Difference Between Star and Mesh Topology

Both the star and mesh are the type of network topologies that could be defined as the arrangement of a network that comprises nodes and connecting lines via the sender and receiver. Here this article gives information about the main difference between star and mesh topology to better understand this topic.

What is a star topology?


Instar topology, the node is connected to the central hub or router. In which the information is travel from a central hub or router to all the nodes. There are n link in a star topology If there are n nodes

What is Mesh topology?


In a mesh topology, the nodes are connected to each other completely via a dedicated link in which the information is travels from nodes to nodes and there are N(N-1)/2 links in a mesh topology if there are N nodes.

Difference between star and mesh topology:


  • The star topology organizes the nodes in a star shape where the central hub is connected to all the other nodes. On the other hand, in a mesh topology, each node is connected to the other node.
  • There are N links in star topology if there are N nodes, While in there are N(N-1)/2 links in mesh topology if there are N nodes.
  • Star topology only uses twisted pair cable as transmission media. In a mesh, topology can employ and transmission media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, or optical fiber, but it requires more amount of cabling.
  • Mesh topology is complicated than star topology.
  • Easy installation and reconfiguration are possible using star topology while mesh topology requires more transmission media, effort, and some more time for installation and reconfigurations.
  • Star topology is cost-effective to some extent while the mesh is too expensive.
  • The flexibility and scalability of the star topology are good whereas the mesh topology is less cable as it directly increases the cost of the system.
  • The routing in the star topology is done with the help of the star coupler. While in mesh topology directly transmit the data from one node to another using a point to point link.
  • The star topology has a disadvantage where the inoperative central hub can make the entire system is inoperative. On the other hand, the mesh topology is more robust than the star topology.
  • Star topology is very extensible, Mesh topology is poorly extensible.
  • The star topology has a drawback where the inoperative central hub can make the entire system inoperative. The mesh topology is more robust than the star topology.
  • Star topology is very good extensible and can be used in LAN called local area network as set up is easy too, While in a mesh topology is poor extensible and can be used in WAN called a wide area network.
  • The complexity of star topology is quite simple, The complexity of mesh topology is more complex.
  • In star topology, twisted pair cable is used for connection, In a mesh topology, twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and optical cable are used for connection on the basis of the type of network.
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Difference Between Star and Ring Topology

Star and ring both are computer network topologies, The main key difference between star and ring topology is that star topology connects all devices to a central device forming a pathway similar to a like star while the ring topology connects every device to exactly two other devices forming a single continuous pathway similar to a like ring.

What is a star topology?


In star topology, the node is connected to the central hub or router. In which the information is travel from a central hub or router to all the nodes. There are n links in a star topology If there are n nodes.

What is ring topology?


In Ring topology, every node is connected to its left and right sides both nodes in which the information is travel from node to node in look like ring manner in one direction. There are also links in ring topology like star topology if there are n nodes present. 

Difference between star and ring topology:


  • In Star topology, the nodes are connected to the central hub or router while in a ring topology, every node is connected to its left and right side nodes.
  • The cost of star topology is high, The cost of the ring topology is low.
  • In star topology, the only hub is failure point, While in ring topology every node are failure point.
  • There are n link in a star topology if there are n nodes, There are also n link in ring topology if there are n nodes present.
  • A new cable is added to the central hub to add a new node, whereas to add a new in-ring topology, the connection must be broken.
  • In star topology, the other devices are affected only when the connecting device goes down, While in a star topology, the addition and removal of new nodes are moderately difficult, In ring topology addition and removal of new nodes are difficult.
  • Troubleshooting in the ring topology is quite simple as the information continues to transfer through the rest of the ring until reaching the point of failure
  • In star topology the information is travelled from a central hub or router to all the nodes, In a ring topology, the information is travelled from node to node.
  • The cables are required in star topology more than the ring topology, The cable is required in ring topology less than the star topology.
  • In star topology, the information is travel from a central hub or router to all the nodes, In a ring topology, the information is travel from node to node in a ring manner in one direction.
  • Star topology is very extensible and uses LAN, and Ringe topology is poorly extensible and can be used in WAN.
  • Fault isolation is easier in a star topology, while it is quite difficult in a ring topology.
  • Star topology is more expensive than ring topology.
  • Star topology due to its simple structure is less compared as compared to ring, While ring topology has more complexity in nodes, arrangement ring topology is considered more complex.
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Difference Between RAM and ROM

