Difference between TDMA and CDMA

TDMA technology was recent in more popular in Europe, Asian countries, Japan, whereas CDMA is widely used in North and South America but nowadays both technologies are very popular throughout the world. TDMA emerged and was utilized first but in CDMA is more recent technology gradually replacing TDMA. The main difference between these two techniques is in the way in which the user shares the same physical channel. This post gives more information about TDMA VS CDMA to better understand this topic.

TDMA:
  • In TDMA all slots are assigned cyclically.
  • Data rate overhead is between 20 to 30 %.
  • Transmission or receiving is allowed for only one user is given slot.
  • The transmission is noncontinuous.
  • All slots are assigned on demand.
  • Due to reduced inter-user interference, power control is less stringent.
  • It is essential to use digital data and also for modulation.
  • Overhead trade-off is the size of data payload and latency.
  • Multiple users are shared with a single carrier frequency.
  • Due to reduced inter-user interference, power control is less transmission.
  • Handoff is made simpler by using the non-continuous transmission.
CDMA:
  • Power limited device.
  • Conversion needs to be extracted from the background.
  • It is difficult to distinguishing individuals when GP is low.
  • Fading would be reduced with a wide frequency spectrum.
  • It needs to have separate multipath signals with different delays by chip unit
  • The system performance will be degraded for every user when the total number of users increases.
  • GP is high when people speak a different language, which is easier to distinguish between individual speakers.
  • CDMA uses a process called the spread spectrum method, which scattering of digital bits in a pseudo-random manner and collecting them for interpretation.
  • While people talking random noise band playing occurs.
  • CDMA allows numerous users to use the channel at the same time while TDMA does not.
A main key difference between TDMA and CDMA:
  • The abbreviation of TDMA is time division multiple access while in CDMA stands for code division multiple access.
  • CDMA is a continuous transmission while TDMA is the discontinuous transmission.
  • TDMA is segmented sending time into disjoint time slot demand-driven or it to be fixed patterns whereas when CDMA has spread the spectrum using orthogonal codes.
  • In TDMA system synchronization in the time domain while in FDMA  signal separation using code puls special receivers.
  • In TDMA all terminal are active for short periods of time on the same frequency while in CDMA can be active at the same place at the same moment uninterrupted.
  • CDMA allows numerous users to use the channel at the same time while TDMA does not allow.
  • CDMA still faces some problems, high complexity, lowered expectations, will be integrated with TDMA or FDMA while in TDMA fixed network together with FDMA or SDMA used in many mobile networks.
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Difference between LCD and LED

The main difference between the LCD and LED is that display LED consumes less power and is the best for picture quality when compared with the LCD  display, This post gives the main key difference between LCD and LED for a better understanding of this topic.

LCD :
  • LCD stands for liquid crystal display.
  • LCD consumes less power. 
  • LCD can be driven directly from IC chips. Driver circuits are not required.
  • LCD has a moderate brightness level.
  • Comparatively less temperature limit. The temperature range is limited to -20 to 60 degrees Celsius.
  • Due to chemical degradation, the lifetime is 50000 hours.
  • The viewing angle for LCD is 100 degrees.
  • The operating voltage range is 3 to 20 VDC.
  • LCD is less expensive than LED. If you want to compromise a bit with the quality you can go for an LCD.
LED:
  • LED stands for a light-emitting diode.
  • LED consumes more power than LCD.
  • Due to the high power requirement, LEDs require an external interface circuit when driven from ICs.
  • The brightness level is very good for LEDs.
  • Lifetime is around 100000 hours.
  • Commercially available LEDs have an operating temperature range of -40 to 85-degree Celsius
  • LED has a wide viewing angle.
  • Operating voltage range 1.5 V to 5 VDC.
  • If you are going to purchase LED, it's more expensive than LCD but has the quality of picture and better features than LCD.

 A key difference between LCD and LED:

Here we will discuss the main difference between LCD and LED, specifically in reference to TVs based on the technology, picture quality, contrast ratio, resolution, viewing angle, etc.

