Advantages and disadvantages of microstrip antenna

Microstrip antenna is one of the most popular types of printed antenna, it plays a very significant role in today's world of wireless communication technology. This antenna is very simple in construction using conventional fabrication techniques.

 So if you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding microstrip antenna. Let us have a deep insight into the benefits and disadvantages of a microstrip antenna.

Advantages of microstrip antenna:

  • Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.
  • Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
  • Easily integrated with microwave integrated circuit.
  • This antenna has a smaller size and hence will provide small size and devices.
  • Low cost.
  • High performance
  • Light in weight and low volume.
  • Low mass.
  • Support both linear as well as circular polarization.
    They operate at microwave frequencies where the traditional antenna is not feasible to be designed.
  • Rectangular, triangular, square is the different shape of microstrip patches so easily etched.
  • As the path antennas are fed along the centerline to symmetry, it minimized excitation of other undesired modes.
  • Microstrip antenna is easy to integrate them with MICs and MMICs.
  • They are robust when mounted on a rigid surface of the devices.
  • Feedline and matching network can be simultaneous with the antenna structure.

Disadvantages of microstrip antenna:

  • It offers a lower gain.
  • Narrow bandwidth associated with a tolerance problem.
  • It excitation of surface waves.
  • Large ohmic losses in feed structure of arrays.
  • Most of the microstrip antenna radiates into half-space.
  • It has a lower power handling capability.
  • Low power handling capacity.
  • Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions.
  • It has a higher level of cross-polarization radiation.
  • It offers low efficiency due to dielectric losses as well as conductor losses.
  • It has inherently lower impedance bandwidth.
  • This type of structure radiates from feeds and other junction points.

Advantages and disadvantages of microwave communication

As we know that microwave frequencies are extremely high hence they offer extremely high bandwidth for communication channels. For example, a typical microwave communication channel can carry 4000 audio or 4  different video channels. Only optical communication channels have more bandwidth than these communications.

If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding microwave communication. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of microwave communication. 

Advantages of  Microwave communication :

  • It has a larger bandwidth and hence a large amount of information can be transmitted using it.
  • Microwave spectrum is divided into a different channel as per application.
  • Microwave technology helps to manage crowded spectrum with the use of highly selective receivers, modulation, spread spectrum techniques and, data compression, etc.
  • Microwave communication is used since earlier days as one of the lines of sight(LOS) communication in hilly remote areas where other means of wired communication not possible to be installed.

Disadvantages of microwave communication:

  • The main disadvantages are microwave communication is limited to line of sight mode only, other modes of communication are not possible.
  • At microwave frequencies, transmit time of current carrier, the electron is higher which takes large % of the actual signal. So, a conventional transistor does not function properly at microwave frequency compare to lower frequency.
  • This transmission does require no obstacle is present in the transmission path.
  • The cost of implementing the communication infrastructure is too much high.
  • Microwave is susceptible to rain, snow, and electromagnetic interference.
  • Lump component such as a resistor, inductor, and capacitors do not have the same characteristics at mucro wave frequencies as they have at lower frequencies hence it is difficult to implement these components at microwave frequencies.

Ultrasonic sensor advantages and disadvantages

An ultrasonic sensor is a sensor which measures the distance of the respective object by sending the sound wave of a specific frequency. This sound wave is reflected after the collision with the respective object and this wave is received by the ultrasonic receiver. Distance is measured by calculating sending and receiving time of this sound wave. Here this post gives information about the pros and cons of ultrasonic to better understand this topic.

Advantages of Ultrasonic sensor:

  • This sensor could have easily sensed the nature, shape and orientation of that specific object which is within the area of these sensors so sensing capability to sense all the material types.
  • These sensors have greater accuracy than another method for measuring the thickness and depth of the parallel surface.
  • This sensor easily interfaces with a microcontroller or any type of controller.
  • This sensor has high frequency, high sensitivity and high penetrating power, therefore, it can easily detect the external or deep object.
  • It can work in any adverse conditions.
  • Their sensor is easy to use, not dangerous during operation for nearby object person, equipment or material.
  • This sensor is not affected due to atmospheric dust, rain, and snow.
  • It provides a good reading in sensing large-sized objects with hard surfaces.
  • It has a higher sensing distance compare to inductive or capacitive proximity sensor types.

