Difference between PCM and DPCM

We have to learn about this topic first let we understand the full form of PCM and DPCM full form. PCM and DPCM are the methods of the procedures used for transformation analog signal into a digital signal. These methods are different as the PCM method are represents sample value by code words whereas in DPCM the original and sample values depend on the previous samples. Here this post gives information about the main comparison between PCM and DPCM to better understand this topic.

The main key difference between PCM and DPCM are given below:
  • PCM stands for pulse code modulation, DPCM stands for differential pulse code modulation.
  • PCM can be required the highest bandwidth but  DPCM required small bandwidth. 
  • PCM is comprised of complex notation as to when DPCM has simple notation.
  • PCM  can be used 4,8,16 bit per sample, DPCM can be uses 2 or 3 bit per sample.
  • In PCM the quantization error depends on a number of levels, While in DPCM slop overload distortion and quantization noise is present.
  • PCM has a better signal to noise ration while DPCM has an average signal to noise ratio.
  • In PCM the number level depends on the number of bits, While in DPCM has fixed number of levels are used.
  • Both PCM and DPCM techniques suffer quantization error and distortion but different extent.
  • PCM has no feedback in transmitter or receiver, but in DPCM feedback is present.
  •  PCM is used in audio, video, and telephony, while in DPCM is used in speech and video application.
  • If we talk about efficiency DPCM is a step ahead of PCM method.
We conclude that the above difference is that PCM procedure sample and convert analog waveform into a digital waveform directly with the help of an analog to digital more covert. On the other hand, DPCM does similar work but uses multibit difference value.

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  1. Difference between PCM and DM
  2. Difference between PCM and DPCM
  3. Difference between DWDM and CWDM
  4. Difference between DM and PCM

Difference between time domain and frequency domain

We all know that, the time domain is the domain in which all the signals are to be represented. Time domain signal can be tested or verified with the use of an oscilloscope while in the frequency domain is useful to do a deeper analysis of the time domain signal. Frequency domain helps to study contents of the discrete time domain signals as well as continuous time domain signal.  While in frequency domain signal can be analyzed with the use of spectrum analyzer. Here this page gives information about the difference between time domain to better understand this topic.

The main key difference between time domain and frequency domain are listed below:
  • A time domain graph shows how a signal changes over time while the frequency domain graph shows how much of the signal lies within each given frequency band over a range of frequencies.
  • The main advantages of time domain are that they are relatively fast and require less memory than inverting the Helmholtz operator, While in frequency domain main advantages are that the frequency domain allows for techniques which could be used to determine the main of stability of the system.
  • Time domina is the domain for analysis of the mathematical function or signals with respect to time, Whereas the frequency domain is the domain for analysis of the mathematical function or signals with respect to frequency.
  • The time domain systems tend to use photon counting detectors which are slow but too much highly sensitive, while frequency domain system is relatively inexpensive, easy to develop and use and can provide a very fast temporal sampling. 
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Advantages and disadvantages of atm

First, let us understand what is the full form of ATM. To operate the ATM card, the customer has to insert the card in the machine. He has to enter the password number. The authentication or password number is correct, The ATM  permits a customer to make entries for withdrawals or for the deposits on completion of the transaction, the customer's card is ejected from the ATM. This post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of ATM to better understand this topic.