  • LCD stands for liquid crystal display while LED stands for the light-emitting diode.
  • The cost of the LED is more than LCD.
  • The resolution of LED is much better than that of LCD.
  • The LED is a PN junction diode that emits visible when the forward bias applies across it while in LCD uses liquid filaments that are filled between glass electrodes for the emission of light.
  • The direct current reduces the life span of LCD while LED has no effect on it.
  • The switching time of the LED is less than LCD.
  • The LCD uses mercury which pollutes the environment whereas the LED does not use mercury.
  • LED is a faster response time compared to LCD.
  • The display area of the LED is less compared to the LCD.
  • The LED comes with a wider viewing angle than the LCD.
  • LED display gives good quality than LCD.
  • LED provides better colour accuracy than LCD.
  • The LED consumes more power as compared to the LCD.
  • The LED uses gallium arsenides which when heated emit light whereas LCD uses a liquid crystal which is energized and provides light.
  • LCD is not good to create black areas hence not good have contrast as LED while LED has better contrast and black level as it produces better black areas which gives a better quality image.
  • The LCD uses a cold cathode fluorescent lamp which provides the backlight of the screen whereas the LED uses the P-N junction diodes for displaying the light.
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Difference between photodiode and LED

The major difference between the photodiode and LED is that, photodiode work on the principal of the photoconduction while LED operates on the principle of electro-luminance.  This post gives information about photodiode and LED to know more details about the topic.

Photodiode:
  • A photodiode is a light detecting device.
  • A photodiode is a two terminal device which can convert light into electrical energy.
  • Photodiode work on the principle of photoconduction.
  • Photodiode must be used germanium and silicon semiconductor used.
  • It works only reverse bias mode.
  • A photodiode is used in fiber optic communication, fluxmeter up to a couple, etc.
  • Reverse saturation current is significant so dark current flow when no light rays are incident on it.
  • Photodiode must be used switching, high-speed counting, AC coupled signaling, etc.
LED :
  • LED has a light emitting diode.
  • LED is a two terminal device which can convert electrical energy into light energy.
  • LED is work on the principle of electro-luminance.
  • Gallium Arsenide or Gallium phosphide semiconductor used.
  • It works only forward biasing mode.
  • LED generated radiated power due to change in temperature.
  • LED has no leakage current.
  • The LED must be used indicator in AC circuit, Alphanumeric and numeric.
A key difference between photodiode and LED:
  • We all know that photodiode is a light detecting device while LED is a light-emitting diode.
  • LED and photodiode both are two-terminal devices.
  • Photodiode work on reverse biased, LED work on forwarding bias.
  • The major difference is that the photodiode works on the principle of photoconduction while in when we are using LED it to work on the electro-luminance.
  • Photodiode converts light energy into electrical energy and on the other hand LED converts electrical energy into light.
  • A photodiode is made for germanium and silicon semiconductor whereas LED is made for GaAsp or GaP.
  • Photodiode provides energy to electron and holes by exposing itself towards light radiation however LED  emits photons due to electron-hole recombination.
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Difference between photodiode and phototransistor

One major difference between the photodiode and the phototransistor is that photodiode consist of a normal P-N junction diode which a transparent window through which light can fall inside whereas in phototransistor uses a transistor which controls by exposure to light. This article is about photodiode vs phototransistor and also the comparison between the photodiode and phototransistor and also mentions the key the difference between them.

Photodiode:
  • We all know that a photodiode is a P-N junction type of diode and it can generate electric current when light or photon is incident on their surface.
  • A photodiode is only generated current.
  • When we have to use a photodiode output response is too much fast.
  • Sensitivity is less when we have to use a photodiode.
  • A photodiode is working both forward as well as reverse biasing.
  • The photodiode is generating solar power, detecting ultraviolet or infra-rays for measuring light etc.
Phototransistor:
  • The phototransistor is one type of transistor which can convert the light energy into electrical energy.
  • A phototransistor has generated both voltage and current.
  • Output response is slow when we have to use a phototransistor.
  • Sensitivity is more.
  • A phototransistor is only working forward biasing.
  • A phototransistor is used in a smoke detector, compact disc players, an invisible light receiver and LASER etc.
Difference between photodiode and phototransistor :
  • A photodiode is a semiconductor device while phototransistor use as the transistor.
  • Photodiode which can convert the light energy into an electrical current, whereas the phototransistor is for the conversion of light energy into an electrical current.
  • A photodiode is more responsive to incident light than a phototransistor.
  • Photodiode work in both forward as well as reversed bias whereas the phototransistor work in forward biasing.
  • The phototransistor is used as a solid state switch, detecting the light whereas the photodiode is used in solar power plant, in a light meter etc.
  • A phototransistor is more sensitive than a photodiode about one hundred times.
  • Photodiodes pass less current compared to phototransistor while in photodiode consumes less current than a phototransistor.
  • The dark current of the phototransistor is much higher than a photodiode.
  • The photodiode has a linear response over a much wider range of light than a phototransistor.
  • Photodiode produces both voltage and current while phototransistor generates only for current.

