Difference between MAN and WAN

MAN and WAN both are a network device. This network design is some of the similarities and dissimilarities between them. One of the major difference between that network is that geographical area. So here this article gives information about the difference between MAN and WAN to know more details about it.

 Full form : 
  • MAN stands for metropolitan area network.
  • WAN stands for wide area network.
Definition :
  • MAN is a large network which connects different organization.
  • WAN is a network that covers a board area using private or public network transport.
Covers :
  • MAN cover relatively too much large region such as cities and towns.
  • WAN covers a large geographical area.
Example :
  • The network uses in a small town, a city is an example of  MAN.
  • The internet, a country/continent is a good example of a WAN.
The technology used for the medium :
  • In MAN, logically installed and it based on common carrier, e.g. like a fiber optic cable, twisted pair.
  • In WAN, logically installed and it based on common carrier, e.g. like a fiber optic cable, twisted pair, coaxial cable, and cellular-based network.
Bandwidth :
  • Moderate bandwidth in MAN.
  • high bandwidth in WAN.
Speed :
  • MAN speed up-to 100 Mbps.
  • WAN speed up-to 10-20 Mbps.
Data transfer rate :
  • MAN offer moderate transfer rate.
  • WAN offer low data transfer rate.
Data transmission error  :
  • In MAN fewer data transmission error.
  • In WAN more data transmission error than LAN.
Ownership of the network :
  • Both have public or private.
Congestion :
  • Both have more congestion.
Component :
  • In MAN devices like modem, routers.
  • In WAN uses layer 3 like a router, multi-layer switches, technology-specific devices like ATM or frame relay switch.
Fault tolerance :
  • Both have less tolerant.
Geographical spread :
  • MAN cover moderate range.
  • WAN covers a large geographical range.
Propagation delay :
  • MAN has moderate propagation delay.
  • WAN has a long propagation delay.
Set up cost :
  • MAN has less costly.
  • For WANs since networks in a remote area have to be connected the setup cost is higher. 
Maintenance cost :
  • MAN is easier to maintain at relatively medium cost compare to WAN.
  • WAN has wider geographical coverage a higher maintenance cost.
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Difference between LAN and WAN

LAN and WAN both are a network device. This network design is some of the similarities and dissimilarities between them. One of the major difference between that network is that geographical area. So here this article gives information about the difference between LAN and WAN to know more details about it.

Full form : 
  • LAN stands for local area network.
  • WAN stands for wide area network.
Definition :
  • LAN is a computer network that connects a computer in a small area.
  • WAN is a network that covers a board area using private or public network transport.
Covers :
  • LAN cover only local area.
  • WAN covers a large geographical area.
Example :
  • The network uses in the office building, school, college can be a LAN.
  • The internet, a country/continent is a good example of a WAN.
Technology :
  • Ethernet and token ring to connect another network form the device when uses LAN.
  • ATM and frame relay device when using WAN.
Bandwidth :
  • High bandwidth is available for transmission.
  • Low bandwidth available for transmission
Connection :
  • One LANs can be connected to other LAN over any distance via telephones lines and also radio waves.
  • While we are using in WAN, a computer connected a wide area network are often connected through a public network such as a telephone system. 
Speed :
  • LAN speed up-to 80-90 Mbps.
  • WAN speed up-to 10-20 Mbps.
Data transfer rate :
  • LAN offer high data transfer rate.
  • WAN offer low data transfer rate.
Data transmission error  :
  • In LAN fewer data transmission error.
  • In WAN more data transmission error than LAN.
Ownership of the network :
  • LAN has private.
  • WAN has public or private.
Congestion :
  • LAN has less congestion.
  • MAN has more congestion.
Component :
  • In LAN layer 1 devices like hub and repeater, layer 2 devices like switches, and bridges.
  • In WAN uses layer 3 like a router, multi-layer switches, technology-specific devices like ATM or frame relay switch.
Fault tolerance :
  • More tolerant generated. LAN tend to have fewer problems associated with them, as there are a smaller number of the system to deal with. 
  • WAN tends to be less fault-tolerant as they consist of a large number of the system.
Geographical spread :
  • LAN covers a small geographical range.
  • WAN covers a large geographical range.
Propagation delay :
  • LAN has short propagation delay.
  • WAN has a long propagation delay.
Set up cost :
  • In the LAN network, there is a need to set up a couple of extra devices on the network, it is not very expensive to do that.
  • For WANs since networks in a remote area have to be connected the setup cost is higher. 
Maintenance cost :
  • LAN is easier to maintain at a relatively lower cost.
  • WAN has wider geographical coverage so it has a higher maintenance cost.
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Difference between diode and LED

