Advantages and disadvantages of temperature sensor | thermocouple, RTD, thermistor

The sensor which senses changes in temperature known as a temperature sensor. This page covers the advantages and disadvantages of a temperature sensor. This article covers the advantages and disadvantages of thermocouple, RTD and Thermistor.

Advantages and disadvantages of temperature sensor | thermocouple

Advantages or benefits of thermocouple:

  • Very wide temperature range about -200oC to +2500oC
  • Fast response time
  • They are a simple construction
  • Low initial cost
  • Durable
  • Easy to read has a clear screen and good scale
  • Quick response for any temperature changes
  • Precision accuracy in temperature measurement
  • It is not easily broken good durability
  • Good to be used temperature variation measurement with below 1 cm distance range
  • Available in small sheath sizes
  • Not required bridge circuit
  • Good accuracy
  • Does not required bridge circuit
  • Good reproducibility
  • High-speed response
  • They are rugged
  • They are a self-power active device
Disadvantages  or drawback of thermocouple:
  • Not as stable as RTD
  • Recalibration is difficult
  • More susceptible to RFI/EMI
  • They are nonlinear
  • It is used for only temperature measurement only
  • They have a low output voltage
  • Less sensitivity
  • They require a reference for operation
    The stray voltage pick up is possible
  • As output voltage is very small so it needs amplification
  • Decreased accuracy comparing to RTD
  • Difficult to verify
  • Require expensive TC wire from the sensor to recording device
  • The cold junction and lead compensation is essential

Advantages and disadvantages of temperature sensor | RTD


 Advantages or benefits of RTD:
  • Very stable output
  • Most accurate
  • Linear and predictable
  • High accuracy
  • High repeatability
  • Good precision
  • Low Drift 
  • More linearity compare to a thermocouple
  • No special wire required for installation, easily install and update
  • It is available for in wide range
  • It can be used to measure differential temperature
  • No necessity of temperature compensation
  • Stability maintained over a long period of time
  • They are suitable for remote indication
  • Easy to verify and recalibrate
  • RTD does not require a special extension cable
Disadvantages or drawback of RTD:
  • High initial cost
  • Low sensitivity 
  • It requires a more complex measurement circuit
  • Large bulb size
  • Low absolute resistance
  • Current source needed
  • Less rugged in a high vibration environment
  • A bridge circuit is needed with power supply
  • Shock and vibrations affect the reading
  • Point sensing is not possible
  • A circuit is little more complicated as it 34/4 wire measurement
  • Costlier as compared to other sensors like thermocouples
  • Slower response time than a thermocouple
  • More limited temperature range
  • Possibility of self-healing
  • Power supply failure can cause an erroneous reading
  • It can be avoided in industries for ranges above 650 deg. C
  • The RTD requires more complex measurement circuit

Advantages and disadvantages of temperature sensor | thermistor


 Advantages or benefits of thermistor:
  • It is a small size
  • Highly sensitive allows them to work well over a small temperature range
  • They are more sensitive than other temperature sensors
  • Easy to use
  • They are fast in operation
  • It has good sensitivity in NTC region
  • Fast response over the narrow temperature range
  • Cost is low
  • Very responsive to changes in temperature
  • High accurate
  • Repeatable
  • It does not require contact and leads resistance problem not occurred due to large resistance
  • Options for customization
  • Easily interfaced to electronics instrumentation
  • it requires a standard two-wire connection system means they are compatible with many devices
Disadvantages or drawback of thermistor:
  • Thermistor need for shielding power lines
  • Extremely non-linear
  • Passive
  • The thermistor is not suitable for a large temperature range
  • The resistance temperature characteristics are nonlinear
  • Narrow working temperature range compared to other sensors such as RTD and thermocouple
  • More fragile as they are semiconductor devices
  • Susceptible to self-heating errors
  • The excitation for large temperature range
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Difference between ASIC and FPGA | ASICs vs FPGA

What is ASIC?

ASIC stands for Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. As the name implies, ASIC is application-specific. They are designed for one sole purpose and they function the same their whole operating life for uses. For example,  consider the CPU inside your phone is an ASIC. It is meant to function as a CPU for its whole life uses.