Advantages and disadvantages of QPSK

The QPSK stands for Quadrature phase shift keying. We know that the QPSK is a digital technique wherein two binary bits are represented by a change in carrier phase by 90 degrees with respect to the other nearby constellation. This article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of QPSK to know more details about it.

Advantages of QPSK:
  • QPSK provide very good noise immunity
  • It provides low error probability
  • Bandwidth is twice efficient is compared to BPSK modulation
  • For the same BER, the bandwidth required by QPSK is reduced to half as compared to BPSK
  • It is more efficient utilization of the available bandwidth of the transmission channel
  • Carrier power almost remains constant because of OQPSK amplitude is not much
Disadvantages of QPSK:
  • QPSK is not more power efficient modulation technique compare to other modulation types as more power is required to transmit two bits
  • QPSK is more complex compared to BPSK receiver due to four states needed to recover binary data information

Difference between 1G 2G 3G 4G technology

"G" stands for "Generation". The main aim of wireless communications is that provides high-quality, reliable communication just like wired communication. As we know that while we have to connect to the internet, the speed of your internet depends upon the signal strength that has been in like 1G,2G,3G,4G,5G etc. Each and every generation is defined as a set of telephone network standards. Basically, the evolution journey started in the year 1979 with 1G technology and it is still continuing to 5G. 1G technology was not used to identify wireless technology until 2G, was released. That was a major jump in technology when the wireless network went from analogue to digital. This post is very important for the evolution of differentiating 1G to 5G.

1G technology: 

1G technology is very fast commercial telecommunication wireless technology and was introduced in the year of 1980s. For the first time, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone introduced it in Tokyo, Japan. In 1983, 1G was introduced in some European countries and in the year of 1983, 1G penetrated the US market.

Generation :
  • First-generation mobile network
Year :
  • 1G was introduced in the year of 1980s
Technology:
  • 1G employed an analogue radio signal for communication. Technology must be used  AMPS, NMT, TACS
Special Characteristics:
  • 1G is the first wireless communications
Speed:
  • The speed of 1G  up to 2.4 Kbps
Carrier frequency:
  • 1G uses a carrier frequency of only 30 kHz
Function:
  • 1G could be used only for voice calls
Flexibility:
  • Telephone required wired connections for communications. After this development, 1G was easy for people to take their phones outdoors.
Switching type:
  •  1G used circuit switching 
Security:
  • 1G is not more secure
Advantages :
  • 1G is a simple network element 
Disadvantages:
  • Limited capacity
  • Not secure
  • Poor battery life
  • Large Phone size
Applications:
  • 1G is used for Voice calls

2G technology:

2G technology refers to the second generation. It was launched in Finland in the year 1991 which are based on the GSM system. It uses digital signals for voice transmission. The advanced in technology from 1G to 2G introduced many fundamental services that we still use today such as SMS, MMS, internal roaming, call hold, billing, conference calls, long-distance calls etc.

Generation :
  • second generation mobile network
Year :
  • 2G was introduced in the year of 1991s
Special Characteristics :
  • The digital version of 1G technology
Technology:
  • 2G has used the digital signal for communication with a radio tower. The technology used IS-95 and GSM
Speed:
  • The maximum transfer rate of 50 Kbps with the help of the GPRS system
Battery power :
  • 2G required low battery power due to the low consumption of the battery by digital signals
Quality :
  • The sound quality is improved and there is no background noise for the user
Advantages:
  • Multimedia features like SMS and MMS
  • Internet access and SIM introduced
Disadvantages :
  • Reduced the tone of a sound
  • Weak signal
  • Unable to handle complex data such as video
Applications :
  • Voice calls
  • Short message browsing
Privacy :
  • 2G improved the privacy of users as the message and MMS were digitally encrypted and the only user can open them
What is new?
  • 2G technology allowed users to send and receive a text messages and also a multimedia message
3G technology:
3G technology refers to the third generation, is based on GSM and was launched in 2000. The aim of this technology was to offer a high-speed data range of about 144 kbps to 2 Mbps. 3G technology is used in many more applications like sharing of digital photos, movies, mobile, computer modem, high-quality voice, and video calls etc.