Disadvantages of Ultrasonic sensor:

  • It is very sensitive to variation in the temperature.
  • It has more difficulties in reading reflections from soft, curved and thin as well as a small object.
  • These sensors have a base detecting distance.
  • It required careful attention for an experienced technician.
  • Change in nature for example temperature, airborne particles, weight, air turbulence, influence ultrasonic reaction.
  • In this sensor, the main focuses of low thickness similar to froth and fabric have a tendency to assimilate sound vitality these materials may be hard to sense at long range.
  • When these sensors are interfaced with a microcontroller or any controller then experienced person or programmer is required.
  • When these sensors are used for inspection purpose then these could be water-resistive otherwise they could be damaged.
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Difference between GPRS and EDGE

GPRS stands for  General packet radio services, It is used to give higher data speed over GSM, GPRS is the just extension to the older GSM technology to gain faster speed. Multimedia messaging services is the just features of GPRS. It allowed subscribers to send pictures, videos, or sound clips to each other just like text messages.  GPRS offer higher bit rate by the usage of a packet linked technology over GSM. 

EDGE called an Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution, It also termed as Enhanced GPRS. EDGE technology that must use the same equipment as GSM with only a few minor modifications to provide faster speeds and is often regarded as a stepping stone towards 3G thus it is called 2.5G. EDGE is basically digital mobile phone technology but GPRS is mobile data services. 

Difference between GPRS and EDGE :

GPRS:

  • GPRS stands for General packet radio services.
  • GPRS is a mobile data service.
  • GMSK modulations must be used in GPRS.
  • The symbol rate of 270 ksym/s.
  • The modulation bit rate of 810 Kbps.
  • Radio data rate/ time slot 22.8 Kbps.
  • User data rate/ time slot 20 Kbps.
  • User data rate(8-time slots) is 160 Kbps
  • GPRS allows both 2G and 3G communication systems.

EDGE:

  • EDGE stands for Enhanced Data rate for GSM evolution.
  • EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology.
  • GMSK and 8-PSK modulation must be used for this technique.
  • The symbol rate of 270 ksym/s.
  • Modulation rate of 810 Kbps.
  • Radio data rate/time slot 69.2 Kbps.
  • User date rate/time slot 59.2 Kbps(MCS-9).
  • User data rate(8-time slots) is 473.6 Kbps.
  • EDGE allows existing TDMA and GSM  carriers to provide 3G services.
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UDP advantages and disadvantages

UDP stands for user datagram protocol. UDP is a connectionless protocol in which data needed to send in chunks. UDP doesn't have error checking mechanism that is why it is less reliable but is faster in data transmission.

 If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding UDP.

Advantages of UDP :

  • UDP does not need to require a connection to be established and maintained
  • UDP uses a small packet size with a small header. This fewer bytes in the overhead makes UDP protocol need for less time in processing the packet as well as needless memory
  • UDP uses checksum with all packets for error detection
  • UDP can be used in events where a single packet of data needs to be exchanged between the hosts
  • Broadcast and multicast transmission are available with UDP
  • UDP doesn't restrict you to a connection based communication model, so startup latency in distributed applications is much lower, as is operating system overhead fast
  • UDP makes it faster as it need not have to wait on ACK or need have to data in memory until they are ACKed
  • All flow control, ack, transaction logging, etc is up to user programs, a broken OS implementation is not going to get in your way. Additionally, you only need to implement and  also use the features you have to need
  • The reception of UDP packet get them unmanaged  including block boundary
  • You want the application to have detailed control over what is sent across the network, UDP changes it  to be little 
  • No connection state data in the end hosts hence a server can support more UDP client than TCP
  • UDP communication can be more efficient than a guaranteed delivery data stream

Disadvantages of UDP :

  • UDP is an unreliable and connectionless protocol. 
  • UDP has no windowing and no function to ensure data is received in the same order as it was transmitted
  • UDP does not use any error control. So UDP detects an error in the received packet. It silently drops it
  • The router can be careless with UDP. They do not retransmit a UDP datagram after the collision and will often discard UDP packets before TCP packets
  • There is no flow control and no acknowledgement for received data
  • Only the application layer deals with error recovery. Hence applications can simply turn to the user to send the message again
  • In UDP a large number of users, transmitting a lot of data via UDP can cause congestion and no one do anything about it, so no congestion control
  • UDP has no flow control, congestion control. Implementation is the duty of the user program
  • They are no guaranteed with UDP.  So a packet may not be delivered or delivered twice or delivered must be out of order; you get no indication of this unless the listening program at the other end decides to say something

NFC full form

What is the full form of NFC?