RAM and ROM both are computer memory. RAM is used to store computer programs and data that CPU needs in real-time, ROM have preprocessed data and it is used to boot the computer. RAM data is static and remains in the computer even if computer switched off.

What is RAM?


RAM stands for random access memory. It allows read and writes the operation of data by the users. It is referred to as transferred memory because the data present in this memory last only till the time the power supply is ON.

What is ROM?


ROM stands for read-only memory.  ROM is the name itself is indicating that only read operation can be performed on this memory. This mean the data in ROM is stored at the time of designing the system and hence user does not hold the authority to change the data present in it.

The main key difference between RAM and ROM are listed below:


  • RAM stands for random access memory, While the ROM stand for read-only memory.
  • In RAM data is volatile. Data is present till power supply is present while the ROM data is permanent. Data remains even after power supply is not present.
  • CPU can access data stored on RAM, While the Data to be copied from ROM to RAM so that CPU can access its data.
  • RAM speed is quite high, ROM speed is slover than RAM.
  • RAM offers the user to read as well the write the data but the data in ROM is pre-written and thus can only be read by users, So RAM data can be read, erased, or modified while ROM data is read-only.
  • RAM is a temporary storage type of memory as the day lasts only till the time the power supply is ON. While in ROM is a permanent memory that retains the data for a longer duration.
  • RAM is costly while the ROM is cheap.
  • RAM is classified as the main primary memory of the system whereas the ROM categorized as the secondary memory.
  • RAM is used as CPU cache, primary memory of the system while the ROM is used as firmware by the microcontroller.
  • The process can directly access the data present in RAM, while the data present in ROM do not permit direct access to the processor.
  • The data stored in RAM is changeable by the user, Whereas the data in ROM cannot be altered by the user.
  • RAM memory is a large and high capacity, While is ROM is generally small and low capacity.
  • RAM is used to store data that CPU need for current instruction processing, ROM is used to store data needed to bootstrap the computer.
  • RAM stores data on transistor thus requires a continuous source of power while the data stored in ROM remain unaffected with power failure.
  • RAM offers memory capacity in GB usually 1 to 256 GB per ship, While the ROM permits the storage capacity in MB, usually in the range 4 to 8 MB per chip.

AES vs DES Encryption: Which Is More Secure?

The basic difference between AES and DES is that S=AES is the entire block is processed to obtain the ciphertext while in DES plaintext block is divided into two halves before the main algorithms start. Here this article give the information about the main key difference between AES and DES to better understand this topic.

What is AES?


AES stands for advanced encryption standard, It is a method for the symmetric key block cipher. AES was published in 2001 by the national institute of standard and technology. AES was introduced to replace DES as DES see very small cipher key and the algorithm was quite slowers.

What is DES?


DES stands for data encryption standard, It is a symmetric key block cipher that was adopted by national institute of standard and the technology in the year of 1977. DES takes input as 64 bits plain text and the 56-bit key to produce 64-bit ciphertext.