Advantages of ATM:
  • Withdrawing money
  • Round the clock services: ATM provides banking services to its customers round the clock 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days a year
  • ATM device can check how much money is remaining in the account
  • It is possible to withdraw from many regional and global banks. ATMs are a method of the deal because they are internationally acknowledged
  • Checking recent or past bank statements
  • Nowadays almost every shopping mall, restaurant, and other organizations are accepting debit or credit card payments
  • ATM machine will provide expansion of services to any corner of the world
  • It may also be used in foreign countries
  • It reduces the hustle and bustle required when performing a transaction via a teller. Since there is no usage of slides in ATMs there is no stressful filling of forms
  • ATMs very beneficial for travelers
  • ATMs provide privacy in banking transactions
  • No more filling out a deposit slip as well as withdrawal slip
  • ATM  is  to much faster less hassle
  • ATM card is protected by a PIN keeping our money is totally safe
  • Can monitor or track the account
  • Can withdraw anytime, day or night at any locations as long as the ATM card is also linked in the other bank, so its good for people
  • ATMs reduce the work pressure on bank staff and avoid queues in bank premises
  • Access to bank from any part of the world called as an essential banking service like deposits, withdrawals, transfer of funds, etc can be accessed by customers from any part of the world
Disadvantages of ATM:
  • The machine may not recognize your credit card
  • Maybe no ATMs nearby
  • If someone watches or hacks an ATM machine your details may be taken, so lots of hugs will be created
  • If the problem with a credit card you can not withdraw your money
  • If someone watches or hacks ATM machine details may be taken if you forget your PIN number you cannot use the card
  • Cannot be provided in rural areas like in our country like India where banks are having a large number of rural and noncomputerized branches ATM services cannot be provided
  • Limitation of cash withdrawals
  • The cash deposit facility is restricted and not safe as the dropping of envelope and ATM  is not advisable
  • Possibility of missing ATM card
  • Loos of personal touch with the banks
  • The risk to robbery when withdrawing a money
  • Some charges of other banks are expensive
  • ATM has run out of cash

Difference between voltage amplifier and power amplifier

The function of the voltage amplifier is to raise the voltage level of the signal. In order to achieve high voltage amplification, the transistor should have a thin base input resistance should have a thin base, input resistance should be low as compared to the collector resistance and the transistor should be able to take or permit higher collector load. In the power amplifier, the main function is to deliver a large amount of power and handle a large current. In order to achieve this high power amplification the transistor used are of a large size so as to dissipate the heat produced, It is based should be thick so as to carry a large current of the order of 100mA,  This post gives information about the difference between the voltage amplifier and the power amplifier to better understand this topic.

The main key difference between a voltage amplifier and the power amplifier are listed below.

 Difference :

  • Voltage amplifier is the amplitude of the input AC signal is small, the Power Amplifier is the amplitude of the input AC signal is large.
  • The voltage amplifier is the collector current is low about 1mA, while in power amplifier the collector current is very high above greater than 100 mA.
  • Voltage amplifier is transistor used can dissipate less heat produced during its operation, while in power amplifier used can dissipate more heat produced as compared to voltage amplifier during its operation.
  • RC coupling is used in a voltage amplifier, In power amplifier invariably transformer coupling is used.
  • In voltage amplifier transistor used has a thin base to handle low current, power amplifier used has a thick base to handle the large current.
  • In the voltage amplifier the AC power output is low, In power amplifier the AC power output is high.
  • The physical size of transistor used is usually small and is known as low or medium power transistor while in power amplifier size of transistor used is usually large and is known as a power transistor.
  • In a voltage amplifier, the collector load has high resistance typically 4 kilo-ohms to 10-kilo-ohms while in power amplifier the collector load has low resistance typically 5 ohms to 20 ohms.
  • Voltage amplifier has a high voltage gain, while the power amplifier has a high power gain.
  • In most voltage amplifier current gain is very low while the power amplifier has significant current gain which results in the power gain.
  • Voltage amplifier dissipated relatively less heat than power amplifier, therefore, the voltage amplifier has higher power efficiency than a power amplifier. Also, power amplifier requires additional; cooling mechanism due to this fact.
  • A voltage amplifier is designed to achieve maximum voltage amplification however it is not important to raise the power level, On the other hand, while in a power amplifier is designed to obtain maximum output power.
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ATM full name

What is the full form of ATM?

  • Automated Teller Machine

 What does ATM mean?

ATM stands for automated teller machine, it is an electro-mechanical machine that is used for making financial transactions from a bank account. These machines are used to withdraw money from your personal bank accounts. Link in a bank branch cashier, officially known as teller counts cash and handover it to the customer, in the same manner, the machine does it for you. Hence it is called Automated teller machine.

RISC full form

What is the full form of RISC?

  • Reduced Instruction Set Computer

What does RISC mean?