What is FPGA?

FPGA stands for Field-programmable Gate Array. It is an integrated circuit that can be filed programmed to work as per the intended design. It means that it can work as a microprocessor or as an encryption unit, or graphics card,  or even all these three at once.

ASICs Vs FPGA | Difference between ASIC and FPGA

  • ASIC is the same for FPGA. Design is specified using HDL. Such as a Verilog. VHDL etc. While in FPGA is specified generally using hardware description languages such as VHDL or Verilog.
  • ASIC is permanent circuitry. Once the application circuit is taped out into silicon. It cannot be a channel. The circuit will work the same for its complete operating life, but FPGA is a reconfigurable circuit. FPGA can be reconfigured with a different design. They can have the capability to reconfigure a part of the chip while the remaining area of the chip is still working. This feature is widely used in accelerated computing in data centers.
  • ASIC is suited for very high volume mass production, FPGA is not suited for very high volume mass production.
  • ASIC is a very high entry barrier in a team of cost, learning curve, liaising with semiconductor foundry, etc. Starting ASIC development from scratch can cost well into millions of dollars while in FPGA easier to the entry barrier. One can get started with FPGA development for as low as the USD dollar $30.
  • ASIC is much more power-efficient than FPGA. Power consumption of ASIC can be very minutely controlled and optimized while in FPGA is less energy efficient. It requires more power for the same function which ASIC can achieve at lower power. 
  • ASIC can have complete analog circuitry. For example WiFi transceiver. On the same die along with microprocessor cores. This is the advantage with FPGA analog design are not possible. FPGA may contain specific analog hardware such as PLLs, ADC, etc. They are not much flexible to create for example RF transceiver.
  • ASIC fabricated using the same process node can run at a much higher frequency than FPGA since its circuit is optimized for its specific function Compared to ASIC limited in operating frequency in FPGA. ASIC is a similar process node. The routing and configurable logic set up the timing margin in FPGA.
  • IN FPGA is limited in operating frequency compared to ASIC of similar process nodes. The routing and configurable logic eat up the timing margin in FPGAs, ASIC fabricated using the same process node can run at a much higher frequency than FPGAs since its circuit is optimized for its specific function.
  • FPGA is highly suited for application as Radar. cell phone base station etc where the current design might need to be upgraded to use a better algorithm or to a better design. In this application, the high cost of FPGA is not the deciding factor. Instead, programmability is the deciding factor. While in ASIC are definitely not suited for application areas where the design might need to be upgraded frequently or once in a while.
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Difference between CMOS and TTL | CMOS Vs TTL logic

CMOS stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor is also another classification of ICs that uses the Filed effect transistor in the design. TTL stands for Transistor transistor logic. It is a classification of integrated circuits. The name is derived from the use of two bipolar junction transistors or BJT in the design of each logic gate. TTL chips tend to consume a lot more power compared to CMOS chips, especially at rest. As we know that the power consumption of a CMOS chip can vary depending on a few factors. Here this article gives the difference between CMOS and TTL to better understand this topic.

Related article: NMOS Vs CMOS

The main key difference between CMOS and TTL are listed below:

CMOS Vs TTL logic: 

