet radio services (GPRS) uses upgraded network for 3G deployment UMTS Rel 9. GPRS prepares core infrastructure later evolution to a 3G W-CDMA / UMTS.

 So now in this article, you learn about the basic process of GPRS network :
  1. Attach process: MS full form is mobile station attaches to the SGCN 
  2. Authentication process: SGCN authenticates the mobile subscriber. 
  3. PDP activation process: Session is established between MS and destination network.
  4. Detach process: MS detach from the SGCN.
  5. For static IP address network initiated PDP request: By using static IP address call from a packet data network reaches the MS. 
  6. For dynamic IP address network initiated PDP request: By using dynamic IP address call from a packet data network reaches the MS.

GPRS module

GPRS full form module is a unique and it can be differentiated by its full form of IMEI number. IMEI is a 15 digit unique number associated with mobile phone, and other GSM network services.

GSM module operate frequency are 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz.

In general GPRS module uses in IC or chip that connect to the GSM network using a SIM and radio waves. So we need to set up like shown in following image.

So shown in figure GPRS module, slot for inserting a SIM card, RS-232, interface for connecting with computer or a micro controller, signal status LED full form, power supply and a provision for connecting microphone and speaker.

We can do following task, with the help of GPRS module.
  • Send, receive or delete SMS message in the SIM card
  • Add, read and search the contact in the SIM card
  • Make receive or reject voice calls
  • Send and receive data to / from the GSM / GPRS network through GPRS
GPRS module

GPRS frequency

1. GSM band - T-GSM-380 MHz
  • Frequency - 380 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 380.2-389.8 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 390.2-399.8 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - Dynamic
2. . GSM band - T-GSM-410 MHz
  • Frequency - 410 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 410.2-419.8 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 420.2-429.8 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - Dynamic
3. . GSM band - GSM-450 MHz
  • Frequency - 450 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 450.6-457.6 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 460.6-467.6 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - 259-293
4. GSM band - GSM-480 MHz
  • Frequency - 480 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 479.0-486.0 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 489.0-496.0 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - 306-340
5. GSM band - GSM-710 MHz
  • Frequency - 710 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 698.2-716.2 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 728.2-746.2 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - Dynamic
6. GSM band - GSM-750 MHz
  • Frequency - 750 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 777.2-792.2 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency -747.2-762.2 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - 438 – 511
7. GSM band - T-GSM-810 MHz
  • Frequency - 810 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 806.2-821.2 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 851.2-866.2 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - Dynamic
8. GSM band - GSM-850 MHz
  • Frequency - 850 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 824.848.8 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 869.2-893.8 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - 128-251
9. GSM band - P-GSM-900 MHz
  • Frequency - 900 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 890.0-915.0 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 935.0-960.0 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - 1 – 124
10. GSM band - R-GSM-300 MHz
  • Frequency - 900 MHz
  • Up-link frequency- 876.0-915.0 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency- 921.0-960.0 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - 955 – 1023, 0 - 124
11. GSM band - T-GSM-900 MHz
  • Frequency- 900 MHz
  • Up-link frequency - 870.0-876.0 MHz (Mobile to base)
  • Down-link frequency - 915.0-921.0 MHz (Base to mobile)
  • Channel types - Dynamic

GPRS definition

GPRS stands for General packet radio service is a packet-based mobile data services in data rate to 172 kbps, on the 2G and 3G mobile communications technology.

GPRS is a high speed, non-voice, and useful packet switching technology considered to GSM networks.

Application of frequency hopping spread spectrum

  • Wireless local area networks (WLAN) standard for Wi-Fi
  • Wireless personal area network (WPAN) standard for Bluetooth
  • In a large facility especially with multiple floors
  • It can be used multiple FSK
  • In FHSS each station using I/M of bandwidth but allocation change at every hop
  • Various military application
  • Civilian application

GSM technology

In this article, you can learn the full analysis of GSM technology and all useful information about GSM. Now first of all one question arise before you can check detailed information about GSM is what is GSM full form?

 Definition of GSM :

Global system for mobile is a world first cellular system to specify digital modulation. It is a second generation system (2G) developed in Europe.

 GSM was developed to solve the fragmentation problems of the first generation networks.

 The global system for mobile communication is a feature-rich digital wireless technology. It provides subscribers with a high quality digital wireless phone service and clarity and enhanced call security and privacy.

GPRS uses GSM architecture for voice. In order to offer packet data services through GPRS, a new class of network node needs to be introduced as an upgrade to the existing GSM network.