A RISC represents a CPU  design method to simplify instruction which does less but provides higher performance by making instruction execute very fast. RISC  is a type of microprocessor that has a limited number of instructions.  They can execute their instruction very fast because the instructions are very small and simple.  RISC chip requires additional transistors and circuitry. Most instructions are completed in one cycle, which allows the processor to handle many instructions at the same time.

Related full form:

Full form of CISC

What is the full form of CISC?

  • Complex Instruction Set Computer

What does CISC mean?

A CISC stands for complex instruction set computer, CISC is a computer instrument in which in single instructions can execute several low-level operations as a load from memory, some different arithmetic operations, and a memory store or is accomplished by multi-step processes or addressing modes in a single instruction as its name propose complex instruction set.

Related terms:

Full form of DLL

What is the full form of DLL?

  • Dynamic Link Library

 What does DLL mean?

DLL is a file contains a library of the function and other information that can be accessed by a windows program. When a program has launched a link to the necessary .dll files are created. The .dll files will be in use as long as the program is active. If a dynamic link is created the. DLL files will only be used when needed. Dynamic links help programs use resources, such as memory and also hard drive space, more efficiently

A DLL can be used by several applications like at the same time. Some DLLs are provided with the Windows operating systems and available for any windows application. 

MAPI full form

What is the full form of MAPI?Outlook

  • Message Application Program Interface

 What does MAPI mean?

MAPI is a windows proprietary protocol, It works windows applications like outlook. It is used to send email in a way IMAP does. An application that takes advantage of MAPI includes the word, graphics, e-mail note, MAPI include word processor.  While MAPI is designed to be independent of the protocol, it is usually to communicate with Microsoft exchange server.
The distributing features od MAPI is, It allows you to send an email from windows system by attaching the document you are working on.

IMAP full form

What is the full form of IMAP?


Answer:

  • Internet Message Access Protocol


What does IMAP mean?


IMAP is an internet message standard protocol. It is used by e-mail clients to retrieve the e-mail message from a mail over a TCP/IP connection. As its name allows to access your e-mail message wherever you are much more time. It is accessed via the internet. Basically, the email message is stored on servers. Whenever you check your inbox message, your email client contacts the server to connect you with your message. When you read an email message using IMAP protocol devices, you aren't actually downloading or storing it on your computer, instead, you are reading it off the server. As a result of its possible to check your different devices without missing a thing.
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  1. Full form of PPP

POP full form

What is the full form of POP?

Answer:

  • Post Office Protocol


What does POP mean?

POP stands for post office protocol. It is most commonly used as a protocol to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Most of the e-mail application is used as a POP protocol, although some can use the newer IMAP access protocol. 

There are two versions of POP called POP2 and POP3. The first called POP2 became a standard in the mid-'80s and it requires SMTP to send a message. The second one and newer version POP3 can be used with or without SMTP.

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  1. Full form of SMTP

Difference between dwdm and cwdm

CWDM and DWDM both are effective methods to solve the increasing bandwidth capacity of information transmission at present. The main development goals of CWDM and DWDM are both high capacity and also low cost. but the difference between CWDM and DWDM is as given below:

The main key difference between DWDM and DWDM is listed below:
  • DWDM stands for dense wavelength division multiplexing, CWDM stands for coarse wavelength division multiplexing, 
  • CWDM defined by wavelength, DWDM defined by frequencies.
  • CWDM has lower capacity, DWDM has higher capacity.
  • CWDM has lower cost, DWDM has a higher cost.
  • CWDM has short-range communication, DWDM has long-range communication.
  • CWDM has used a wide range of frequencies, DWDM uses a narrow range of frequencies.
  • In DWDM cooled laser may be used due to tighter control of wavelength, Whereas in CWDM uncooled laser is used due to the longer channel spacing 
  • In CWDM break spectrum is large in a large section, While in DWDM break spectrum in smaller sections
  • CWDM is more wavelength spacing, While DWDM has less wavelength spacing.
  • DWDM precision laser is needed to keep channels on the target, while in CWDM wavelength drift is possible.
  • CWDM has Mux and Demux systems are developed to be used in multiplexing multiple, CWDM channels into one or two fibers.
  • In CWDM no of active wavelength per fiber is fewer than 8 while DWDM more than 8.
  • DWDM is used for application for light signal amplification.
  • DWDM systems are capable to fit more than forty different data streams in the amount akin to that of fiber used for two data streams in a CWDM system.
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CWDM full form

What is the full form of CWDM?

  • Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

What does CWDM mean?

CWDM is a wavelength multiplexing technology for the city and also it accesses the network. Transmission is realized using a total of 18 channel wavelengths between 1270 nm and 1610 nm. Due to the channel spacing of around 20 nm, cost-effective lasers can be used. The channel width itself is 13 nm. The remaining 7 nm designed to secure the space to the next channel.

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Advantages and disadvantages of FDM

The most important application of FDM (frequency division multiplexing)  is broadcasting, telephone communications. In this article, you will find a lot of pros and cons of FDM to better understand this topic. 
Advantages of FDM:
  • It does not need synchronization between its transmitter  as well as receiver
  • FDM is simpler and easy demodulation
  • Less expensive
  • FDM system does not need synchronization but TDM needs synchronization. It is an advantage of  FDM over TDM
  • FDM provides more latency than TDM
  • Using FDM system  multimedia data can be transferred with very high efficiency and low noise and distortion 
  • FDM system has high reliability
  • It is used for analogue signals
  • In this system due to slow narrowband fading, only one channel gets affected
  • A large number of the signal can be transmitted simultaneously

Disadvantages of  FDM:
  • It is suffering the problem of cross talk
  • FDM is only used only when a few low-speed channels are desired
  • Intermodulation distortion takes place
  • The  circuitry for FDM is complex than TDM
  • FDM requires more hardware than TDM
  • FDM system extremely expensive
  • FDM provides less throughput
  • FDM has not dynamic coordination
  • The full bandwidth of the channel cannot be used on the FDM system
  • The communication must have very large bandwidth
  •  A large number of modulator and filter required 
  • FDM channel can get affected wideband fading 
  • FDM system needs a carrier wave or carrier signal but TDM does not need carrier signal
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2G technology features

2G technology uses digital signals and this digital signal uses for voice transmission. This signal provides services to deliver text and picture message at low speed (in around kbps range). Here this post gives information about 2G technology features to better understand this topic.

 2G technology is a second-generation wireless telephone technology, It is based on the technology known as the global system for mobile communication or in short we can say GSM. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone network to provide services such as text message, picture message, and also  MMS called multimedia messages. All text message is digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.

Basic key features of 2G technology:
  • Utilized digital signal processing rather than the analog signal used in 1G.
  • Digital signaling processing allowed the network to support data transfer as well as the voice traffic previously supported by analog signaling
  • 2G became very popular because the user was capable of connecting their mobile devices to the internet and business work.
  • It supports phone calls.
  • It provides better quality and capacity.
  • It supports MMS
  • 2G technology has steadily improved with increased bandwidth as well as packet routing, and the introduction of multimedia.
  • 2G provided speeds of 135 Kbps to customers at its peak.
  • It can uses send/ receive an email message.
  • 2G is a digital version of 1G technology.
  • 2G technology became very popular because users were capable of connecting their mobile device to the internet and business networks.
  • 2G technology is utilized in digital signaling processing rather than the analog signaling used in 1G.
  • 2G technology support voice as well as data.
  • TDMA, as well as CDMA technology, must be used for multiple access
  • 2G technology must be used digital signal processing so it allowed a network to support data transfer as well as the voice traffic previously supported by analog signaling.
  • 2G became very popular because the user was capable of connecting their mobile devices to the internet and business network.
  • It takes time 6 to 9 minute  to download a 3 minute MP3 songs

Difference between ZigBee and WIFI

ZigBee technology is designed to carry a small amount of data over a short distance while it consuming very little power, while in WIFI is a mesh networking standard, meaning each node in the network is connected to each other. This post gives information about the difference between ZigBee and WIFI to better understand this topic.