Difference between AES and DES are listed below:


  • AES stands for advanced encryption standard while DES stands for data encryption standard.
  • In AES Key length can be of 128 bits, 192 bits, and 256 bits while in the key length of DES is 56 bits.
  • AES is more secure than the DES cipher and is the de facto world standard, While DES can be broken easily as it has known vulnerabilities. 3DES is a variation of DES which is secure than the useful DES.
  • AES is completely faster than DES.
  • AES was designed by the vincent rijmen and Joan Daemen, While the DES was designed by IBM 
  • The structure is based on a substitution permutation network while in the DES the structure is based in the Feistel network.
  • AES can be encrypted 128 bit of plain text, DES can encrypt 64 bits of Palin text.
  • AES number of rounds depends on the key length while in DES involves 16 rounds of identical operations.
  • AES cipher is derived from square cipher but in the DES cipher is derived from lucifer cipher.
  • In AES is no known attack while in DES brute force, linear cryptanalysis, and differential cryptanalysis.
  • The rounds in AES are: Byte substitution, shift row, mix column and key addition, While the round in DES are XOR operation, expansion, round key, substitution, and permutation.

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Difference Between Steganography and Cryptography

The main comparison between the steganography and cryptography are listed below. You can also check out some differences related to this term are also listed below.


What is steganography?


 Stgenography or cover writing is a method where a secret method is converted into a fake-looking message. This techniques help to keep a message secret. It is pretty difficult to use and understand. The structure of data remains unaltered in steganography. It is used in a text, audio, video, or images.

What is cryptography?


 Cryptography is secret writing is a method where a secret method is converted in the ciphertext and sent to another person who then decrypted the chipper text into plain text.

The main key difference between steganography and cryptography are listed below:

  • The meaning of the steganography is hidden writing, cryptography signifies secret writing.
  • The cryptography is prevalently used, unlike steganography which is not so familiar with it. 
  • The degree of the security of the secret data is measured by the key length which makes the algorithm is too much strong and also unbreakable. Conversely, there is no such thing in steganography.
  • Steganography provides only confidentially and authentication. In the country, the principle of security provided by the cryptography is confidentiality, integrated, authentication, and nonrepudiation.
  • The spacial domain, transform domain embedding, and model-based are some of the algorithms used in steganography. In contrast, the cryptography uses techniques named transpositional, substitution, stream, and block ciphers.
  • In steganography devices, the main structure of the message is not change, while the cryptography process, imposes a change on the secret message before they transferring it over the entire network.
  • The steganography can be employed on any medium such as text file, audio-video, and image while cryptography is implemented only and only on the text file.
  • The reverse engineering employed to decode the message into cryptography is known as the cryptanalysis. On the other hand, the techniques used to detect the presence of steganography are known as steganalysis.
  • Attacks' name in steganography is steganalysis, while in cryptography, attacks name is cryptanalysis. 
  • Steganography is less popular compare to the cryptography, while cryptography is more popular compared to steganography.
  • Steganography the structure pf data is not usually altered, while in cryptography structure of data is altered. 
  • Steganography is an attempt to achieve secure and undetectable data for communication. But the cryptography intends to make the message readable for only the target recipient but not by others through obtaining a disguised form of this type of message.
  • Steganography is not much mathematical transformation are involved, while cryptography involves the use of number theory, mathematics, etc to modify data.

Difference Between Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption

The main key difference between these two types of encryption is that the symmetric encryption uses one key for both encryption and decryption, While asymmetric encryption uses a public key for encryption and private key for decryption. The main key difference between symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption are listed below.

What is symmetric encryption?


 Symmetric encryption is technique that allows the use of only one key for performing both the encryption and the decryption of the message shared over the internet. It is also known as the conventional method used for encryption.


What is asymmetric encryption?


Asymmetric encryption is an encryption technique that uses a pair of key for encryption and decryption. Asymmetric encryption uses the public key for the encryption of the message and the private key for the decryption of the message.


Difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption:


  • Symmetric encryption only requires a single key for both encryption and decryption, while asymmetric encryption requires two key ones to encrypt and the other one to decrypt.
  • Symmetric encryption is an old technique while asymmetric encryption is the newer one.
  • The size of ciphertext is the same or smaller than original plain text, while in asymmetric encryption the size of ciphertext is the same or larger than the original plain text.
  • The encryption process is very fast in symmetric encryption, while in asymmetric encryption the encryption process is low.
  • Symmetric encryption only provides confidentiality while in asymmetric encryption provides confidentially, authenticity, and repudiation.
  • Symmetric encryption is used when a large amount of data is required to transfer, While asymmetric is used to transfer a small amount of the data. 
  • Asymmetric encryption is considered to be more secure than symmetric encryption when it uses two keys for the process.
  • Asymmetric encryption was introduced to complement the inherent problem of the need to share the key in the symmetrical encryption model, it will eliminate the need to share the key by using a pair of both public-private keys.
  • Asymmetric encryption takes longer to execute because of the complex logic involved. For this reason, symmetric encryption is used when transmitting data in bulk form.
  • The example of symmetric encryption is3DES.AES, DES, RC4 while in Diffie hellman, ECC, DSA, EI Gamal are the example of asymmetric encryption.
  • The drawback of this asymmetric encryption is that it takes more time than the symmetric encryption process.
  • The execution of asymmetric encryption algorithms is slower as compared to the symmetric encryption algorithms.
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Difference Between Encryption and Decryption

The main comparison between encryption and decryption is, Encryption is a process of converting aa plain text to an encrypted or ciphertext which is not human readable. While decryption is the reverse of encryption and is a process of converting the encrypted or cipher text into plain text which is human readable. Here this article gives information about the difference between encryption and decryption to better understand this topic.

What is encryption?


 Encryption is a process of converting normal data into an unreadable form. It helps you to avoid any unauthorized access to data. Whenever the data is sent between two separate machines. it is encrypted automatically using a secret key.


What is decryption?


 Decryption is a method of converting the unreadable/coded data into its original form. The receiver of the data automatically allows you to convert the data from the coded into its original form.

The main key difference between encryption and decryption 


  • The encryption allows the conversion of plain text into ciphertext while the decryption is the technique of changing ciphertext into plain text.
  • In other words, encryption is the process of converting normal messages into meaningless messages. While decryption is the process of converting meaningless messages into its original form.
  • Encryption is done by the person who is sending the data to the destination. while decryption is done at the same person key is used for both the encryption and decryption process.
  • Encryption data is called ciphertext. As against decrypted data is known as plain text.
  • Encryption is an automatic process of the transmitter white the decryption is generally automatic but in some systems, it is a manual operation. 
  • Encryption is performed as the sender end while decryption is done at the receiver end. 
  • In encryption, the process the sender sends the data to the receiver after encrypted it, while in the decryption process, the receiver receives the information and converts it into plain text.
  • Any message can be encrypted either secret key or public key, while in decryption encrypted message can be decrypted with either secret key or private key.
  • MAC addresses ensure that the physic address of the computer technology is unique for encryption, while in decryption uses the IP address is a logical address of the computer and is used to uniquely locate computer connected via a network.
  • The same algorithm with the same key is used for both the encryption-decryption process.

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Difference Between Serial and Parallel Communication

Both serial and parallel communication is data transmission. The main comparison between serial and parallel communication is that in serial communication data transmission occurs bits by bit at a time, while in parallel communication multiple bits transmit at a time. Here this article gives information about the main key difference between serial and parallel communication to better understand this topic.

What is serial communication?


In serial communication, data is sent bit by bit from one computer to another in bi-direction where each bit has its close pulse rate. Eight bits are transferred at a time having a start and stop bits. 0 and 1 respectively. e

What is parallel communication?


In parallel communication, the various data bits are simultaneously trasmitted using multiple communication links between the sender and receiver.