 Each GSM user transmits data burst during a time slot that is assigned to it. The transmission of bursts occurs in a particular format called GSM frame.

 GSM technology is old technology nowadays many new technologies had been launched but GSM has many impacting features on the newest technology. Let we check feature one by one below :

 Features of GSM technology :
  • GSM supports more subscriber capacity in the given spectrum.
  • It supports smaller handsets.
  • Rapid call setup.
  • It supports call forwarding, calls on hold, conference facility.
  • It has the ability to use the same phone in different networks.
  • It allows data transmission and reception across GSM networks at 9600 bps.
  • The encrypted conversions cannot be tapped.
  • It supports calling number identification presentation.
  • The short message service allows the GSM subscriber to transmit and receive a character text message.
  • It supports fully international roaming capability.
  • It has compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services.
  • SIM phonebook management. 
  • Supports fixed dialing number ( FDN ).
  • Real-time clock with alarm management. 
GSM has many impacting features on the newest technology so there are many advantages of GSM technology. We can check some main advantages here. 
  • Internal roaming is not a big problem.
  • High transmission quality.
  • Worldwide connectivity.
  • High data transfer speed.
  • GSM receiver is widely available in mobile phone and GSM model.
GSM network :

 GSM operates at a different frequency. A frequency band of GSM is either the 900 MHz or much high-frequency band 1800 MHz. 

 UMTS R4 techniques are preferred mobile operator, especially those with GSM legacy network. UMTS R4 techniques to evolve their existing 2G GSM network. It provides a smooth path to bridge legacy TDM based network to an IP based soft switch network.

 The proposed evolution path In UMTS R4 suggests three layers of structure solution to seamless coverage UMTS R4 core network with a GSM core network. So can achieve the all IP version and its capable of coverage with EPC and IMS.

GSM networks types :
  • T-Mobile
  • AT&T
  • Indigo wireless 
  • Pine cellular
  • TerreStar
This network is maintained by different types of GSM channels.

There are two main types of GSM channel :
  • Traffic channel 
  • Control channel 
GSM frequency band listed below :

1.  GSM 850 :
  • Channel - 128-251
  • Up-link frequency - 824-849 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 869-894 MHz
2. GSM 1800 :
  • Channel - 512-885
  • Up-link frequency - 1710-1785 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 1805-1880 MHz

3. GSM 1900 :
  • Channel - 512-810
  • Up-link frequency - 1850-1910 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 1930-1990 MHz
4. GSM 450/480 :
  • Up-link frequency - 450-458 MHz, 479-486 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 460-468 MHz, 489-496 MHz
Application of GSM technology :
  • Home automation.
  • Mobile telephony.
  • Automatic meter reading.
  • Toll collection.
  • A user can control in case of forgetting to do so while leaving for some other place.
  • Value added services.
  • Fleet management.
  • Energy conversion.
  • Personal communication using GSM.
  • Irrigation system.
  • It will also help to control while attending the other work.
  • It is used to improve the security of our home and office.
  • Office automation.
  • Remote sensing and monitoring of electrical fault in a pump or motor.
Some application while combining with GSM techniques including  W-CDMA, LTE, EDGE :
  • Measuring multi-standard radio base station.
  • Including EDGE evolution with GSM to change in radio interface.
  • Machine to machine communication is about integrated real-time data from remote assets with a business process to gain more business advantages.

Explore more information:

GSM repeater

We all know that each GSM full form user transmits data burst during a time slot that is assigned to it. The transmission of bursts occurs in a particular format called as in frame as GSM frame.

 1. GSM repeater 900 MHz(voice) - 200m2
  • Suitable for all European 900 MHz providers
  • Low energy consumption
  • Easy to install
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 200 m2
  • The compact repeater for use at home and offices
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable, and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF E10C
2. GSM repeater 900 MHz(voice) - 300m2
  • Suitable for all European 900 MHz providers
  • Low energy consumption 
  • Easy to install
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 300 m2
  • The compact repeater for use at home and office
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable, and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF10l - EGSM
3.  GSM band repeater 900+1800 MHz(voice form) - 700m2
  • Suitable for all European 900+1800 MHz providers
  • Low energy consumption 
  • Easy to install
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 700 m2
  • The compact repeater for use at home and office
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable, and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF ED13-L
4. GSM TRI band repeater 900+1800+800 MHz(voice form) - 2000m2
  • Suitable for all European 900+1800+800 MHz providers
  • Low energy consumption 
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 2000 m2
  • Compact repeater for use at home and office
  • Easy to install
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF LED20-L
5.  Band GSM repeater all network (3G/4G/LTE internet form) - 2000m2
  • Suitable for all European network
  • Low energy consumption 
  • Easy to install
  • Indoor coverage up to maximum 2000 m2
  • Compact repeater for use at home and office
  • Supplied with antennas, coaxial cable and accessories
  • Free of interference
  • Art-Nr. RF 20-5B