  • Near Field Communication

 What does NFC mean?

NFC is short-range high-frequency wireless communication technology and is a set of communication protocol that enables two electronic devices that enables the exchange of data between devices over about a 10 cm distances. NFC communication allows one and two-way communication between the endpoints, suitable for many applications.



Advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication

We all know that in today's world of totally depends on wireless communication technology, high definition television and global access to the internet, many people are unclear about the inherent advantages of satellite communications.

If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding satellite communication.

Why does the satellite communication continue to grow? When is satellite is the best solution? here is some basic quick look at some key advantages of satellite communication.

Advantages of satellite communication :

  • Satellite communication services  being so portable and are very easy to install and  also have user-friendly as well
  • The satellite communication services are very helpful for the people staying in a remote area
  • The satellite communication services are very helpful for the department of defence where the people on the fields used the wired service every time
  • This service provides wider bandwidth based on SCPC or MCPC allocation types
  • It covers a wide area of the earth hence entire country or region can be covered with just one satellite
  • It is used for mobile as well as wireless communication applications find at  independent of location
  • It also co-exists with terrestrial microwave line of sight communication system 
  • It is easy to install and manage the cost per VSAT site
  • It does not incur much of costs per VSAT site
  • It has a small fading margin on the order of about 3 Db
  • It is easy to obtain service from one single provider and  also uniform service is  also available
  • It is used for voice, data and any other information transmission. Satellite services can be interfaced with internet infrastructure to obtain internet service. It is also used as a GPS application 
  • It is used a wide variety of applications which include weather forecasting, aircraft, radio/TV, connecting remote area, gathering intelligence in the military, navigation of ships, etc
  • LEO and MEO  both satellite types have lower propagation delay and lower losses compare to GEO satellite

Disadvantages of satellite communication :

  • The satellite has a life which is about 12-15 years. Due to this fact, another launch has to be planned before it becomes un-operational
  • Satellite manufacturing requires more time. Moreover, satellite design and development requires a higher cost
  • Satellite once launched require to be monitored and controlled on regular periods so that it remains in the orbit
  • The redundant component is used in the network design. This ensures more cost in the installation phase

Advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communications :

  • Terrestrial communication is a point to point whereas satellite communication is a point to multipoint approach
  • Satellite is mainly wide-area broadcast media as transmitter antenna may be designed to provide signals to service areas as small as a city or as large as a country
  • The satellite costs are independent of distance whereas the terrestrial network costs time cost is proportional to the distance
  • Relatively fast installation. Once the satellite is in position, earth station can be installed and communication can be established in day or hours. But terrestrial circuits require time-consuming installations
  • Mobile communication is easy to achieve using satellite communication because of its broader coverage area and its flexibility in connecting mobile vehicles
  • Satellites have an average low operating cost. Manufacturing of satellites expensive but after that, it would operate typically for years 
  • The satellite itself is a single repeater. For terrestrial links, antennas are located at a specific height to overcome obstacles and also repeaters are to be used in between the links to compensate for path losses
  • Satellite systems can provide coverage to remote places where the terrestrial system fails.
  • In the case of LEO/MEO, a large number of satellites are needed to cover the radius of the earth. Moreover, visibility from the earth is very short duration which requires fast satellite to satellite handover. This makes the system very complex 
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FTP vs HTTP: What’s the Difference? Full Comparison Guide

HTTP and FTP are both basic file transfer protocols that are used to transfer data between the client and the server. The HTTP function is similar to the combined functioning of FTP and SMTP. FTP is a protocol that sorts the problem when communication between a client and server has a different configuration. Thus, HTTP and FTP both allow for secure file transmission across all communication. 

The basic point that distinguishes  HTTP and FTP is that HTTP, on request, provides a web page from a web server to a web browser; on the other hand, FTP is used to upload or download files between, basically, a client and a server. Let us look at the basic difference between FTP and HTTP, which are given below.

