Difference between CDMA and GPRS

The main key difference between CDMA and GPRS are given below:
  • CDMA stands for code division multiple access while GPRS stands for general packet radio services. 
  • CDMA is one of the types of mobile connections for making calls where the GPRS is a technology for internet connection through a mobile phone.
  • In general, carriers using CDMA offer better coverage than GSM/ GPRS.
  • CDMA supports both UDP and TCP while GPRS supports only user datagram protocol.
  • The average latency on GPRS is around 1.3 seconds whereas on CDMA is around 400 millisecond.
  • CDMA assigns a public IP address while in GPRS enables to surf the internet from a mobile phone.
  • WCDMA technology is faster than GPRS since the user cares about the technology that is applied for the air interface.
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Difference between CDMA and GSM

We all know that the basic mobile communication is GSM stands for global system for mobile communication hile in CDMA stands for code division multiple access.  The main distinction between GSM and CDMA is that GSM is restricted to a SIM card that is used with the movable.  On the opposite hand's the CDMA is French telephonic specific.

The main key difference between CDMA and GSM are given below:
  • GSM stands for global system for mobile communication while in CDMA stands for code division multiple access. 
  • GSM uses the technology named FDMA and TDMA while in CDMA device uses the technology CDMA.
  • GSM is more flexible than CDMA.
  • GSM has a slow data rate while in CDMA has a fast data rate.
  • In we have to use CDMA technology more security is provided as compared with the GSM technology because encryption is inbuilt in the CDMA.
  • GSM is in roaming in worldwide while CDMA is roaming in limited.
  • GSM is specific for SIM but GSM is specific for headset or phone.
  • GSM, the information in addition as voice each are transmitted at the same time but in uses of CDMA technology has not this facility.
  • CDMA network operates In the frequency spectrum of CDMA 850 MHz and 1900 MHz but in GSM network operates in the frequency spectrum of GSM 850 MHZ and 1900 MHZ.
  • GSM is in use over 80% of the world's mobile networks in over more than 210 countries as compared to CDMA.
  • Both the technologies can be used with 3G standard phones but 3G GSM speed can be faster than 3G CDMA speeds.
  • In case the user wants to upgrade his mobile phone or if his or her mobile phone damaged, it is very easy in case of GSM.

Advantages and disadvantages of GPS

GPS stands for the global positioning system. This system is using the signals that will transmit by orbiting satellites to pinpoint a device location and also determine any movement over time. GPS can be applied in many fields like engineering, surveys, aerial photogrammetry, resource survey, engineering deformation  measurement and so on. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of GPS to better understand this topic

Advantages of GPS:

  • GPS will work fast speed.
  • GPS is an easy navigation system.
  • GPS work will all types of weather.
  • GPS is a nearby area search.
  • GPS updated regularly.
  • In GPS system costs you very low in comparison to other navigation systems.
  • The system is updated regularly by our government and hence is very advance.
  • GPS is the most attractive feature of this system is 100% coverage on the planet.
  • GPS also helps to search the nearby restaurants and hotels, gas stations and it is very useful for a new place.
  • Due to their low cost, it is very easy to integrate into other technologies like cell phones.
  • GPS system can be used as a valuable tool by some law enforcement to track criminals or terrorists using devices they attach to vehicles or some through tracking the perpetrator's smartphone.
  • GPS has to improve accuracy by giving the missile a specific set of coordinates and reduces collateral damage through increased accuracy.
  • GPS can solve the problem in roads and buildings as well as natural disasters like earthquakes through the monitoring of tectonic plate movements.