Difference between ZigBee and WIFI

  1. Series: Zigbee has IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Alliance, While Wifi has IEEE 802.11 series.
  2. Network: Zigbee as WPAN network, WiFi has WLAN network type.
  3. Frequency: Zigbee has 868/915 band and 2.4 GHz frequency, WiFi has 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
  4. Stability: ZigBee frequency are less stable, but the WIFI frequency are more stable.
  5. Channel Bandwidth: Zigbee has about 1 MHz channel bandwidth, while WiFi has 0.3 to 0.6 or 2 MHz channel bandwidth.
  6. Topology: Zigbee has star and mesh type topology used, WiFi has BSS, ESS configuration used.
  7. Modulation: Zigbee has BPSK, OQpsk modulation type while WiFi has OFDM, CCK, QPSK,64QAM, 16QAM,256QAM modulation techniques used.
  8. Data rate: Data rate up to 250 Kbps low data rate, while WiFi up to 54 Mbps using 802.11a/g/OFDM technique, even more, is achievable using 802.11n, 11ac,11ad standard based products.
  9. Range: Zigbee has the range of 10 to 30 meter, but the Wifi is the range of 30 to 100 meter.
  10. Distance cover: In Zigbee typical distance coverage around 10 to 30 meters, while WiFi 30 to 100 meters distance covered.
  11. Manage: Zigbee managed by alliance and IEEE, WiFi Alliance and IEEE.
  12. Number of RF channel: Number of RF channel in ZigBee 1(868MHz), 10(915MHz), 16(2.4GHz)  while WiFi 14(2.4GHz)
  13. Cost: Zigbee chip cost $2 less per device than WiFi device at high volume.
  14. Power consumption: Zigbee chip or module has a power consumption of 0.39 watts over WiFi chip of 0.87 watts.
  15. Transmitted power: Transmitted power of ZigBee is -25dbm to 0 dBm while WiFi 15 to 20 dBm.
  16. Data protection: Data protection using CRC is 16 bit while WiFI 32 bit CRC.
  17. Used: Zigbee is used for home automation, while WiFi is used for cellular connection within home.
  18. Chip: Popular Zigbee chip is Freescale, Texas, Marvell, ATMEL, Microchip while WiFi chip Texax instruments, repine, microchip, Broadcom, etc.
  19. Application: ZigBee is wide are network based application, WiFI is local area based applications.
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Advantages and disadvantages of microcontroller

This post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages to better understand this topic.

Advantages of the microcontroller:

  • The low time required for performing the operation
  • It is easy to use, troubleshooting and system maintenance is simple
  • At the same time, many tasks can be performed so the human effect can be saved
  • The processor chip is very small and flexibility occurs
  • Due to their higher integration, cost and size of the system is reduced
  • The microcontroller is easy to interface additional RAM, ROM, and I/O port
  • Once microcontroller is programmed then they cannot be reprogrammed
  • Without any digital parts, it can act as microcomputer
  • It is easy to use, troubleshooting and system maintaining is simple
Disadvantages of the microcontroller:
  • It is generally used in micro equipment
  • It has a more complex structure as compared to microprocessor
  • The microcontroller cannot interface a higher power device directly
  • It only performed a limited number of executions simultaneously

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Advantages and disadvantages of microprocessor

A microprocessor is a basic computer-based processor that incorporates the function of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of the microprocessor to better understand this topic.

Advantages of a microprocessor:
  • The microprocessor is that these are general purpose electronics processing devices which can be programmed to execute a number of tasks
  • Compact size
  • High speed
  • Low power consumption
  • It is portable
  • It is very reliable
  • Less heat generation
  • The microprocessor is very versatile
  • The microprocessor is its speed, which is measured in basically Hertz. For instance, a microprocessor with a measured speed 3 GHz, shortly GHz is capable of performing 3 billion tasks per second
  • The microprocessor is that it can quickly move data between the various memory location
Disadvantages of a microprocessor:
  • The main disadvantages are it's overheating physically
  • It is only based on machine language
  • The overall cost is high
  • The large size of PCB is required for assembling all components
  • The physical size of the product is big
  • Overall product design requires more time
  • A discrete component is used, the system is not reliable
  • Most of the microprocessor does not support floating point operations
  • The processor  has a limitation on the size of data
  • This processor should not contact with the other external devices
  • The microprocessor does not have any internal peripheral like ROM, RAM and other I/O devices

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Advantages and disadvantages of digital multimeter

A digital multimeter is a device which can provide combined functionality of ammeter, ohmmeter, ammeter. It is commonly known as DMM. DMM is Most widely used due to its small size, price, and ease in case of operation. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages to better understand this topic.