  • CMOS stands for Complimentary Metal-oxide Semicodictor while in TTL stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic.
  • CMOS circuit uses a field-effect transistor by connecting NMOS and PMOS, while the TTL circuit uses a bipolar junction transistor.
  • The design of the CMOS can be considered to be very simpler as compared to the TTL. 
  • The longer rise and fall times of the CMOS can make this more energy-efficient as compared to the TTL.
  • CMOS is to be weaker than TTL when it is at rest.
  • CMOS components are generally more expensive when compared to TTL components, nit on system level, the CMOS chip are less expensive as there are smaller in size as compared to the TTL chips.
  • A single logic gate in a CMOS chip can consist of as little as two FETs while a logic gate in a TTL chip consists of a substantial number of a part as extra components like resistors are needed.
  • CMOS circuit is used in NAND-NOR gates while the basic gate use in standard TTL are NANA gates.
  • There are substantial differences in the voltage level range for both. For TTL it is 4.75 to 5.25 V while for the CMOS it ranges between 0 to 1/3 VDD at a lower level and 2/3 VDD to VDD at high levels.
  • Fan out of standard loads that can be connected to the output of the gate under normal for TTL is while it is 50 for CMOS circuit.
  • CMOS circuits have better noise immunity than TTL circuits.
  • The electromagnetic disruptions CMOS circuit components are more sensitive as compared to the TTL logic components.
  • CMOS chips will be more likely to get damaged easily as compared to the TTL.
  • The power consumption of CMOS can increase faster as compared to TTL whenever needed.
  • A single gate in a CMOS chip can consume around 10nW while an equivalent gate on a TTL chip is consumed around 10mW of power.
  • There are propagation delays present in both, On average the propagation delays of TTL are usually on 10nS whereas the propagation delays for the CMOS lay between 20 to 50 ns.
  • CMOS technology and its circuit are more economical and preferred more as compared to TTL logic.
  • CMOS is more susceptible to damage from electrostatic discharge than TTL components.
  • The number of standard inputs that can be connected to the gate is the fan which is approximately 12-14 for the TTL and for the CMOS it is 10 only.
In this article, we have to discuss the difference between CMOS and TTL.  I hope by reading this article you have gained some basic information about this article. If you have any queries regarding this article or to implement any electronics or electrical project please feel free to comment in the below section.

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  3. Difference between JFET and BJT
  4. Difference between thyristor and Transistor
  5. Difference between LVDS and TTL
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  7. NMOS Vs PMOS
  8. MOSFET vs FINFET

Difference between VHDL and Verilog

What is VHDL?

VHDLVHSIC-HDL) stands for very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language. VHDL is a hardware description language, It is used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as field-programmable gate arrays(FPGA) and integrated circuits(ICs). VHDL may also be used as a general-purpose parallel programming language.

What is Verilog?

Verilog is a hardware description language. Verilog is used for describing a digital system like a network switch or a microprocessor or a memory or a flip flop.  It means by using an HDL we can describe any digital hardware at any level. The design which is described in HDL is independent of the technology, It very easy for designing and also for debugging, and is normally more useful than schematics and particularly for large circuits. 

The main key difference between VHDL and Verilog are listed below:

  • VHDL may be preferred because it is allowed a multitude of the language of defined datatypes, Verilog may be preferred because of its simplicity. 
  • VHDL is harder to learn ADA-like, Verilog easier to learn C-like.
  • Complication should not be an issue in VHDL, while in Verilog take care of compilation order.
  • The library is present in VHDL but in Verilog no concept of a library.
  • Procedures and functions may be placed in the package, While in Verilog no concept of package.
  • VHDL allows the function to be written inside in a body while in Verilog function is not allowed to be written inside in a task body.
  • Verilog is easier to learn compared to VHDL.
  • Verilog is a simple datatype, VHDL has more complex datatypes.
  • VHDL manage the large design, Verilog does not manage the large design, because of no concept of package.
  • VHDL is older than Verilog, Verilog is a newer language than VHDL. 
  • VHDL has a strong type of datatype, Verilog has a weak datatype.
  • VHDL allows concurrent procedure calls, Verilog does not allow concurrent task call.
  • A unary reduction operator is not present, the Mode operator is present. Unary reduction operator present in Verilog, no concept of package.
  • VHDL supports multidimensional array, Verilog doe not support multidimensional array.
  • VHDL generate statement replicates the number of instances, Verilog generates statement is not present in Verilog.

What are the application of an encoder?

An encoder is a device, algorithm, that is a software program or person that converts the information from one format or code to another. The main purpose of the encoder is standardization, security, speed or saving space by shrinking size.  The encoder is a combinational logic circuit and they are exactly the opposite of decoder.  They accept one or more inputs and generates a multibit output code. Here this article gives the application of encoder to better understand this topic.

Here give some of the Applications of Encoder is listed below:

  • Automatic health monitoring systems.
  • RF-based home automation system.
  • Robotics vehicle with the metal detector.
  • War field flying robot with a using night-vision flying camera.
  • Speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries.
  • Encoder for CNC machines.
  • Encoder for the medical industry most common for breast cancer treatment in the world.
  • Encoder for the electronics industry.
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What are the applications of decoders?