FTP:

  • FTP stands for file transfer protocol.
  • FTP is comparatively simple.
  • TCP ports no. 20 and 21.
  • RFC959, RFC756, and RFC1738.
  • Used to transfer files from a remote computer after the connection is established.
  • 2-way communication system where upload and download of files from the client to the server can occur.
  • FTP is slower than HTTP.
  • FTP is used to access and transfer files.
  • FTP can be accessed via the command line or a GUI.
  • FTP requires a username and password for authentication.
  • FTP is better suited for large files.
  • Web clients and servers became many complexes since they need to support many protocols, scripting languages, file types, etc. Complexity is also a security problem.
  • With FTP the user, see's the directory structure on the server.

HTTP :

  • HTTPS stands for hypertext transfer protocol.
  • TCP port no 80 and 8080.
  • RFC2616, RFC7230, and RFC7231.
  • HTTP is used to transfer web pages from a remote server after an internet connection is established.
  • 1-way communication system where content including pictures and texts can be transferred from server to client.
  • HTTP is faster than FTP protocol when downloading one big file. So HTTP can use parallel chunk download which makes it 6x times faster than FTP.
  • HTTP is used to view websites, The common HTTP client is the browser.
  • Most widely used HTTP does not require a username and password for authentication.
  • HTTP is better suited for transferring small files.
  • Through the use of hyperlinks, the directory structure on the server may be hidden to the user.

Difference between FTP and HTTP :

  • The basic difference between FTP and HTTP  is that HTTP is used to access different websites on the internet while FTP is used to transfer files from one host to another. Most people use HTTP while only a few people use FTP, mostly people who maintain websites.
  • HTTP is used to view websites while FTP is used to access and transfer files.
  • The common HTTP client is the browser while FTP can be accessed via the command line or a graphical client of its own.
  • Downloading files can be either via HTTP or FTP.
  • HTTP uses TCP port number 80 whereas FTP uses TCP port numbers 20 and 21.
  • HTTP establishes data connection only whereas the FTP establishes data as well as the control connection.
  • HTTP is efficient to transfer smaller files like web pages while FTP is efficient to transfer for large files.
  • In case you are using HTTP, HTTP appears in the URL of the websites and if you are using FTP, FTP appears in your URL.
  • HTTP does not require authentication while FTP uses the password for authentication
  • Web pages or data content transferred to the device using HTTP are not saved in the memory of that device whereas the data delivered to a device using FTP is saved in the memory of the device.
  • FTP is slowly being replaced by other protocols, and HTTP will remain for the foreseeable future.

Conclusion :

HTTP is older and is being replaced with new protocols whereas the HTTP will be there in the near future.

 Explore more information:
  1. wifi vs internet
  2. TCP vs UDP
  3. FTP vs SMTP
  4. TCP vs RTP
  5. Difference between TCP/IP and OSI model
  6. HTTP vs HTTPS
  7. HTTP vs WWW
  8. FTP vs TFTP
  9. FTP vs SFTP
  10. TCP vs RTP
  11. IMAP and POP3
  12. SMTP vs POP3
  13. SMTP vs IMAP
  14. MAC vs IP address

    Advantages and disadvantages of smartphones

    1. Nowadays we have to use a smartphone that has more technology in them than the spacecraft that we sent to the moon 50 years ago. Cellular concepts have helped us to create a significant improvement to communication and information access in almost every corner of the world. Here this page gives some informative information related to the smartphone.

    If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding the Advantages and disadvantages of smartphones.

    Advantages of a smartphone:
    • They are multifunctional
    • They store large file
    • Quick to communicate 
    • Information stays protected and confidential
    • It is cheaper communication
    • Easy internet access in anywhere
    • Students can easily communicate easily around the campus
    • Important information can be sent through email by using reminders
    • People can communicate via facebook, twitter, etc instead of making a phone calls
    • Attract top students with leading-edge technology
    • Prepare students for the work environment access to real-world technology
    • Also, the smartphone has a GPS that can be used to locate new places. It's a good idea to have a GPS when travelling to you in unknown places to help you find the place you're looking for. The smartphone will help you navigate your tour.
    Disadvantages of smartphones:
    • Lack of connection in class
    • Students cant interact with each other
    • Smartphone are expensive
    • People become anti-social
    • The repair is expensive
    • Can be complicated
    • Oral communication decreases  in workplace
    • Chat room slow down productivity in day to day life
    • Less personal
    • The student becomes relaxed and lazy towards their school work so this then affects their school work
    • Smartphones are not durable especially when not it has taken good care of. Example: When they come into contact with water it can malfunction easily
    • Many applications which need to be the smartphone, need to be also mastered to avoid confusion when it operating it
    • The keyboard size of the smartphone is too awkward and therefore causes confusion 
    • A smartphone cannot be used to store a large amount of data due to their storage memory

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    Difference between active and reactive power

    The main significant difference between the active and reactive power is that the active power is the actual power which is dissipated in the circuit, whereas the reactive power is the power which only flows between the source and loads only. Let us have a deep insight into the difference between active and reactive power in this article. 