Disadvantages of GPS:

  • Need for good care and handling.
  • Need external power.
  • Potential failures.
  • Inaccuracy. The systems are to always updated so we do not know when a road has been closed or when a road has been opened.
  • Privacy concerns.
  • GPS may fail or do not work properly due to certain reasons and in that case, you need to carry a backup map and directions.
  • GPS accuracy depends on sufficient received signal quality, GPS signal gets affected due to the multipath, atmosphere, electromagnetic interference, etc. So, the error will be about 5 to 10 meters in the GPS signal.  
  • GPS systems cost as the too much a high amount if they have lots of features uses.
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Advantages and disadvantages of DGPS

DGPS is a system to provide positional correction to GPS signals. DGPS  signals to use the known position as a reference to adjust real-life GPS signals to eliminate pseudo-range and to improve the accuracy of user position range and to improve the accuracy of user positions. Here the post gives information about the advantages of DGPS to better understand this topic.

Advantages of DGPS:
  • While in use GPS, it is quite accurate, using DGPS pushes its accuracy even further.
  • GPS or DGPS makes A/L guidance at every precise as oppose to ILS as well as MLS.
  • DGPS has to know the perfect location on the earth.
  • Provide accurate data within a minute.
Disadvantages of DGPS:
  • The coverage is to take advantage of DGPS is limited.
  • In this signal to ensure greater coverage area more DGPS stations need to be added.
  • The position accuracy to degrades as the separation between DGPS and also the aircraft GPS-Rx increases.
  • Most of the errors are other completely eliminated or made negligible after using DGPS, however atmospheric and Rx based errors would still exist. DGPS error sources are satellite clocks, orbital errors, RX noise and multipath.
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What are the advantages of a cycloconverter over an inverter

Here the main advantages of cyclo-converter over the inverter are given below:
  • Efficiency is very high compared to other converters.
  • While using the four-quadrant operation is possible because cyclo-converter is capable of power transfer in both directions.
  • When the AC power at one frequency is directly converted to a lower frequency in a using a single conversion.
  • If one of the SCR is failed, the cyclo-converter operates with some distorted output.
  • In this type of converter, power transfer is possible from supply load and vice versa at any power factor.
  • The dynamic response is good 
  • Smooth low-speed operation
  • The cyclo converter operates online communication, therefore, extra fore commutation components are not required.
  • If when one of the silica control rectifiers (SCR) fails the cyclo converter operates with distorted output.
  • The power transfer in the cyclo converter is possible from supply to load and vice versa at any of the use power factor.
  • The cyclo converter generates a very high-quality sinusoidal waveform for low output frequency while in the static inverter generates a square waveform for low output frequency.
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What are the advantages of digital multimeter over analog multimeter

Here that main advantages of digital multimeter over analog multimeter:
  • A digital multimeter provides better accurate results.
  • They reduce reading and interpolation errors.
  • Portable size makes it easy to carry anywhere.
  • They have very high input impedance.
  • This meter can cause less meter loading effects on the circuits being tested.
  • The input impedance or resistance of DMM is quite high. Hence it does not the measurement much. Hence some precise measurement can be achieved.
  • This meter can cause less meter loading effects on the circuit being tested.
  • Nowadays some advanced digital multimeter has microprocessors and can store the reading for further processing.
  • They are very simple to use unlike the analog multimeter as results are displayed in numeric value directly users need not have to read manually from the scale.
  • Digital multimeter displays no moving parts. So this makes them free from wear and also a shock failure.
  • Unlike analog millimeters, zero adjustments are not required.
  • The reading speed is increased as it is easier to read.
  • All the advanced measurements such as frequency, impedance, transistor, the capacitance can be performed by DMM, unlike analog meter counterparts.
  • The digital output is suitable for further processing or recording and can be useful in a rapidly increasing range of computer-controlled applications.
  • The meter has protection against undesired input range. Hence the meter can be protected from overload or some of the fault or misuse.
  • The auto polarity function can prevent problems from connecting the meter to a test circuit with some wrong polarity.
  • Overall accuracy is increased due to digital readout. When you have used, you can make a mistake in reading the scale in analog multimeter, but digital multimeter has an LCD display to show accurate reading.
  • With the advent of an integrated circuit the size, cost and power requirement of digital multimeter have been drastically reduced.
  • Parallax errors are eliminated. If the pointer of an analog multimeter is viewed from a different angle you will see some of the different values. This is called the parallax error, which is solved digital multimeter to solve this problem.
Considering some above points mentioned above in the advantages of DMM compared to analog, I personally would prefer the digital multimeter for its high accuracy and more sleek nature. I hope this article proves to be informative if you are going to buy a multimeter. 