The major difference between these two diodes is that the diode allows the current to flow only in one direction and opposes the flow in the opposite direction while LED short form emits the light. So here this article gives information about the difference between a diode and LED to know more details about it.
The LED is one type of diode which is made of germanium arsenide while in the diode is a semiconductor device is used in the electrical circuit for the affecting the electric current. This page gives the information about LED vs diode to better understand this topic.
  • A diode is a semiconductor diode which conducts only in one direction, LED is one type of diode which when placed in an electric field emits the light.
  • Diode converts energy into heat whereas LED converts energy into light.
  • A diode has a high reverse breakdown voltage value, LED has a low reverse breakdown voltage value
  • The LED is made of the gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide while the diode is made of semiconductor material and the electrons of this material give their energy in the form of heat
  • A diode is made from silicon and germanium material while LED is used for GaAs and GaP martial used
  • LED display the light while diode rectifies the alternating current
  • Diode uses a rectifier, voltage multipliers, clipping and clamping  circuit etc, LED uses indicator in seven segment display, use as a light source, headlamps, camera flashes, medical device, traffic signal etc
  • LED converts the voltage into light while the diode converts the alternating current into the direct current
  • LED is the on state voltage is approximately lies between 1.2 to 2.0 V while the diode is the on state voltage is 0.7 V in case of silicon and 0.3 V in case of germanium

Difference between clipper and clamper

The major difference between clipper and clamper circuit is that clipper is a limiting circuit which limits the output voltage wheres clamper circuit which is shift the DC level of output voltage. Another major difference is to be a shape of the output waveform, clipper and clamper circuit are exactly opposite to each other regarding their working principle. This article gives information about the difference between clipper and clamper circuit to know more details about it.
  • Clipper delimits the amplitude of the output voltage whereas clamper shifts the DC level of the output voltage.
  • Clipper has less than the input voltage, clamper has multiple of the input voltage.
  • In the clipper circuit, the DC level will remain the same, when we have using clamper circuit DC level get shifted.
  • Clipper circuit does not require an energy storage component while the clamper circuit is used as a capacitor for energy storage.
  • When we have to use the clipper circuit shape of the output waveform is to change like rectangular, sinusoidal, triangular etc but in clamper circuit shape of the output waveform will remains same as input waveform.
  • Clipper limits the voltage while clamper shifts in upward and downwards.
  • Clipper circuit is known as a current delimiter, and also a voltage delimiter or amplitude delimiter and clamper circuit are also considered an as voltage multiplier circuit.
  • Clipper circuit is used in a transmitter, receiver, amplitude selector, noise, limiter etc whereas clamper circuit is used in voltage multiplying circuit, sonar, radar system etc.

Difference between LiFi and WiFi

Before we learn about the difference between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi first let we check it out full form of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi full form. The most important difference between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi is that Li-Fi uses light for data transmission while Wi-Fi uses electromagnetic waves at a radio frequency for data transmission. So now let us talk about the difference between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi to know more details about it. 
  • Li-Fi called light fidelity, Wi-Fi called wireless fidelity.
  • Li-Fi can be considered as a light-based Wi-Fi system.
  • The bandwidth expansion of WiFi technology is limited and exceptional for WiFi.
  • Li-Fi transmits data using light with the help of an LED type of bulbs, Wi-Fi transmits data using radio waves with the help of a Wi-Fi router.
  • Li-Fi does not have any interference issues similar to the radio frequency waves, whereas Wi-Fi will have interference issues from nearby access points.
  • Li-Fi technology uses data transfer speed about up to 1 Gbps whereas Wi-Fi considers the speed offer using WLAN-11n offers up to 150 Mbps.
  • Li-Fi work in with the high dense environment, Wi-Fi work in with dense environment due to interference issue. 
  • The range of WiFi is medium and low for LiFi.
  • In Li-Fi technology or system can be used IrDA devices while in Wi-Fi used WLAN 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad 
  • While using Li-Fi the speed for the data transmission is faster while using Wi-Fi data transmission is too much slower.
  • The power availability of WiFi is low and high for LiFi. 
  • The security of WiFi is medium and excellent for LiFi
  • The data density of WiFi technology is low and high for LiFi.
  • Frequency is used to be 10000 time-frequency spectrum of the radio while Wi-FI used frequency operation in different like 2.4 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 5 GHz.
  • In Li-Fi light system is locked by the wall and hence will provide more secure data transfer, While in the Wi-Fi RF signal cannot be blocked by the walls hence need to employ techniques to achieve more secure data transfer.
  • Li-Fi uses a component like a lamp driver, photodetector, the LED bulb will make up a complete Li-Fi system or technology while Wi-Fi uses a component like laptops, desktops, PDAs, routers referred to as stations.
  • The ecological impact of WiFi is medium and low for LiFi.
  • The network topologies of LiFi and WiFi technologies is a point to point.
  • Li-Fi is ideal for high-density wireless data coverage in a confined area and for relieving radio interference issues, while Wi-Fi is great for general wireless coverage within the building. 
  • Li-Fi must be used airlines, hospitals, clinic, explorations, office for data transfer and internet browsing, Wi-Fi can be used for internet browsing with the help of wifi kiosks or Wi-Fi hotspots.