    Definition of active power:

    The actual amount of power dissipated or perform the useful work in the circuit is called as the active power or true power. It is measured in watts, practically it must be measured in KW and MW IN power system.

    Definition of reactive power : 

    The average value of the second term in the above-derived expression is zero, so the power contributed by these terms is zero. The component which is proportional to VI sin is called the reactive power and it is defined as a Q. 

    Difference between Active & Reactive power : 

    • The active power is the real power consumes by the load, whereas the reactive power is useless power.
    • The active power is the real power and is measured in watts while the reactive power is measured in VAR.
    • The active power is the product of the voltage, current and the cosine of the angle between them, on the other hand, the reactive power is the product of voltage and current and the sine of the angle between them.
    • Active power is represented in the form of a capital letter of  'P' while reactive power represented in the form of Q.
    • The wattmeter measure the active power and VAR meter is used for measuring the apparent power.
    • The torque that develops in the motor the heat dissipated in the heater and the light that emit through the lamps all these produces because of the active power. The reactive power determines the power factor of the circuit.
    • Active power must be calculated in the form of P = V*I*COS∅ ,  while reactive power must be calculated in the form of  Q =  V*I*SIN∅.
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    EMF Vs Voltage

    Both voltage and EMF describe the electrical potential difference but are different terms. The terms voltage has a common use and it is same as the electrical potential difference. But EMF is a specific term and also used to describe a voltage generated by a battery.

    The voltage found is very small compared to EMF and it is a result of the internal resistance of the source itself which is leading the drop in the voltage.

    If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding voltage and EMF.

    Definition of EMF and voltage:

    EMF: The amount of energy supply by the source to each coulomb of charge.
    Voltage: Energy use by a unit charge to move from one point to another.

    Difference between EMF and voltage are given below.
    • The EMF is represented by E where the voltage is represented is V.
    • EMF is the voltage generated by a source like a battery or a generator.
    • EMF(E) = I(R+r), Voltage (V) = IR.
    • EMF is generated by the electrochemical cell, photodiodes, photodiodes, etc while the voltage is caused by the electric and magnetic field.
    • The EMF is the measure of energy supply to each coulomb of charge whereas the voltage is the energy use by one coulomb of charge to move from one point to another.
    • EMF is a measure between the endpoint of the source when no current flows through it while the voltage measured between any two points.
    • The EMF is measured between the endpoint of the source, when no current flow through it, whereas the voltage is measured between any two points of the closed circuit.
    • Voltages in a circuit voltage drop are in the possible direction of EMF and their sum is equal to EMF according to Kirchhoff's law.
    • EMF is measured by EMF meter while voltage is measured by a voltmeter.
    • EMF has constant intensity with greater magnitude while voltage is non-constant intensity lower than EMF.
    Summary:

    The EMF force of the source is equal to the work that some external source has to do to move the charging unit from one pole of the source to another but through the source. Voltage in the outer part of the circuitry is much equal to the work that needs be done by the electric force to move the charging unit from one pole of the source to the other but through the wire.

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    PWM full form

    What is the full form of PWM?

    • Pulse Width Modulation

    What does PWM mean?

    PWM is a form of signal processing, it is a technique for getting an analog result with digital means. Digital modulations are controlled is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off.

    Difference between potential difference and EMF

    We all know that the potential difference and electromotive force both in the form of energy. One of the major key difference between P.D and EMF is that the EMF is caused by converting the other form of the energy into electrical energy whereas in P.D is the difference the electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy some of the major difference is given below.

    If you want to learn some different you are the right place for reading so keep reading for a few minutes for the right information regarding P.D and EMF.