CD full form

What is the full form of CD?

Answer:

  • Compact Disk

What does CD mean?

CD is an optical disc which used to store data including text, video, some audio, etc. As we know that when the data is written to the CD using an optical device known as CD writer which can be read through a similar device known as a CD drive. This device is portable, hence they can be taken anywhere according to one's need.

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Advantages and disadvantages of optical disk

As we know, An optical disk is any computer disk that uses optical storage techniques and technology to read and write data. It is a computer storage disk that stores data by digitally and uses late beams to read and write data. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of the optical disk to better understand this topic.

Advantages of optical disk compare to magnetic disk:
  • The storage capacity of the optical disk is more than a magnetic disk.
  • The optical disk is physical storage than magnetic disks and can not be damaged easily.
  • The magnetic disk is sensitive to be touched whereas optical disk is not.
  • Magnetic filed do not cause any effect an optical disk whereas they affect the magnetic disk.
  • The optical disk has a lot of data as special of the double side of the DVD.
  • An optical disk is much sturdier than tape or floppy disk. It is physically harder to break or melt or wrap. It is somewhat harder to lose than a USB flash drive.
  • This allows computer systems to be also used as the music systems.
  • Music CD can be played on a computer having a CD ROM drive along with a soundboard and speakers.
  • Due to their compact in size and also a lightweight, optical disks are easy to handle, to be store and port from one place to another.
  • The time required for positioning read-write head over the proper track.

Disadvantages of the optical disk:

  • The main disadvantages have cost both for the drive and the disks.
  • It is not quite as easy or as fast to copy an optical disk as it is to the software and hardware for writing disks.
  • More complicated drive mechanism.
  • Need careful handling.
  • Label optical disk for easy identification.
  • Use offline.
  • The risk to lose data.
  • Prone to scratches, dust, sticky prints.
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Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic disk

As we know that the magnetic disk is the most popular direct access secondary device. They are also the most popular online secondary storage of the device. The magnetic disk comes in various sizes. They can be portable or permanently mounted in their storage devices or disk drives. Here now this post gives the information about the advantages and disadvantages of a magnetic disk to better understand this topic. 

Advantages of a magnetic disk:

  • Data records can be stored for both sequential and direct access.
  • This disk was the high speed of access and update as no sorting of transactions.
  • They follow direct access mode for reading or the writing data onto some data files.
  • The data transfer time rate for the magnetic disk system is normally higher than a tape system.
  • The magnetic disk is suitable for both online and offline storage of data.
  • Online disk records of several related files can be updated simultaneously by using only a single input transaction.
  • Floppy disk and zip disks both are being compact in size and light in weight are easy to handle and store.
  • The magnetic disk is less valuable to data corruption due to careless handling.
  • Due to random access property, a magnetic disk is often used by multiple users as a shared device.
  • Floppy disk and another is to be zip disk is also easily portable from one place to another. They are used for the transfer of data.
  • Any information desired from this disk storage can be accused in a few milliseconds because it is a direct access storage device.
  • The storage capacity is unlimited as many numbers of disk required can be added.
  • Due to low cost and high recording densities cost per magnetic disk are too much less or minimum. 
  • Less prone to corruption of data.