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  1. Difference between the LED bulb and LED fixtures

Advantages and disadvantages of star topology

A star topology is one type of network topology, In this topology, all the network nodes are individually connected to a central switch, hub or computer. This point acts as a central point of communication which to pass on the message. Star topology has many more advantages compared to other topology, so here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of star topology to know more details about it.

 Advantages of star topology :
  • It is a good opinion for modern network
  • It is easy to manage
  • Offer the opportunity for expansion
  • More scalable than a peer to peer network or ring network
  • Easy to add a new station
  • Easy to install and wiring
  • Low network traffic
  • Improve network performance
  • Easy to monitor and troubleshoot
  • Can accommodate different wiring
  • It is easy to modify and also have to add a new computer in a star network device
  • Less cabling is needed then mesh topology
  • During adding or deleting a node network can function normally act
  • Less expensive than mesh topology 
  • A centralized management system that makes use of switch, hub or central computer keeps watch on the network.
  • Easy to fault identification and to remove parts
  • Only one single computer failure does not necessarily bring down the whole star network
  • Installation and configuration are easy
  • It is robust in nature.
  • No disruption to the network when connecting or removing part
  • The star topology, troubleshooting and detecting failure is very easy
  • Provide for centralized monitoring and management of the network
  • The alternative is there to change the port
  • Most popular topology in use, a wide variety of equipment available 
  • If one node or link fails, it does not effect the reminder of the network.
Disadvantages of star topology :
  • It's created for a single point for failure
  • There is no route redundancy
  • It require more cable than linear bus.
  • Using a router or switch as the central network device within a star topology configuration is extremely costly.
  • If hub fails the whole system will fail
  • Cable installation more difficult
  • As the hub is the star main system, it needs greater resources and regular maintenance in the star topology.
  • The data transfer rate is very low in wireless star topology
  • Extra hardware required with add to cost.
  • The bandwidth of a star topology can be limited. This could provide an issue for network that need a lot of a bandwidth.
  • Another disadvantages of star topology is distance limit. The length of the cable used to link the device limits the distance that may be traveled between them and the hub or switch in the center.

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Advantages and disadvantages of mesh topology

A mesh topology is a network topology. All network nodes are individually connected to most of the other nodes. If one link becomes unusable it does not disturb the whole system and other links can be used for communication. So here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of mesh topology to know more details about mesh topology.

Advantages of mesh topology :
  • It has privacy and security
  • Eliminate traffic problems in link sharing
  • Point-to-point links make fault identification, and fault isolation easy
  • Expansion and modification of this topology can be done without disrupting other nodes
  • Even if one of the components is failed there is always an alternative present so data transfer doesn't get affected
  • Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously. This topology can withstand high-traffic
  • It is robust. If any link gets damaged it can not affect the others
  • The most reliable network topology
  • Each can carry its own data load
  • Easy to detect a faulty device
  • Troubleshooting of this topology is easy as compared with other types of networks
Disadvantages of mesh topology :
  • Expensive as cable cost is high
  • It is a very complex
  • It can be difficult to manage
  • The setup and maintenance cost of this topology is very difficult
  • There is a high chance of redundancy in many of the network connection
  • Connection not fully utilized
  • The overall cost of this network is way to high compared to other network topologies
  • It is difficult to install
  • More cabling is required as compared to bus, star, and ring topology
  • Each link from one device to another requires an individual network interface card
  • Consume a lot of power
  • Adding or removing a computer is difficult
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1G technology advantages and disadvantages

1G stands for the first generation, It can be used mobile phones were cell phones that used the first successful standard network technology. 1G phones had many more advantages after being introduced but in 2G mobile phones made 1G technology largely obsolete in 1990. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of a 1G network to know more about 1G technology.