    Definition of Potential Difference :


    The potential difference is defined as the amount of energy can be used to moving from one point to another by one coulomb of charge. It is the measurement in volt and represented by the symbol of V. 

    Definition of EMF : 


    Electromotive force: The EMF is the total voltage induced by the source. It is also the amount of energy supplied by the source to each coulomb of charge, It is measured in volts and represented by an E.

    Difference between P.D and EMF : 

    • EMF stands for electromotive force while P.D stands for potential difference.
    • Potential difference is the difference of potentials between any two points in a closed circuit while EMF is the maximum potential difference between the two electrodes of the cell when no current drawn from the cell.i.e  when the circuit is open.
    • P.D is the amount of energy used by the one coulomb of change while EMF force is the measure of the energy that it gives to each Colomb of change.
    • P.D is the effect while EMF is the cause.
    • P.D is a symbol of V, while EMF is the symbol of E.
    • P.D does not remain constant, EMF remain constant.
    • P.D is proportional to the resistance between the given point, EMF is independent of the resistance of the circuit.
    • P.D is measured between any two points of the circuit while EMF is used only for the source of EMF.
    • P.D is greater than EMF when the cell is being charged while EMF is greater than the potential difference between any two points in a circuit.
    • P.D is less than the maximum voltage obtainable current from the cell, EMF is the maximum voltage that can be obtained from the cell.
    • P.D is not responsible for the flow of steady current in the cell, EMF is responsible for the flow of steady current in the cell.
    • P.D is represented by the voltmeter reading in a closed circuit(when the circuit is closed) while in EMF is represented by the voltmeter reading in an open circuit(when the switch is opened).
    • A voltmeter is used for measuring the P.D while EMF meter is used for measuring the electromotive force.
    • P.D  = E - IR, R= total external resistance while EMF (E) = I(R+r), R+r = Total external resistance and total internal resistance, I = total current
    • Bothe P.D and EMF  are measured in volts(V). 
    • P.D loses the electrical energy in the circuit, EMF force gains the electrical energy in the circuit.
    • P.D is directly dependent on the resistance between two points of measurement while EMF does not depend on circuit resistance.
    • P.D  is generated only in an electric field, EMF  is induced in the electric, magnetic and gravitational field.
    • P.D is always less than the maximum possible value of EMF, EMF is the maximum voltage that battery can deliver whereas the magnitude of the P.D.
    • P.D does not exist in the circuit when the magnitude of current remains zero while the EMF force exists in the circuit when the current does not flow in the circuit.
    • The magnitude of the potential difference varies while the magnitude of EMF has always remained constant.
    • The magnitude of electromotive force is always greater than potential difference when the circuit is unchanged but when the circuit is fully charged the magnitude of the potential difference is equal to the EMF of the circuit.
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    Difference between decoder and demultiplexer

    The key difference between a decoder and demultiplexer is that the former is a logic circuit that decrypted an encoded bitstream from one format into another, while the latter is a combination circuit that routes a single input line to multiple digital output line. Let us have a deep insight into the difference between decoder and demultiplexer. 

    Difference : 
    • The decoder is a logic circuit that decodes an encrypted input stream from one format to another while DEMUX is a combination circuit that used to implement general-purpose logic. It routes a single input signal to one of many output signals.
    • The decoder is the inverse function of an encoder, which is translate coded digital input signals into equivalent coded output signals while DEMUX, on the other hand, does exactly the opposite of what a multiplexer does, which is to consolidate several data streams into a single stream of media or information.
    • The decoder does not include select line while it is included in the demultiplexer.
    • A decoder is used in the machine-specific language to change the instruction format while a routing device is used in the demultiplexer to route data from one signal to multiple signals.
    • Decoding is employed data-intensive applications where data need to be changed into another form while demultiplexing is majorly implemented in the networking application.
    • The decoder is generally categorized into 2 to 4 decoders, 3 to 8 decoders and 4 to 16 decoder while demultiplexer, on the other hand, is classified into 1-4 demultiplexers, 1-8 demultiplexer, and 1-16 demultiplexer.
    • The decoder takes n input lines and produces 2^n out[ut lines, unlike an encoder which takes 2^n input lines and produces n output line whereas a demultiplexer transmits data from one line to 2^n  possible output lines, where the output line is determined by n select lines.
    • Both multiplexer and demultiplexer are widely used in communication systems such as telecommunication and networking solutions. It receives the output signal from the multiplexer and converts it back into the original format. The decoder is used in a variety of applications such as wireless communication, data demultiplexing, memory address decoding and many more.
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    Difference between active and passive sensors

    What is an active sensor?