Here gives some application of decoder is listed below:

  • It is used in code conversion.  i.e analog to digital conversion in the analog decoder.
  • It may also be used for data distribution.
  • In a high-performance memory system, this decode can be used to minimize the effect of system decoding.
  • The decoder is used as address decoders in CPU memory location identification.
  • It is also be used in electronic circuits to convert instruction into CPU control signals.
  • They are mainly used in logical circuits, data transfer.
  • They can also be used to create simple other digital logics like half adders and full adders and
  •  some other digital design also.
  • Microprocessor selecting different I/O devices.
  • It decoding to binary input to activate the LED segments so that the decimal number can be displayed.
  • Microprocessor memory system selecting different banks of memory.
  • The decoder can be used as a timing or sequencing signals to turn the device on or off at specific times because when the decoder inputs come from a counter that is being continually pulsed, The decoder output will be activated sequentially.
  • The decoder is used whenever an output or a group of output is to be activated only on the occurrence of a specific combination of input signals.
  • They can be the application of switching function often with the fewer integrated circuit.
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Advantages and disadvantages of encoder

A simple encoder is a digital electronics is a one hot to binary converter. An encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of the decoder. If there are 2n input lines and at most only one of them will ever be high, the binary code of this hotline produced on the n output lines. Therefore the encoder encodes 2n input lines with n number of bits. Here now this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of the encoder to better understand this topic. 

 Benefits and Advantages of encoder:
  • Highly reliable and accurate.
  • Higher resolution.
  • Low-cost feedback.
  • Integrated electronics.
  • Compact in size.
  • Fuses optical and digital technology.
  • It can be incorporated into existing applications.
Drawback and Disadvantages of an encoder:
  • The subject of magnetic radio interference.
  • Susceptible to dirt, oil and dust contaminate.
  • Direct light source interference.
Explore more information:
  1. Difference between decoder and demultiplexer
In this article, we have to discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of encoder and difference between decoder and demultiplexer. I hope by reading this article you have to gain some basic information about this article. If you have any queries regarding this article or to implement any electronics or electrical project please feel free to comment in the below section.

Advantages and disadvantages of amplitude modulation

AM stands for Amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the RF carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude of modulating signal input. The transmission of a wave signal by modulating the amplitude of the signal is an amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation is widely used in radio communication over long distances in transmission. Here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of analog modulation to better understand this topic.

Advantages of Amplitude modulation:

  • AM signal is reflected back to earth from the ionosphere layer. Due to this fact, AM signals can reach far places that are thousands of miles from the source. Hence amplitude modulation the radio has coverage wider as compared to the Frequency modulation radio.
  • It is a low cost.
  • It requires a lower carrier frequency.
  • It is easily available.
  • Require a simple and cheaper transmitter and receiver.
  • An easier method for transmitting and receiving an audio signal
  • It is simple with proven reliability.

Disadvantages of Amplitude modulation:

  • The most natural as well as man-made radio noise are too much of in this type of modulation. The AM receivers will not have any means to reject this kind of noise is to be generated.
  • This modulation will require more than twice the amplitude-frequency to modulate the signal with a carrier.
  • The quality of the audio signal is poor.
  • Weak AM signal has a low magnitude compare to strong signals. This requires AM receiver to have circuitry to compensate for the signal level difference.
  • Low efficiency as the information is contained only in the sideband.
  • AM requires a bandwidth which is double to the audio frequency.
  • The efficiency of such a system is very low as it consumes a lot of power for modulations and this causes a considerable operational cost.
  •  This limits the application of amplitude modulation to radios, VHF, and system used for one to one communication only.
  • This deteriorates the quality of the original signal at the receiving end and causes problems in the quality of the signal.


SDH advantages and disadvantages

SDH stands for Synchronous digital hierarchy and SONET stands for the synchronous optical network (SONET) which refers to a group of fiber-optic transmission rate systems that can transport digital signals with different capacities. SDH allows data stream with low bit rates to be combined into the high rate data stream. The entire network is synchronous, individual bitstreams can be embedded into and extracted from high rate data streams relatively easily. Here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of SDH to better understand this topic.