GSM frequency

GSM frequency band listed below :

1.  GSM 850
  • Channel - 128-251
  • Up-link frequency - 824-849 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 869-894 MHz
2. GSM 1800

  • Channel - 512-885
  • Up-link frequency - 1710-1785 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 1805-1880 MHz
3 GSM 1900
  • Channel - 512-810
  • Up-link frequency - 1850-1910 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 1930-1990 MHz
4. GSM 450/480
  • Up-link frequency - 450-458 MHz, 479-486 MHz
  • Down-link frequency - 460-468 MHz, 489-496 MHz

GSM network version

GSM stands for Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a second generation digital mobile technology system, GSM Provides for the best mobile coverage within countries and across them all over the world.

GSM system used mobile delivered a data speed of 9.6 kb/s. The upgrade pushed up data speed around 48 kb/s.

GSM uses a variation of wireless technology used like time division multiplier access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA).

GSM operates at either the 900 MHz or much high-frequency band 1800 MHz.

UMTS R4 techniques are preferred as a mobile operator, especially for those with GSM legacy network. This techniques to evolve their existing 2G GSM network. It provides a smooth path to bridge legacy TDM based network to an IP based soft switch network.

The proposed evolution path in UMTS R4 suggests three layers structure solution to seamless coverage UMTS R4 core network with a GSM core network. So can achieve the all IP version and its capable of coverage with EPC and also an IMS.

 GSM networks :
  • T-Mobile
  • AT&T
  • Indigo wireless 
  • Pine cellular
  • TerreStar

GSM definition

GSM stands for Global system for mobile is a world first cellular system to specify as especially digital modulation. It is a second generation system (2G) developed in Europe.

GSM was developed to solve the fragmentation problems of the first generation networks and a developed new technology called 2G network.

GSM is a feature of rich digital wireless technology. It provides subscribers with a high quality digital wireless phone service and clarity also enhanced call security and privacy.

Application of SDMA

SDMA stands for space division multiple access. It depends on the user position information and provides users access to the communication channel based on their spatial locations. 

 SDMA separated into the geographical space, where users are located, into smaller space. It is used for a mobile communication system which reuses the same set of cell phone frequencies in a given service area.

 So compare to the other multiple access techniques like TDMA full form, CDMA full form,  FDMA full form, SDMA full form is compatible So it can be more used in a wireless communication system. This article gives the application about SDMA to know more details about SDMA.
  • Satellite communication
  • Optical communication
  • Wireless communication
  • Mobile communication
  • SDMA can be also used in conjunction with the WDM system  and TDM
  • SDMA uses a spot beam antenna

What is SDMA

For to know about SDMA you should first of all check it out the full form of SDMA.


SDMA stands for space division multiple access. It depends on the user position information and provides users access to the communication channel based on their spatial locations. 

SDMA separated into the geographical space, where users are located, into smaller space. It is used for a mobile communication system which reuses the same set of cell phone frequencies in a given service area.

 Space division multiple access is techniques which are MIMO architecture and it can be used in wireless and satellite communication. This article also gives some feature of SDMA given below. 
  • SDMA is completely free from interference.
  • Controlling the medium access for a wireless network.
  • Careful choice of a zone for each transmitter.
  • In this system control the radiated energy for each user in space.
  • All user can communicate at the same time using the same channel.
  • The directional spot beam antennas are used and hence the (BS) base station in SDMA can track a moving user.
  • A single satellite can communicate with more satellites receivers of the same frequency. frequency.
  • SDMA never used isolation.
  • Satellite communication
  • Optical communication
  • Wireless communication
  • Mobile communication
  • SDMA can be also used in conjunction with the WDM  system  and TDM
  • SDMA uses a spot beam antenna

Explore more information:

Advantages and disadvantages of telecommunication

This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of a telecommunication system to know more details about it.