Generation:
  • Third-generation mobile network
Technology:
  • 3G is used IMT200 and WCDMA
Year :
  • 3G was introduced in the year of 2000s
Speed:
  • 3G is about 3.1 Mbps
Special Characteristics:
  • Digital broadband
  • Speed increments
Switching type:
  • Packet switching expect for air interface
Advantages:
  • Customers will get a high-speed network for the data communication
  • Customers can use all the facilities at the same time
  • Video call and big MMS
  • Cheap call rate in worldwide.
  • Security and reliability are more
  • Good for data-intensive application
  • Always online devices
  • Anywhere access to the internet
Disadvantages:
  • Building 3G infrastructure was the challenge
  • High Bandwidth Requirement
  • Expensive 3G Phones.
  • Large Cell Phones
Applications :
  • High-quality voice, as well as a video, called
  • View live TV broadcasting on mobile
  • Sharing of digital photos and movies
  • Virtual banking, online selling as well as teleconferencing at work
  • The 3G network can offer real-time multiplayer gaming 

4G technology:

 4G technology refers to the fourth generation, of wireless technology that promises expanded multimedia services and higher data rates. Most of us do not like the waiting time that a 2G or 3G network takes for opening the desired page, audio or video over the web. If you are suffering from the issue, then you should not wait any more, enjoy the latest 4G technology with a superfast data speed of approx 10 times the 3G.

 Generation:
  • Fourth-generation mobile network
Year :
  • 4G was introduced in the year of 2009
Technology:
  • Technology must be used LTE and WiMAX
Speed:
  • 4G support speed up to 100 Mbps
Special Characteristics:
  • Very high speed 
  • All IP
Advantages:
  • High speed
  • High capacity
  • High-quality streaming video
  • Low-cost per-bit etc.

 Disadvantages:
  • Battery usage is more
  • Hard to implement
  • Need complicated hardware

CRT full form

What is the full form of CRT?

Answer:
  • Cathode Ray Tube 

What does CRT mean?

CRT is a  specialized vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, which can be used in traditional computers display and on television. It works by moving electrons from the back of the tube towards the display screen where it collides with the phosphorous, they light up and are projected on the screen. Most desktop computers display the use of CRTs.

CRT can be used as a display device in radar, television, computer monitor, etc

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Applications of 3G

3G technology stands for third generation technology, 3G is wireless based network technology which is utilized in smart phones such as i-phones, blackberries, 2G technology. This post we have to discuss a 3G application to understand better knowledge about the 3G network.

Application of 3G network technology :
  • 3G mobile can be used as a modem for the computer that can easily access the internet.
  • 3G technology offers a high-quality voice as well as a video called.
  • 3G devices can offer data transmission speed up to 2Mbits/s when used in the stationary mode.
  • You can view live TV broadcasting in mobile and also you can get weather updates and news headlines in mobiles.
  • The 3G network provides with multimedia services such as sharing of digital photos and movies.
  • The 3G network can offer real-time multiplayer gaming and location-based services.
  • 3G allows the users to be online all the time and it also includes mobile office services, such as virtual banking, online selling as well as teleconferencing at work is one of the best applications.
  • It can be also used for secure mobile commerce transactions.
  • For a business aspect, it can be used for real-time financial information, sales force automation, VPN access etc.


4G applications

If you are a regular web suffer and you like to see online videos then you will fall in love 4G technology. Till the date, 4G technology is the best technology ever in the mobile networks to access video streaming without any interruption of buffering. This post will discuss 4G applications.

Most of us do not like the waiting time which a 2G or 3G network takes for opening the desired page, audio or video over the web. If you are suffering from the issue, then you should not wait for any more, enjoy the latest 4G technology with a superfast data speed of approx 10 times of the 3G.

Applications of  4G technology :
  • A user can access a database of street, building, large city etc
  • 4G will provide user services at all times, even if the user is off-site.
  • LTE advanced
  • IEEE 802.16m 
  • 3GPP long term
  • UMB
  • It will provide a good opportunity to people anywhere in the world to continue their education on a line in a cost-effective manner, best technology till date
  • Camera in traffic light
  • Flash OFDM
  • I burst and MBWA
  • Mobile WiMAX
  • 4G car
  • Telemedicine
  • Tele GEO processing applications
  • A sensor in public vehicle

Application of 5G

Applications of 5G are beyond our imagination. A user never experienced ever before such high-value technology which includes all type of advanced features. Some of the applications of 5G are:
  • We can able to charge our mobile using our own heartbeat.
  • We can able to feel our grandmother’s sugar level with our mobile.
  • We can able to know the exact time of our childbirth in nanoseconds.
  • Our mobile rings according to our mood.
  • We can vote for our mobile.
  • We can able to visualize lively all the planets and the universe. 
  • We can able to navigate a train for which we are waiting for them.
  • We can able to view our residence in our mobile when someone enters and also when some once open our intelligent car.
  • We can able to pay all our bills in a single payment with our mobile.
  • We can able to sense the Tsunami/Earthquake before it occurs.
  • We can access our office desktop, PC,  Laptop, car, bike using our mobile.
  • We can identify our stolen mobile within nanoseconds.
  • Our mobile can share our workload, identify the best server and also have intimate us before the call drops.
  • We can able to also expand our coverage using mobile phones.
  • We can able to fold our mobile as per our desire.