Benefits and advantages of SDH:
  • It is capable of transporting broadcast signals.
  • It is multivendor and supports different operators.
  • The capacity for transporting existing PDH signals.
  • More simplified multiplexing and demultiplexing technique.
  • SDH allows for quick recovery from failure.
  • Switching protection to traffic is offered by rings.
  • It has strong NMS.
  • It is easy to interconnect with different networks.
  • Optical fiber bandwidth can be suddenly increased without limit in SDH.
  • Synchronous networking and SDH supports multipoint networking.
  • It is a flexible and self-healing network.
  • Easy growth to higher bit rates which is enhanced to the administration and maintenance process.

Drawback or disadvantages of SDH:

  • It can not carry E2 due to the unavailability of the container.
  • It requires complicated SDH equipment due to a variety of management traffic types and options.
  • It offers a lower bandwidth utilization ratio compare to PDH due to many OH bytes used for OAM.
  • Software is used largely is the SDH system. Hence it is vulnerable to computer viruses.
  • Direct adding/ dropping of lower rate signals is archived using pointers. This increases the complexity of the system.
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PDH advantages and disadvantages

PDH stands for a plesiochronous digital hierarchy, This technology is very popular technology applied in the network telecommunication system in order to transport large amounts of data over a digital transport equipment like fiber-optic or microwave radio system. Here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of the PDH system to better understand this topic.

Benefits or advantages of PDH:

  • In this technology, network management has been enhanced to a greater extent.
  • In this equipment is small enough for use in street cabinets.
  • If perform well in North America, Europe and japan independently as per standard specification.
  • Cost-effective support for access networks.
  • Good for point to point connections.
  • It was designed to support the transportation of huge amounts of data over digital equipment like various transmission mediums such as microwave radio systems or fiber optic systems.

Drawback or disadvantages of PDH:

  • Tolerance is allowed in bit rates.
  • PDH allows only point to point configuration.
  • The maximum capacity for PDH is 566 Mbps, which Bandwidth is limited.
  • In PDH, the different frame is used for transmission and in the data layer. Hence multiplexing and de-multiplexing are very complex.
  • PDH does not support the hub.
  • No provision for NMS.
  • Every manufacture has its own standard, PDH also has different multiplexing hierarchies making it difficult to integrate interconnecting networks together.
  • It does not support the hub.
  • PDH is no longer efficient to meet the demand placed on it.
  • In this system, the accessing lower tributary requires the whole system to be de-multiplexed. 

SDH full form

What is the full form of SDH?

  • Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

What does SDH mean?

SDH is meaning from the synchronous digital hierarchy, it is a standardized technology that is used for high-speed data transmission of telecommunication and digital signal. SDH can transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over the optical fiber using highly coherent light fro light-emitting diode or LASER. SDH allows data stream with low bit rates to be combined into the high rate data stream. The entire network is synchronous, individual bitstreams can be embedded into and extracted from high rate data streams relatively easily.

SDH is suitable as a transmission system for broadband ISDN and for transporting ATM cells, ethernet aggregations, SAN signals, PDH signals, and other communication signals.

UTP full form

What is the full form of UTP?

  • Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

What does UTP mean?

UTP is one type of twisted pair cable in which two conductors are twisted together for the purpose of canceling out electromagnetic interference from an external source, for instance, the electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair cables and crosstalk between their nearest neighboring pairs. 

UTP cable includes coaxial cable and fiber optic cable. There are advantages and their tradeoffs to each type of cabling but broadly speaking, most enterprises favor UTP cable due to its low cost and ease of installation.

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SDH advantages over PDH

SDH is actually derived from the PDH but makes lots of improvements and changes on the basis of  PDH. Compared with PDH, SDH has a large number of advantages and benefits. SDH is most widely used in the telecommunication sector in the easy transfer of data. Earlier PDH was widely used but due to some of its problems and weaknesses, SDH has replaced the use of PDH. But not everywhere.  Here this article gives the what are the advantages of SDH over PDH to better understand this topic.