Advantages of telecommunication :
  • Improve efficiency
  • Bring flexibility for workplace
  • Save time
  • Inspire collaboration
  • Lack of travel time
  • Do not have to drive distance
  • Easy to access to the people so you need to contact with different people
  • Worldwide access
  • Next, bring a thing to being there
  • Quick and accessible communication
  • Lack of travel time
  • Easy to exchange ideas and also basic information via phone and using fax
  • Communication must be less effort in using transportation just to meet an individual personally
  • Developed new product and invention
  • Enable end user to communicate electronically and share software, hardware and data resources 
  • You just stay home and use a telephone or a cellphone if you want to talk to someone
Disadvantages of telecommunication :
  • Cultural barrier
  • Prank calls
  • High electric bills
  • Sometimes expensive
  • It can also be a source of low grades if abused
  • Misunderstanding
  • Remote areas do not have access
  • Poor connection 
  • Cannot see whom you speaking with
  • Eliminate face to face communication
  • Increase vulnerability to information hacking and attacks

Advantages and disadvantages of SDMA

The term SDMA full form is Spatial Division Multiple Access OR Space Division Multiple Access methods. It is one type of channel access method. It is used for mobile communication system which reuses the same set of cell phone frequencies in a given service area. This article gives information about some advantages and disadvantages of SDMA to know more details about SDMA.

Advantages of SDMA :
  • SDMA is a purely optical path
  • SDMA is frequency reuse
  • Mobile station battery consumption is low
  • Increased spectral efficiency
  • SDMA is transparent to the system if it is purely optical
  • Use any bandwidth or data rate achievable in fiber
  • SDMA is usually combined with other multiplexing techniques to better utilize the individual physical channel
Disadvantages of SDMA :
  • Some of  the disadvantages of  SDMA is the fact that the number of switches
  • SDMA is very expensive and complected to construct and design
  • There are also high insertion losses since each input must have the capability to be split to any output.
  • The reverse link may be a problem like an interference problem
Explore more information:
  1. Advantages and disadvantages of FDMA
  2. Advantages and disadvantages of CDMA
  3. Advantages and disadvantages of TDMA

Feature of SDMA

Before we learn about a feature of SDMA first let we check it out what is full form of SDMA. Space division multiple access is techniques which are MIMO architecture and it can be used in wireless and satellite communication. This article gives some feature of SDMA given below. 
  • SDMA is completely free from interference.
  • Controlling the medium access for the wireless network.
  • Careful choice of a zone for each transmitter.
  • In this system, it controls the radiated energy for each user in space.
  • All user can communicate at the same time using the same channel.
  • The directional spot beam antennas are used and hence the base station (BS) in SDMA can track a moving user.
  • A single satellite can communicate with more satellites receivers of the same frequency. frequency.
  • SDMA never used isolation.

SDMA definition

SDMA full form stands for spatial division multiple access or space division multiple access methods. It is one types of multiple access methods. It is used for a mobile communication system which reuses the same set of cell phone frequencies in a given service area. A base station, SDMA continually adapts to the radio environment. Some feature of the SDMA method given below :
  • SDMA become less practical.
  • SDMA is suited for short distance transmission.
  • In SDMA single fiber replaced with multiple fibers used in parallel.

OFDM block diagram

In OFDM full form is basically two parts as transmitter and receiver.

In this system at the transmitter side error correction coding, interleaving process is done over the data stream. The data stream that is sent is in the form of a symbol that has undergone quadrature amplitude modulation. Then the symbol stream is assigned to one of the subcarriers with an assigned symbol. Every subscriber will operate at a particular frequency. 

In the frequency domain, the symbol frame is formed with a group of symbols from all subcarriers.

OFDM is a multi-carrier transmission technology. OFDM is used to obtain a higher data rate in the multipath fading environment of mobile communication.

The every symbol frame is transformed into a time frame with the help of N point "inverse Fourier transformation.

OFDM block diagram

 The digital data stream is generated by this time of frames.
Finally, the signal is amplified and transmitted to the antenna side. Convolution coding method with CRC error detection is used to provide high data security for the system.
OFDM is sensitive to phase and frequency noise. To minimize its correct pulse shape needs to be selected.

 OFDM is possible to use maximum likelihood decoding with reasonable complexity, so it is one types of OFDM advantages.
In OFDM receiver side the symbol frame received is detected. so it has to adjust automatic gain control to the desired level. A robust algorithm is to be used to withstand phase noise and also a frequency offset of the receiving unit that will interface with the synchronization process.
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