Disadvantages of a magnetic disk:

  • Expensive than magnetic tapes.
  • It must be stored in a dust-free environment in order to protect them from crashing down.
  • This disk was more susceptible to breach of security and access gain to sensitive online disk files from remote terminals.
  • Difficult to maintain the security of information.
  • Not ideal for devices that require access required is of sequential nature than direct or random nature.
  • A disk drive or disk failure results in loss of entire data stored on it.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of DVD

As we know that DVD is a type of compact disk able to store a large amount of data, especially high-resolution audiovisual material so when you have compared your data storage options, there is no one size fits at all approach. At that time you may find DVD storage is perfect for your situation, while another user may find it inconvenient. Here this post gives the information about merits or advantages and disadvantages or demerits of DVDs to better understand this topic.

Advantages of DVDs:

  • Very large storage capacity.
  • Increasing availability.
  • It is easily available in every store.
  • It is portable.
  • High data stability.
  • The DVD drive can read CDs.
  • DVDs are now mass-produced so they are relatively cheap.
  • Sound and picture quality is excellent which makes them suitable for sound and video.
  • Price is dropping for both DVDs as well as for the DVD drives.

Disadvantages of DVDs:

  • DVDs do not work in CD ROM drives.
  • It is not easy to change data.
  • There is no single standard on DVD.
  • When we have to use DVDs,  it has built-in copy protection and regional lockout.
  • Still, a relatively new technology so still expensive compared to CD-ROMs and VCR.
  • It require burning software to record some information to it.
  • DVD uses digital compression. poorly compressed audio or video may be like fuzzy, harsh or vague, and blocky.
  • DVD doesn't fully support HDTV.
  • They can be easily damaged by breaking or by some scratching.
  • Some DVD players and drives can't read record-able DVDs.
  • Some DVD players and drives can't read CDs.
  • View a few players who can play in reverse at normal speed.
  • Variations and options such as like DVD audio, DVD-VR, and DTS audio tracks are not supported by all players.
  • Most DVD players and drives can't read DVD-RAM discs.

Magnetic tapes advantages and disadvantages

Magnetic tape is most commonly used to record and to store computer and video data. Before the CD and DVD came along, the magnetic tap was widely used by consumers. Magnetic tape is most communally used y large companies and organizations that require massive data stores. Here this pose gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of magnetic tape to better understand this topic.

Advantages of magnetic tape:
  • Magnetic tape can e recorded over and reused repeatedly.
  • Magnetic tape is inexpensive and budget-friendly.
  • Can storage large amounts of data unto 1 terabyte per tape cartridge.
  • Data collection can go without interruption overnight or for an entire weekend.
  • It can be set up to do the back up overnight or over the weekend.
  • It is probably the cheapest form of storage per megabyte of storage.

Disadvantages of magnetic tape:

  • Magnetic tape has a lifespan of 15 years. Data quality erodes over time.
  • This tape is necessary to keep older tape equipment just to be able to read the stored data.
  • If the data is stored ear a strong magnetic field or large speaker, the tape can be damaged.
  • Magnetic tap is in physical contact with the recording heads, causing friction and wear. 
  • Special equipment must be purchased and set up to record and store data. The data can only be read on the special type of equipment.
  • It is slow compared to magnetic disks.
  • It is not flexible, and updating the records is difficult.
  • Away from corrosive gases ad chemicals, they can cause tape reading errors.
  • Use parity bits, hence if a minor error occurs it is difficult to recover the data.
  • It was sequential in nature, not suitable where data is accessed and requires a random order.
  • This tape is needed to be a special piece of equipment to record and read the data on the tape.
  • The tape can stretch or break or lose its magnetic data to age, heat, or the earth magnetic field.