    Active sensors create their own electromagnetic energy that is transmitted from the towards the terrain, interacts with the terrain producing a backscatter pf energy and is recorded the remote sensor's receiver.

     What is a passive sensor?

     The passive sensor detects the naturally emitted microwave energy within its field of view.

    The main key difference between active and passive sensors are given below.

    Active sensor : 
    • An active sensor is transducer generates electric current or voltage directly in response to environmental stimulation.
    • Active sensor both transmit and measure electromagnetic energy.
    • Active sensor self destructs during hijack attempts.
    • Active sensor actively transmits measurement to ground stations whether the personnel on duty want the data or not.
    • The active sensor emits their own EM energy which is transmitted towards the earth and receives energy reflected from the earth. The received EM(electromagnetic) energy is used for measurement purpose.
    • It provides their own energy source for illumination.
    • Active sensors are able to obtain measurement anytime.
    • Example of active sensor like communication satellite, earth observation satellite, LISS -1, etc.
    Passive sensor :
    • The passive sensor is transducer produces a change in some passive electrical quantity such as capacitance, resistance or inductance as a result of the stimulation. These usually require additional electrical energy for excitation.
    • The passive sensor only measures electromagnetic energy.
    • The passive sensor has no defence against enemy attack.
    • Passive sensors wait patiently until data are requested.
    • The passive sensor receives naturally emitted EM energy within its field of view and performs measurement using it.
    • Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when naturally when the naturally occurring energy is available.
    • Passive sensors can obtain measurement only in the day time.
    • Example of passive sensor like remote sensing satellite, SPOT-1, LANDSAT-1, etc.
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    Difference between multiplexer and demultiplexer

    Multiplexer and demultiplexer are two common jargon in the network transmission field. This post will give you information about the difference between multiplexing and demultiplexing to better understand this topic. No matter whether you have any question about your network connection not, It is better to have a general understanding of them in case we need. Let us have a deep insight into the difference between multiplexer and demultiplexer. 

    What is multiplexer?

    The multiplexer is a method in which more than one signal are combined into one signal that travels on a medium.
    • It has so many inputs and one output.
    • People call it MUX.
    • It includes data selectors. 
    • In MUX the selection of particular input is controlled by a set of selection lines.
    • Parallel to serial conversion.
    • We don't need additional gates when designing multiplexers.
    • Examples of multiplexer 8 input 1 output, 16 input 1 output, 32 input 1 output.

    What is demultiplexer?

    The demultiplexer is a reverse of multiplexing. In this method, a multiplexed signal is again decomposed in individual signals.
    • It has one input and many outputs.
    • People call it DEMUX.
    • It includes data distributors. 
    • In DEMUX output line selection is controlled by bit values of n selection lines.
    • Serial to parallel connection.
    • Additional gates are included when designing de-multiplexer.
    • Examples of demultiplexer 1 input 8 output, 1 input 16 output, 1 input 32 output.

    Difference between MUX and DEMUX :

    • MUX and DEMUX are that multiplexers are N to 1 device but demultiplexer is 1 to N device.
    • Multiplexer with the help of control signals selects the particular input that has to be transmitted at the output. Demultiplexer utilized the control signal and allows us to have multiple outputs.
    • Both MUX and DEMUX are combinational logic circuit used in the communication system but their operation is exactly reverse of each other as one operates on multiple inputs and other on a single input.
    • In MUX system is an increasing the efficiency of the communication system by allowing the transmission data, such as audio and video data transmission while in DEMUX receive the output signals from the multiplexer and convert them back to the original form at the receiver end.

    Conclusion :

    From all, that above it is easier for you to tell the difference between multiplexing and demultiplexing. Both systems are bidirectional nature but the operation of the two are exactly opposite to each other. They are the reverse process of each and it can be applied to many occasions. So we conclude that both are two technologies widely used in CWDM and DWDM. The device used for multiplexing is a multiplexer and a device used for demultiplexing is a demultiplexer. Nowadays a typical device will have both MUX and DEMUX capabilities. 

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    1. Difference between decoder and demultiplexer
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