5G technology features

5G technology called as a 5th generation mobile-based technology. 5G mobile technology has changed the means to use cell phones within a very high bandwidth. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of cell phone technology. The 5G technology includes all type of advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in the near future.

Features of  5G technology :
  • 5G mobile technology providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
  • 5G offers transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
  • 5G provide large broadcasting.
  • It provides large bandwidth.
  • 5G technology provides high resolution for crazy cell phone users.
  • 5G is more attractive and effective.
  • 5G mobile technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
  • The traffic statistics by 5G technology make it more accurate.
  • It supports virtual private network.
  • The network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the world.
  • The uploading and downloading speed of 5G mobile technology touching the peak.
  • The new 5G technology will take delivery service out of business prospect.
  • The remote diagnostic is a great feature of 5G technology.
  • The advance billing interfaces of 5G technology make it more attractive and effective.
  • Through remote management offered by 5G technology, a user can get a better and fast solution.
  • It providing large broadcasting of data in gigabit which supporting almost 65000 connections. 

4G technology features

4G stands for the fourth-generation wireless mobile modem, with high data speed, The 4G can reach 100Mbps, 150Mbps, and 300Mbps, future will update to 1000Mbps, 4G mobile network offer amazing speed and efficiency and also they took the mobile market by storm. 

 4G network technology is a theoretically will have a higher data transfer rate over 3G network technology, with the appropriate amount of spectrum and good network engineering, 4G LTE network is very fast, the long term evolution based network has the potential to reach 100 Mbps, while the WiMAX network can top out at 70 Mbps. Here this article gives information about 4G technology to know more details about 4G advance technology.

 Features of 4G technology :
  • Fully IP based mobile system
  • This technology is high speed, high capacity and low cost per bit
  • Better spectral efficiency
  • Ad-hoc and multihop network
  • Seamless switching, and variety of quality of service
  • Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
  • An IP packet switched network
  • Interprobability with an existing wireless standard
  • 4G has better signal
  • Tight network security
  • Easy roaming 
  • Scalability
  • Enhance GPS services
  • Integrated wireless solutions
  • More user-friendly device
  • Better response time
  • Provide high flexibility as compared to already existing technology
  • Entirely packet switch network

Features of 3G technology

3G is third generation wireless technology It enhance the features that were available in the second generation and adds further advanced features. This technology is widely used in a mobile phone as well as data cards.

The ITU called international telecommunication union has proposed 3G telecommunications standard to provide cost-effective high quality, wireless multimedia applications, and enhanced wireless communications. The basic features are divided into two categories one is called data rates and the other is called security.

Features of 3G technology :
  • 3G technology is that support greater voice and data capacity and data transmission at low cost.
  • 3G technology has a large capacity and broadband capacity
  • 3G mobile can operate on 2G and 3G technologies.
  • 3G offer greater security features than 2G like network domain security, application security etc.
  • The 3G network has a much greater transmission capacity than 2G.
  • 3G technology provides major features like video calls, video conference, weather updates, accessing traffic etc.
  • 3G has improved security and performance.
  • 3G has a common spectrum worldwide. This result in seamless global connectivity.
  • 3G support a variety of terminals from like PDA to desktop.

1G technology features

1G technology is the first generation technology of wireless telephone technology. It was the analog telecommunications standard and it was introduced in the year of 1980, After that, it continued to replace by 2G technology.

Most popular 1G system during the year of the 1980s :
  • The first generation of cell phone technology
  • Advanced mobile phone system (AMPS)
  • Nordic mobile phone system (NMTS)
  • Total access communication system (TACS)
  • European total access communication system (ETACS)
  • Only referred to as 1G once 2G was introduced
The main difference between the 1G and 2G is that the radio signal used by 1G technology is analog while in 2G technology is digital.