MCB applications

Some of the applications of  MCB are listed below:

  • MCB is used in new constructions home, shops instead of the older types of fuses.
  • MCB is designed to protect the house from the circuit overload.
  • MCB is required in homes, offices, and shop distributions boards for the protection of individuals' circuits and complete wiring systems in that building through the main circuit.
  • They are being used extensively these days and are virtually replacing the traditional rewire-able fuses.
  • MCB can be used with a ground fault or arc-fault mechanism because the breakers consist of the system that opens the contacts if a line to ground fault occurs.
  • MCB is sightly more expensive than fuses but this is offset by the fact no cost is involved. I resting them after the operation and it is a very quick and simple process.
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Limitations of ELCB

Some limitations of ELCB are listed below:

  • Failure to respond at certain conditions.
  • As we know the disadvantages of ELCB as that ELCB needs a sound earth connection, for the load protects.
  • ELCB does not detect a fault that doesn't pass current through CPC to earth rod.
  • ELCB does not allow a single building system to easily split into multiple sections with independent fault protection because the earthing system is bonded to the pipework.
  • Some electrical leaky appliances water heater, washing, machine, and coolers may cause CKL to trip.
  • ELCB may be tripped by the external voltage from something connected to the earthing system such as a metal pipe.
  • This breaker may be tripped by external voltage from something connected to the earthing system such as metal pipes.
  • If the electrical installation earth rod is placed close to another or the same of the earth of a building, then a high earth leakage current from other buildings can raise the local ground potential and cause a voltage difference across the two earth, again tripping to the ELCB.
  • They introduce additional resistance and an additional point of failure into enough voltage to cause it to trip.
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Limitations of RCCB

Some limitations of RCCB are listed below:

  • RCCB does not protect from the overheating that strike if conductors are not screwed into terminals.
  • RCCB does not guarantee to operate if none standard waveform is generated by the load. It is because RCCB is designed to operate on a normal supply waveform.
  • RCCB does no shield against line neutral shocks.  Because the reason for the current in them is stable. The current gets balanced as both the terminals are carried together.
  • RCCB does not protect against line neutral shocks. It's mainly because the current in them is balanced. The current gets balanced between as both terminals are held together.
  • In RCCB, there might be some unwanted tripping of RCCB. It is mainly because whenever there are sudden changes in electrical load, there can be small current flow to earth, especially in the old appliances.
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Precautions of multimeter

Some precautions of multimeter:

  • When you have to use multimeter first check proper DC polarity when measuring DC.
  • You have to always start with the highest voltage or current range.
  • De-energize and discharge the circuit completely prior to connecting or disconnecting to a device called a multimeter.
  • Be sure that the multimeter is switched during the to AC prior to trying to measure AC circuits.
  • Choose the final range that enables a reading close to the middle of the scale.
  • Set the ideal current range before measuring higher current or some else it will blow the digital multimeter fuse. 
  • A resistor should be measured standalone or the connected parts in the circuit may affect to some of the reading.
  • Never apply power to the circuit when you have to measure resistance with a multimeter.
  • Be sure to read AC measurements on the AC voltage position.
  • In case you want to verify the presence of dangerous voltage in a circuit with a digital multimeter, it is crucial to verify both the  AC as well as DC voltage.
  • Make sure that change the 0 ohms reading after changing resistance ranges before creating a resistance measurement.

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Applications of multimeter

We all know that a multimeter is extremely too important for electronics and electrical instruments and is extensively used for carrying out various tests and to measurements in electronics as well as electrical circuits. 

There are two types of multimeter basically analog multimeter and digital multimeter. they are many advantages of the analog multimeter as well as digital multimeters advantages. The applications are measuring accurately circuit and component parameters. They are different type of multimeter is used for the test, to adjust and troubleshoot electronic circuits, traditionally multimeter of either type measure three main parameters.

1. Current both AC and DC
2. Voltage both AC and DC
3. Resistance

The main Applications of multimeter are listed below:

  • Voltage measurement: High and low value DC measurement and peak to peak and DC average measurement.
  • It will use for temperature and environmental applications: Low-cost weather station, DMM internal temperature.
  • Resistance measurement: Micro ohm meter, measuring with constant voltage and measuring resistance with constant current
  • Time and frequency measurement: Fast frequency, and time measurement
  • Current measurement: DC current measurement, true RMS AC current

LiFi vs WiFi: Which Technology Will Dominate the Future?