Advantages of a 1G network :
  • Improve voice clarity
  • The network uses the analog signal
  • Reduce noise in the line
  • Secrecy and safety to data and voice calls
  • Consume less battery power
Disadvantages of a 1G network :
  • Poor voice quality 
  • Large phone size
  • Poor battery life
  • No security
  • It makes use of the mobile phone with the analog signal more difficult and this signal are suffer from interference problem
  • Limited capacity
  • Poor hand-off reliability
  • Very slow speed
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Advantages and disadvantages of 5G wireless system

5G stands for 5th generations, It is the next generation of wireless connectivity that will eventually supplant 4G. 5G technology is expected provides a wide range of benefits to end users paving the way for potentially unmatched new technologies. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of a 5G network to know more about 5G networks.

Advantages of 5G networks :
  • It posses a very high speed 
  • High capacity
  • More efficient
  • Longer battery life
  • High security 
  • High data rates
  • Low cost per bit
  • More attractive and more effective
  • It supports multimedia, voice, and internet
  • It offers high resolution 
  • Bidirectional large bandwidth for made mobile users
  • Availability at low cost
  • Dynamic information access
  • Data bandwidth of >1 Gbps or higher
  • Finest quality of services (QoS)
  • Possible to provide uniform uninterrupted consistent connectivity across all over the world
  • Technology to gather all network on one platform
  • It also offers global access and service portability
  • It is very high uploading and downloading speed
  • Easily manageable with the previous generation
  • Technological sound to support heterogeneous services
  • You can control your PCs by handsets
Disadvantages of a 5G network :
  • Development infrastructure need high cost
  • Many of the old devices(1G, 2G, 3G, 4G) would not be the component of 5G, so all of them need to be replaced with a new one - expensive deal
  • Security and privacy issue yet to be solved
  • A 5G smartphone is costly. 
  • This technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on
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Advantages and disadvantages of 4G network

4G stands for 4th generation, It is long term evolution. Its main objective is that it provides more reliable mobile broadband internet for the device such as a smartphone, tablet, computer, laptops. Speed is too much faster than 3G, so 4G is amazing speed and efficiency and they took the mobile market by storm.  So this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of a 4G network to know more about it. 

Advantages of a 4G network :
  • Better spectral efficiency
  • High speed
  • High capacity
  • High bandwidth
  • Tight network security
  • High usability: any time, anywhere and any with technology
  • Support for multimedia services low transmission cost
  • Low cost per bit
  • A seamless network of multiple protocols and air interface
  • Affordable communication system
  • Have easier access to services and application
  • Increases the level of use of synchronization
  • Machine to machine communication provided
  • Global access, service portability, and a variety of quality of services  provided
Disadvantages of a 4G network :
  • The battery uses is more
  • Hard to implement
  • Need complected hardware
  • It needed to avail services of 4G technology
  • The equipment required for a next-generation network is still very expensive
  • The network has more problem has security issues
  • Not many areas of 4G services yet
  • Network protocol and standardization have not to be defined
  • High data prize for consumers
  • Need different handsets
  • Power consumption is high
  • Roaming and data or voice work together has not yet been implemented
  • Require closer base station and are expensive
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WDM drivers

WDM driver is classified into three types :
  • Bus driver
  • Function driver
  • Filter driver
Function driver :
  • A function driver is a specific individual device, such as a printer.
Bus driver :
  • Bus driver uses individual buses like PCI, SCSI, and USB, adapter or bridges. It is reported to the child device that is connected to the bus.
Filter driver :
  •  It is I/O request for a device, which is a class of device or bus device.

UPS application

UPS full form is used in any field that requires an uninterruptible high-quality power supply. This article gives information about the UPS application to a better understanding of the UPS system.
  • Outdoor uses/military uses 
  • Multiple redundancy
  • Hospital
  • Data center
  • Telecommunication
  • Static power converter
  • Diesel ICE / hydrogen at an energy source
  • From couple of second up to couple of minute
  • Electrochemical battery are the main choice as energy storage
  • Alternative energy storage 
There are just some the industries that can benefits from UPS system :
  • Data and call centers devices
  • Universities
  • Telecommunication and cable companies
  • Electronics manufactures
  • Bank
  • Hospital and medical centers
  • TV station
  • Utility companies
  • Production based manufactures

IMSI full form

What is the full form of IMSI ?

Answer :
  • International Mobile Subscriber Identity 

What does IMSI mean?