The main key advantages of SDH over PDH are listed below:

  • SDH is equipped with the powerful capabilities of networking and network protection.
  • SDH is cost-effective and reduces networking costs due to transversal compatibility.
  • SDH has excellent ability of DXC.
  • The standardized optical interface makes it very convenient for interconnection in lines.
  • The world standard frame structure and rate of digital signals make it easy to interconnect in all around the world.
  • The synchronous structure is possible.
  • SDH possesses forward and backward compatibility.
  • SDH adopts the synchronous mapping, encapsulation, and pointer to facilitate the add and drop branches.
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PDH vs SDH

What is PDH?

PDH is meaning from the plesiochronous digital hierarchy, it is a very popular technology applied in the networks telecommunication technology in order to transport large amounts of data over a digital transport equipment like fiber-optic or microwave radio system. 

 What is SDH?

 SDH is meaning from the synchronous digital hierarchy, it is a standardized technology that is used for high-speed data transmission of telecommunication and digital signal. It can transfer multiple digital bitstreams synchronously over the optical fiber system using lasers or highly coherent light from LED called as light-emitting diodes. 

Now lets us discuss the main key difference between PDH and SDH

  • PDH stands for a plesiochronous digital hierarchy, SDH stands for synchronous digital hierarchy.
  • In PDH  there is no synchronization between payload and frame while in SDH there is synchronization between payload and frame.
  • Poor administration in PDH, Higher administration in SDH.
  • PDH system has a different frame structure at different hierarchy levels, SDH system has consistent frame strcutre throughout the hierarchy.
  • PDH is a complex system, SDH is a simple system.
  • In PDH system the reference clock is not synchronized throughout the network, but in SDH reference clock is synchronized throughout the network.
  • PDH is incompatible with another signal such as ATM, FDDI, DQDB, etc while in SDH is compatible with other signals such as ATM, FDDI, DQDB, etc.
  • There is no universal standard for PDH, Universal standard exists for SDH.
  • Physical cross-connection are provided on the same level in PDH, Digital cross-connection are provided at the different signal level in SDH.
  • Multiple methods used in PDH is complex, Multiplying method used in SDG is simple.
  • PDH rates are derived from the basic rate of 1.544 Mbps. The maximum capacity is about 566 Mbps while SDH rates are derived from a basic rate of 155.52 Mbps. The maximum up to 40 Gbps rates can be derived from the basic rate mentioned.
  • The implementation cost of PDH is lower while in SDH implementation cost is high.
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Advantages and disadvantages of delta modulation

DM stands for delta modulation, It is used for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal conversion techniques. It is used for the transmission of voice information where quality is not of primary importance modulation. Now here let us discuss the benefits or advantages and drawbacks and disadvantages of delta modulation to better understand this topic.

Related article: Pros and cons of Direct Stream Digital

Advantages of delta modulation:

  • The transmitter and receiver implementation is very simple for data modulation. There is no analog to digital converter was required in delta modulation (DM).
  • It is a cost-effective technique and can be used if financial problems there.
  • Delta modulation transmits only one bit for one sample, therefore the signaling rate and transmission channel bandwidth is quite small for the delta modulation as compared to the pulse code modulation.
  • It requires less quantization.
  • The amplitude of the speech signal does not exceed the maximum sinusoidal amplitude.
  • PCM has a sampling rate higher than the Nyquist rate, The encoded signal contains redundant information while in delta modulation can efficiently remove this redundancy.

Disadvantages of delta modulation:

  • Slope overload distortion.
  • Granular or idle noise.
  • High bit rate.
  • Its practical usage is limited.
  • Poor start-up response.
  • It requires a predictor and hence it is very complex.
  • Modulator overload when the slope of the signal is too high.
  • If changes in signal are less than the step size, then the modulator no longer follows the signal. Thus produces a train of alternating positive and negative pulses.

DM full form

What is the full form of DM?

Answer:

  • Delta Modulation

What does DM mean?

DM stands for delta modulation, It is used for analog to digital and digital to analog signal conversion techniques. DM has its roots in the differential pulse code modulation method. Delta modulation(DM) is a method to permit the use of a simple quantizing strategy for constructing the encoded signals which are over samples purposely to increase the correlation between adjacent samples of the signal and as seen in DPCM.

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Difference Between Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation (DM)

What is PCM?