We all know that LiFi stands for Light fidelity while in WiFi stands for wireless fidelity. LiFi uses the light for data transmission while in WiFi uses electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies for data transmission. In this article, we list some main key difference between LiFi and WiFi. 

The main key difference between LiFi and WiFi are listed below:

  • LiFi stands for light fidelity while in, WiFi stands for wireless fidelity.
  • LiFi coined by Prof  Harald has i2011, while WiFi is invented by CR corporation o 1991.
  • LiFi works based on the VLC principle, while WiFi consists of two important devices namely, WiFi router, or AP, WiFi dongle and WiFi stations.
  • LiFi transmits data using light y the help of LED bulbs, WiFi transmits data using radio waves using a WiFi router. 
  • LiFi presents an IrDA compliant device while in WiFi WLAN 802.11/b/g/n/ac/d standard-compliant devices.
  • Conversion distance in LiFi is around 10 meters but in conversion distance of WiFi about 32 meters. 
  • The data transfer speed of LiFi is about 1 Gbps, and the WiFi ranges from 150 Mbps to a maximum of 2 Gbps.
  • Frequency operation of LiFi 10000 time-frequency spectrum of the radio, but in WiFi 2.4 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 5 GHz.
  • While in LiFi using light is blocked by the walls hence provide more secure data transfer but in WiFi, walls cannot lock radio waves so we need to employ more techniques to achieve secure data transfer.
  • The data density of LiFi works with a high dese environment while WiFi work in a less dense environment due to interference related issues.
  • Minimum components used in LiFi is LED blub, LED driver and photodetector, WiFi used router, modems, and access points.
  • LiFi is mainly used in airlines, undersea exploration, hospitals, offices,  home premises, etc but WiFi used for internet browsing with the help of a WiFi hotspot.

Full form of HiFi

What is the full form of HiFi?

  • High Fidelity

What does HiFi mean?

Some of the people who understand that HiFi has a connection with WiFi but HiFi is the word used for high-quality production. This term used mostly used listeners, home audiophiles, listeners of music with quality production. 

Features of LiFi

nowadays LiFi technology include is the latest technology, its advantages to the capacity, availability, speed, cost, energy efficiency, safety, the security of a wireless system with a number of key benefits over WiFi ut is inherently a complementary technology.

Some key features of LiFi technology are listed below:

  • LiFi technology provides 1k times with greater data density compared to that of WiFi.
  • It is two-way communications that use the medium of light.
  • LiFi light is present everywhere.
  • It is safe technology to transfer confidential manner.
  • It eliminates any health hazards caused by radio frequency (RF) waves.
  • The visible light spectrum is plentiful, free to use and unlicensed.
  • The diode called a photodiode, which is used as a receiver which can turn light into electrical signals.
  • The LiFi system would be of low cost as it requires less number of components.
  • No additional power input is required for this technology, moreover LED illumination is already efficient.
  • The use of light cannot interfere with any electronic circuitry and hence the technology is a safe ad on the hazard.
  • Haking is negligible compared to WiFi since the rage of data transmission is confined to a certain area.
  • RF transmission and propagation in water are extremely difficult but LiFi works well in this environment. 
  • Very high-speed data rates can be achieved due to low interference, high device bandwidth, and high-intensity optical output.
  • Require fewer components than radio technology.
  • Capacity for planning is simple since there tends to be illumination infrastructure where people wish to communicate, and also good signal capacity and strength can literally be seen.

Full form of GiFi

What is the full form of GiFi


  • Gigabit Fidelity

What does a GiFi mean?

In today the world is changing drastically. One of the biggest improvements made in wireless technology was inventing a new wireless technology called GiFi.

GiFi is a wireless transmission technology. This technology was ten times faster than other wireless technology. It is manufacturing using CMOS technology. The best part of GiFi technology is its power consumption. GiFi data transfer rate around the speed of 5 Gbps. The evolution of GiFi came into existence due to the need for higher data transfer rates and low power consumption.
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