IMSI is a unique number associated with all GSM and UMTS network SIM card. IMSI used for acquiring details of the mobile in the HLR full form is Home Location Register. The details stored as a 64-bit field in the SIM inside the phone and are sent by phone to the network. 

RMS full form

What is the full form of RMS?

 Answer :
  • Root Mean Square

What does RMS mean?

Root mean square is a square root of the mean of the square. In electrical or electronics engineering, RMS voltage of an AC waveform is the amount of AC power that produces the same heating effect as DC power.

Full form of UPS

What is the full form of UPS?


 Answer :

  •  Uninterruptible Power Supplies

What does UPS mean?


 A UPS provides nearly instantaneous power and allows a computer to keep running for at least a short time when the power source lost or fails.

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Application of SMPS

SMPS meaning can be used in a variety of electronics equipment, including computer and other sensitive equipment.
  • Security system
  • Personal computer
  • Mobile phone charger
  • Machine tool industry
  • Railway system
  • Battery charger
  • Used in mobile
  • Used in vehicles
  • Used in lighting

SMPS meaning

Before knowing about the SMPS meaning one question you should be clear about is What is Full form of SMPS ?

SMPS is an electronics circuit and it can convert power using switching devices that are turned on and off at the high frequencies. 

SMPS can be used in a variety of electronics equipment, including computer and other sensitive equipment.

Types of SMPS :
  • DC to DC converter
  • Forward converter 
  • Fly-back converter
  • Self-oscillating fly-back converter

3G advantages and disadvantages

When we will using 3G network technology customers will get high speed for their communication which is far better than the 2G network technology as well as other previous technology for use in data communication. Now let us check it out the information about the advantages and disadvantages of a 3G network to know more about 3G networks.

Advantages of 3G :
  • Faster data transfer rate
  • Availability of fixed
  • Multimedia services are available
  • Anywhere access to the internet.
  • Cheap call rate in worldwide.
  • Security and reliability are more
  • Always online devices
  • Provide interoperability  among service providers
  • Customers will get high-speed network for the data communication
  • Anywhere access to the internet
  • Customers can use all the facilities at the same time
  • Customers can see video 
  • Good for data-intensive application
  • Customer will get wireless broadband
  • Video call and big MMS
  • Uninterrupted video streaming on phones
  • It is extremely faster than previous networks
  • An application that is more data-intensive can be developed and used
  • Picture messing allows products as well as problems to be shown visually
Disadvantages of 3G :
  • Needs different handsets
  • Insufficient bandwidth
  • Power consumption is high
  • Require closer base station and are expensive
  • Spectrum license cost
  • High expenses of 3G phones
  • 3G compatible handset
  • Connection rate
  • Separate 3G phones are needed
  • A 3G cell phone is more costly compared to 2G cell
  • Data/voice and roaming and also work together has not yet been implemented

What is IGBT

Let us find out the full meaning of IGBT and some more information on IGBT to know more about it. 

Full information about IGBT :

IGBT meaning has been developed by combining the best qualities of both BJT and PMOSFET. Thus does IGBT process is high input impedance compare PMOSFET and has low on-state power loss as in a BJT. Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is free from second breakdown problem present in BJT. All these merits have made it IGBT very popular among all power electronics engineers.

IGBT is also known as metal oxide insulated gate transistor (MOSFET device), also called a conductively modulated field-effect transistor (COMFORT). It was also initially called an insulated gate transistor called IGT. 
Several merits of IGBT process is high input impedance compare to PMOSFET and has low on-state power loss as in a BJT. All these merits have made it IGBT is very popular among all power electronics system engineers.

IGBT is a three-terminal semiconductor device (emitter, base, collector) with huge bipolar current-carrying capability.

These terminals as an emitter, collector, and gate. IGBT has a CMOS input and bipolar output characteristic and voltage-controlled bipolar device. This device is apt for several applications such as DC and AC motor drive, UPS system, power supply, PWM (pulse width modulated), SMPS (Switched-mode power supplies) and drives for solenoids.

Static I-V or output characteristics of an IGBT (n channel type) show the plot of conduct collector current IC versus collector-emitter voltage VCE for the various value of gate-emitter voltages VGE1, VGE2 etc.

IGBT meaning

The term IGBT full form Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor is a solid-state device. It is introduced on the 1980s. A power transistor characteristics of both MOSFET as well as BJT  are used in IGBT. So it makes used advantages of both power MOSFET and BJT, the IGBT has been introduced. IGBT can be used much more application like electric cars, digital stereo power amplifier, SMPS, UPS, PWM, home application and uses in many more power circuits. IGBT advantages are that it can improve dynamic performance and efficiency.
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