Difference between serial and parallel communication


  • Serial communication supports higher bandwidth but parallel communication supports comparatively lower bandwidth.
  • Serial communication is straight forward and simples while in parallel communication Unreialble and complicated.
  • Serial communication is efficient for high-frequency operation. while in parallel communication shows its suitability more in case of low-frequency operations.
  • Due to the presence of a single communication link the speed of data transmission is slow. While multiple links in case of parallel communication allow data transmission at a comparatively faster rate.
  • Serial communication is suitable for long-distance transmission of data as against parallel communication is suitable for short-distance transmission of data.
  • Whenever there exists a need for system up-gradation then upgrading a system that uses serial communication is quite an easy task as compared to upgrading a parallel communication system.
  • Serial communication accomplishes full-duplex communication using only two channels, while the parallel communication uses the same number of channels as bits form of half-duplex communication. 
  • Due to the existence of a single link, the problem of crosstalk is not present in serial communication. While in multiple links increase the chances of crosstalk in parallel communication.
  • Cost is comparatively low in serial communication, while in parallel communication cost is high.
  • The example of serial communication is USB, SATA, I2C, SPI, etc. While the example of parallel communication is a computer to the printer and communication between an internal component in an embedded system.
  • The number of bit transferred at 1 clock pulse 1 bit in serial communication, while in parrel communication 8 bit or 1 byte. 
  • Error and noise are low for serial communication while in parallel communication error and noise are high.
  • In serial communication, all data bits transmitted over a common channel thus proper spacing is required to be maintained in order to avoid interference. While in parallel communication the utilization of multiple links reduces the chances of interference between the transmitted bits. 
  • The cable used in a serial transmission is thinner, longer, and more economical compared to the cable used in parallel transmission.
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Application of step up transformer

This article might help to understand the application of the transformer. Also, find out the advantages and disadvantages related to the transformer to learn more about the transformer.

Application of step-up transformer:


  • Step-up transformer is used in the transmission line for transmitting the high voltage produced by the alternator. 
  • It is used for electrical isolation, in a power distribution network, for controlling the home application, in a doorbell, etc.
  • It is used as a generating step-up transformer for stepping up the generated power to a higher voltage level for efficient transmission purposes.
  • It will decrease the current to keep the power into the device which is equal to the power out of it.
  • In the modern power system, electrical power is generated at a voltage of around  12kV to 25kV. The transformer will step up the voltage to between 110kV to 1000kV for transmission over long distances at very low loss.

Ammeter | Definition | Symbol | Formula | Type | Advantages | Uses

What is ammeter?


The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the instrument ammeter. The current is the flow of electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the flow of current in ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter.

The ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance. But practically the ammeter has small internal resistance. The measuring range of the ammeter depends on the value of what resistance we have to set.

Symbolic representation:




Types of ammeter:


Following the type of ammeter regarding to construction:

  1. Permanent moving coil ammeter
  2. Moving iron ammeter
  3. Electro dynamometer ammeter
  4. Rectifier type ammeter 

1. Permanent moving coil ammeter


It is also called the PMMC instrument the conductors are placed between the pole of the percent magnet. When the current flows through the coil, it starts defecting. The deflection of the coil depends on the magnitude of current flows through it. This ammeter used only for the measurement of the direct current. 

2.  Moving coil ammeter

It is also called as the MI type of matter. The MI ammeter measure both the alternating and direct current. In this type of ammeter, the coil freely moves between the poles of a permanent magnet. When the current passes through the coil, it starts deflecting at a certain angle. The deflection of the coil is proportional to the current passes through the coil. 

3. Electro dynamometer ammeter


It is used for the measurement of both AC and DC. The accuracy of the instrument is high as compared to the permanent moving coil (PMMC) and Mvoinf coil (MI) instrument. The calibration of the instrument is the same both for AC and DC. If DC calibrations the instrument then without recalibration, it is used for AC 
measurement. 

4. Rectifier ammeter


It is used for measuring the alternating current. The instrument using the rectifying instrument which converts the direction of current and passes it to the PMMC instrument. Such a type of instrument is used for measuring the current in the communication circuit.