Here this article gives some key features of 1G technology system :
  • Analog switching technology used
  • FM called frequency modulation is used
  • PSTN core network is used
  • Frequency around 800 MHz to 900 MHz
  • Bandwidth around 10 MHz
  • FDMA techniques must be used for access
  • Mode of voice service only 
  • Only capable of simple phone call calls 

What is PNP transistor

PNP transistor structure :

PNP transistor consisting of a layer of N-doped semiconductor between two layers of p-doped material. In the collector output, a small current leaving the base is amplified. If its base is pulled low relative to the emitter, the PNP transistor is ON. The emitter-base region is biased forward in this type of transistor so that holes are injected into the base as a minority carrier. The base is very thin and most holes cross the collector's reverse biased base-collector junction. 

PNP potential barrier : 

 In PNP transistor as more electrons and holes flow in the region of depletion, the number of positive and negative ions is reduced and the region of depletion becomes narrow. The energy loss in overcoming the barrier potential results in a voltage drop across the PN junction equal to the barrier potential in the range of 0.7 V for Si and 0.3 V for Ge. 


PNP transistor works : 

 When you have a small current running from emitter to base of the transistor a PNP transistor will turn ON. When you say turn ON, means that the transistor will open up a channel between emitter and collector and this channel can carry a much larger current. As discussed, we need two depletion layers with specific barrier potential required to diffuse the depletion layer. According to the barrier potential most common type of transistor used is silicon because it is the most abundant element on the earth after oxygen. 

What is NPN transistor

NPN transistor structure : 

The transistor in which one p-type region is placed between two n-type regions is known as the NPN transistor. The p region has access to 'holes' mobile carrier of positive charge, and n region has access of electrons mobile carrier of negative charge. The charge carriers diffuse and some electrons fall into p-type holes are fitted with n-type electrons. This leaves some atoms with a negative charge in the p region, and some atoms with a positive charge in the n region. The atoms are fixed in place and they are charged but mobile is not charged. This creates a potential for space charge between regions, which forces mobile carriers near the junctions between regions away from the junction, leaving depletion layers at the junctions without mobile carriers.

NPN potential barriers : 

Since they do not have mobile charge carriers, the depletion layers are insulators, potential barriers. If you bias a positive n region with respect to the p region adds to the potential for space charging and increase the barrier potential and no current flows. So region n is called a collector. 

p region is called as a base because one way of making an NPN transistor starts with p material and n material are diffused into it to make other regions.

NPN transistor works : 

Electrons at the base are in a potential field that attracts them to the collector. Most of these electrons are collected due to the proper design, leaving only a few to flow out of the base connection. The proportion of collected electrons out of emitted electrons is called as an alpha. 

NPN transistor current gain : 

The overall effect of NPN transistor is that a small base current controls a much larger collector current. If we take the emitter current as 1, the collector current is alpha, and the base current is 1 - alpha. This is known as Kirchoff's Current Law. The current gain from base to collector called beta which is alpha / (1-alpha). 

If alpha is 0.95 beta is 0.95 / 0.05 = 19 ( a very poor design )
If alpha is 0.99 beta is 0.99 / 0.01 = 99 ( ok design )
If alpha is 0.999 beta is 0.999 / 0.001 = 999 ( Excellent design ) 

UMTS full form

What is the full form of UMTS?

Answer :

  • Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

 What does UMTS mean?

The UMTS is a third generation mobile cellular system for network based on the GSM standard. UMTS uses wideband code division multiple access radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to the mobile network operator. 

ISDN full form

What is the full form of ISDN?

 Answer :
  • Integrated Service Digital Network

 What does ISDN mean?

ISDN is a set of communication standard for simultaneous digital transmission and technology of voice, data, video and other types of network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in the year of 1988 in the CCITT red book.

ISDN network was designed to run on digital telephone systems that were already in place. ISDN to be standardized that it was never fully deployed in the telecommunications network it was intended for.

PDN full form

What is the full form of  PDN?

 Answer :
  • Public Data Network

 What does PDN mean?

PDN is a communication network shared and accessed by users not belonging to a single organization. It is a circuit or packet switched network that is available to the public and that can transmit data in digital form. 

PNP transistor application

PNP transistor used to source current so current flows out of the collector and because of that it has so many applications in electronics science. Let we check it out applications of PNP transistor.
  • Mainly used as switches.
  • Used in amplifying circuits. 
  • Used when we need to turn off something by pushing a button.
  • Used in heavy motors to control current flow.
  • Used in robotics industries. 
  • It is also used in matched pair circuits to produce continuous power. 
  • Used in Darlington pair circuits. 
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