Advantages of digital multimeter:
  • The output can be interfaced with external equipment
  • They are having high input impedance, so there is no loading effect in multimeter
  • They are available in smaller sizes or compact
  • An unambiguous reading is obtained
  • There are more accurate  than an analog multimeter 
  • Portable size makes it is easy to carry anywhere
  • They have a very high input impedance
  • They cause less meter loading effects on the circuit being tested
  • Some advanced digital multimeter has a microprocessor and can store the reading for further processing
  • They reduce reading and interpolation errors
  • Unlike analog multimeter, zero adjustments is not required
  • It can be used for measurement AC and DC both quantity
  • It can be used for measurement of various parameters such as resistance, voltage,  and current, etc
  • It has a sensitivity of 20 kilo-ohms/ V which is fairly high
  • Measurement of quanties with different range can be possible
  • It is very simple to use unlike analog multimeter as a result are displayed in value of like numeric value directly and user need not have read manually from the scale
  • The auto polarity function can prevent problems from connecting the meter to test circuit with the wrong polarity
  • Parallax errors are eliminated. If the pointer of an analog
  • Digital multimeter displays have no moving parts. This makes them free from wear and shock failures
  • With the advent of ICs, the size, cost and power requirement of digital multimeters has been drastically reduced
  • DMMs can be used in testing continuity, capacitors, diodes, and transistors. A more advanced digital multimeter can also measure the frequency
  • The digital output is suitable for further processing or reading and can be useful in a rapidly increasing range of computer-controlled applications
  • Digital multimeter has an LCD display to show an accurate reading
  • There is digital multimeter which provides auto-range feature. In this type of meter, the user need not have to worry about setting the range of measurement. It is done automatically  by the meter itself
Disadvantages of digital multimeter:
  • It is more expensive than the analog type
  • The LCD display depends on a battery or an applying external power source. When the battery is  too much low, the display will be dim, making it difficult to read the result
  • There is a voltage limitation. If it increased beyond the limit, the meter will be damaged
  • It should be used as per manufacturer range and as per category rating. Failing to do this will cause damage to the equipment and also cause personal injury
  • In case of fluctuations or transients, it can record an error
  • Warming of the meter during its use can change its properties leading to errors in the measured value
  • The digital nature makes it unsuitable for adjusting the  tuning circuits or in the peaking tunable responses
  • The A/D converter has a limitation on word length which can cause quantization noise giving rise to an error in the measured value
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Difference between resistance and resistivity

Resistance and resistivity are both concepts for electrical engineering. Resistance gives the ratio of potential difference to current across a conductor at a given time, whereas resistivity is the ratio of an electric field to current density for a material at a specific temperature. Here this post gives the difference between resistance and resistivity to better understand this topic.

Definition:

Resistance: Resistance is the physical property of a substance because of which it processes the flow of current.  Example - electrons
Resistivity: Resistivity is the physical property of a particular substance which is having particular dimensions.

The basic key difference between resistance and resistivity are given below:
  • Resistance is directly proportional to the length and temperature while it is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the material while resistivity is only proportional to the nature and temperature of the particular material.
  • The symbol of resistance of  R, while the symbol of resistivity of ρ.  
  • The SI unit of resistance in Ohms, The SI unit of resistivity is ohms-meter.
  • The resistance is the property of the material which obstructs the flow of current, whereas the resistivity gives the resistance of the material which has a fixed dimension.
  • The resistance of the conductor depends on its length and area of cross sections, The resistivity of the conductor does not depend on its length and area of cross-section. It depends on the nature and temperature of the material
  • The property of resistance is used in several places like heaters, fuses, sensors, etc, Electrical resistivity measurement is used as a quality control test for calcareous soil.
  • R=V/I or R = ρ (L/A),  ρ = (R*A) / L . V=Voltage, I=Current, ρ=Resistivity, A= Cross sectional area, L=Lengh, R = Resistance.
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