PCM stands for pulse code modulation, It is used for reworking an analog signal into a digital signal. PCM is a good or sensible signal-to-noise ratio. PCM wants to have high transmitter bandwidth. The PCM method is split into three elements, the initial stage is the transmission at the provision end, the second registration at the transmission path, and conjointly the receiving side of the end. 

What is DM?

While in DM stands for delta modulation, It is used for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal conversion techniques. DM is employed to realize a high signal-to-noise ratio.  DM is smaller than PCM. 

Difference between delta modulation (DM) and pulse code modulation (PCM):

  • PCM stands for pulse code modulations while DM stands for delta modulations.
  • In PCM feedback does not exist in the transmitter or receiver while in delta modulation feedback existed in the transmitter.
  • PCM requires the highest transmitter bandwidth while DM requires the lowest transmitter bandwidth.
  • PCM is complex in terms of complexity of implementation, whereas DM is simple in terms of complexity of implementation.
  • In PCM per sample 4,8, or 16 bits are used while in DM only one's bit is used per sample.
  • PCM may be a technique wont to digitally represent sampled analog signals while in DM convert digital to analog and analog to digital converter.
  • PCM is costly, and DM is cheap.
  • PCM has a good signal-to-noise ratio while in DM has a poor signal-to-noise ratio.
  • PCM is mostly used in video telephony and audio telephony, and DM is mostly used in speeches as well as images.
  • PCM signals are required to encoder and decoder both sides while DM signals can modulate and demodulates.
  • In PCM Quantization error depends on the number of levels, while in DM slope overload distortion is present.

Differences between Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter

What is a low pass filter?

The lowpass filter is one type of frequency-domain filter that is used for smoothing the image and also it attenuated the high-frequency components and preserve the low-frequency components 

What is a high pass filter?

As we know that the high pass filter is the one type of frequency-domain filter that is used for sharpening the image and it also attenuates the low-frequency components and preserves the high-frequency components.

Here this article gives the difference between low pass filter and high pass filter to better understand this topic.

The main key difference between low pass filter and high pass filter are listed below:

  • A low pass filter is used for smoothing the image while in high pass filter is used for sharpening the image.
  • Low pass filter attenuates the high frequency while in high pass filter is attenuate the low frequency.
  • Low pass filter allows the frequency below the cut off frequency to pass through it but in high pass filter allows the frequencies above the cut-off frequency to pass through it.
  • In the Low pass filter, the low frequency is preserved in it but in high pass filter, high frequency is preserved in it.
  • A low pass filter consists of a resistor that is followed by a capacitor while in high pass filter consists of a capacitor that is followed by a resistor.
  • Low pass filter helps in removal of aliasing effect, High pass filter helps In the removal of noise.
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Full form of STP

What is the full form of STP?

  • Shielded Twisted Pair Cable

What does STP mean?

STP cable is one special type of copper telephone wiring which is used in some business installations. An outer covering or shield cable is added to the ordinary twisted-pair telephone wires and the shield functions are used as a ground. The more common kind of cable that is installed to your home is unshielded twisted pair.

As we know that the STP cable is similar to the unshielded twisted pair cable. STP cables are costlier compared to the UTP but have the advantages of being capable of supporting higher transmission rates across longer distances.

Advantages and disadvantages of high pass filter

A high pass filter is also called as HPF, it allows for easy passage of high-frequency signals from source to load, and difficult passage of low-frequency signals. Here now we have to discuss the advantage and disadvantages of high pass filters to better understand this topic.

Benefits or Advantages of high pass filter:

  • They are used in an audio processing system that filters unwanted noise.
  • They are used in various applications such as a broadcast receiver to select desired channel frequency.
  • When the use of a Butterworth filter has the magnitude response is zero at the geometric center of the passband. It has a simple transfer function where the coefficients of the polynomials are easy to calculate.

Drawback or Disadvantages of high pass filter:

  • They filter out od the DC offset of the signal.
  • If the component value is not selected correctly then we end up filtering the frequency which we actually need.
  • When using a filter if we don't select correct components then we get unwanted ripples in the passband or the stopband or unwanted phase shifts in certain frequencies.
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