Application of ammeter:

  • The application of this device will range from school, colleges or to industry.
  • These are used to measure the current flow in the building to ensure that the flow is not too low or too high.
  • It is used with a thermocouple to check the temperature.
  • These current flowing through the coil produces the desire deflecting torque.
  • Electricians frequently use these devices to check the faults of the circuits in the building.
  • It is used in manufacturing and instrumentation companies to check the functionally of the devices.
  • This instrument is used to measure current in the circuit.
  • It is always connected series in the circuit and carries the current to be measure,
  • It is used with a thermocouple to check the temperature.
For detailed information>> Live use of an ammeter 


Advantages and disadvantages of ammeter

Advantages of ammeter:

  • It is strong, portable.
  • It does not dependent on the earth's magnetic field.
  • It could be made very accurate.
  • An ammeter is used to measure the magnitude of electric current in an electric circuit.

Disadvantages of ammeter:

  • It is heavy.
  • It needed multiple heavy meters to measure a different range of amperage.
  • It could not store data.

For detailed information>> Advantages and disadvantages of ammeter 

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Difference between Step-up and Step-down transformer

The main key difference between step-up and step down transformers is, the step-up transformer raises the output voltage whereas the step-down transformer reduces the output current. Here this article gives information about the main key difference between step up and steps down transformer are listed below.

Definition of a step-down transformer:


A step-down transformer reduces the output voltage or in other words, converts high voltage, low current power into voltage, high current power. Our power circuit carries voltage from 230-110 v but the doorbell requires only 16v. Therefore the step-down transformer should be used to reduce the voltage from around 110v or the voltage from 220v to 16v. 

Definition of step-up transformer:


When the voltage is raised on the output side, That time the transformer is called the step-up transformer. In this transformer, the number of turns in the secondary winding is always greater than the turns in the primary winding because a high voltage is developed on the secondary side of a transformer. 

The main key difference between step-up and step-down transformers are listed below:

  • In Step-up transformer, the low voltage winding is the primary winding and the high voltage winding is the secondary winding, while in a step-down transformer, the low voltage winding is the secondary winding.
  • When the output voltage is greater than its input voltage, it is called a step-up transformer, while the step-down transformer output voltage is less. 
  • The step-up transformer extends the voltage from 220v-11kv or above, whereas the step-down transformer has the voltage from 440-220v, 220-110v or 110-24v, 20v, 10v etc. 
  • In a step-up transformer, high voltage winding is the secondary winding, while in a step-down transformer high voltage winding is the primary winding.
  • In a step-up current is low on the secondary winding, while in a step-down transformer, the current is high on the secondary winding. 
  • Step-up transformers are mainly used in power plant, x-ray, machine, microwave, etc while step-down transformer is mainly used in doorbell, voltage converter, etc. 
  • In a step-up transformer, the primary winding is made up of thick insulated copper wire and the secondary is made up of thin insulated copper wire while in a step-down transformer, the output current is high so the thick insulated copper wire is used for making secondary winding. 
  • In a step-up transformer, the current and magnetic field is less developed in the secondary winding, and it is highly developed in the primary wiring. but in a step-down transformer voltage is low on the secondary end thus the current and magnetic field is high.
Explore more information:
  1. Difference between star delta connection
  2. Difference between a power transformer and distribution transformer 

Difference between switch and bridge

It is apparent that both bridges and switches in computer networks are of great importance. However, they differ from each other in a certain way. Here this article gives a information about the difference between switch and bridge to better understand this topic.

What is a bridge?


The bridge is known as the network bridge, it is a network interconnection device used to connect two or more local area networks. This bridge network is a responsible for network bridging, which is received and amplifies signals from a network cable and then sends them to the next table. It connects multiple networks of the network at the data link layer.

What is the switch?


A switch is a network device that is used for electrical or optical signal forwarding. It provides an exclusive signal path for any two network nodes and that access the switch. It has multiple ports, each with a bridge function that can be connected to a LAN or some high-performance server or uses workstations.

The main key difference between switch and bridge are listed below:

  • Switches have a higher no of ports while the bridge gave a lesser number of ports.
  • Packet forwarding in switches is performed using ASICS. Thus a switch is hardware-based, While the packet forwarding in the bridge is performed using the software. These bridges are software-based. Thus switch is hardware-based while the bridge is software-based.
  • The switch is generally used for connecting single topology while the bridge is generally used for connecting two different topologies. 
  • Switch segments a large LAN into many smaller segments, While the bridge segments a local area network into a couple of smaller segments.
  • Switch contains many ports for LAN connectivity, While the Bridge contains only a few ports for LAN connectivity. 
  • Switch contains many instances of spanning tree, Bridge contains only one instance of spanning tree. 
  • The switch has a buffer for each link connected to it which is missing in a buffer.
  • Methods
  •  of switching of a switch can be store and forward, cut through or fragment free, while the method of switching of a bridge is a store and forward. 
  • Switches are used to connect the work stations or computer systems. If there are 20 workstations connected to a switch then will be separate collision for each of the nodes while the bridges divide the collision domain into two parts. The bridge can create a collision domain but not the broadcast domain.
  • The switch performs error checking which is not done in the buffer, while the bridge does not perform for error checking.  
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Difference between batten and lead sheathed wiring

In batten wiring only used for serviceman etc. because of its high cost and heavy short circuit in case of leakage. while in lead sheathed wiring mainly used for workshop, public building, etc. Here this article give the information about the difference between batten wiring and lead sheathed wiring to batter understand this topic.

Definition of batten wiring:


This is when happening a single wire or some group of wire is laid over a wooden batten. These wires are held to the batten for using a brass clip and spaced at an interval of 10 cm for horizontal runs and 15 cm for vertical runs.


Definition of lead sheathed wiring:


The lead sheath is earthed at each and every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current. They are fixed means that of metal clips on wooden battens. The wiring system is very expensive. It is suitable for low voltage applications.

Difference between lead sheathed wiring and batten wiring:

  • Batten wiring is a low cost, while the lead sheathed wiring is costly.
  • Both have low voltage up to 250V.
  • Both have a long life.
  • In batten wiring protection against fire is fair, while the lead sheathed wiring the protection ain't fire is good.
  • Dampness protection is good for both wirings.
  • Appearance is good for batten wiring, while the lead sheathed wiring appearance is fair.
  • General reliability is good for batten wiring, while the lead sheathed wiring fairly good.
  • No point that can be wired per day by a wireman with a mate is 4, while in lead sheathed wiring is three.
  • Alteration or addition to the existing wiring to very difficult, while in lead sheathed wiring most difficult. 
  • Material required for batten wiring is teak wooden batten, lead, sheathed cable, round board, screw, clip, clipboard, wooden while in lead sheathed wiring material required for VIR or PVC cable, Huck, screw, IC boxes, IC bands, saddles or pipe hooks, IC socket, and screw, etc.  
  • In batten wiring only used for serviceman etc. because of its high cost and heavy short circuit in case of leakage. while in lead sheathed wiring mainly used for workshop, public building, etc. 

Advantages and disadvantages of repeater

A repeater is a network device that regenerates the incoming signal gives strengthen to transmit it to the next devices which are connected without losing any actual data or the information. To know more about repeater let us discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a repeater,


Advantages of the repeater:
  • Repeaters can extend a network's total distance.
  • A repeater is simple to connect.
  • Repeaters do not seriously affect network performance.
  • It is cost-effective.
  • Certain repeaters can connect networks using different physical media.
  • It has the ability to boost or strengthen the digital to retransmit.
  • Some reporters can connect networks using various physical media.

Disadvantages of the repeater:

  • Repeater are unable to reduce network traffic.
  • Limitation in the number of repeaters.
  • It cannot connect difference network architectures. 
  • It does not segment the network.
  • Repeaters do not separate the device in the collision domain.
  • Most of the repeaters on a network produce noise on the wire and increase the possibility of packet collisions.
  • A device that is separated only by a repeater is part of the same collision domain.
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