RISC full form

What is the full form of RISC?

  • Reduced Instruction Set Computer

What does RISC mean?

A RISC represents a CPU  design method to simplify instruction which does less but provides higher performance by making instruction execute very fast. RISC  is a type of microprocessor that has a limited number of instructions.  They can execute their instruction very fast because the instructions are very small and simple.  RISC chip requires additional transistors and circuitry. Most instructions are completed in one cycle, which allows the processor to handle many instructions at the same time.

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Full form of CISC

What is the full form of CISC?

  • Complex Instruction Set Computer

What does CISC mean?

A CISC stands for complex instruction set computer, CISC is a computer instrument in which in single instructions can execute several low-level operations as a load from memory, some different arithmetic operations, and a memory store or is accomplished by multi-step processes or addressing modes in a single instruction as its name propose complex instruction set.

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Full form of DLL

What is the full form of DLL?

  • Dynamic Link Library

 What does DLL mean?

DLL is a file contains a library of the function and other information that can be accessed by a windows program. When a program has launched a link to the necessary .dll files are created. The .dll files will be in use as long as the program is active. If a dynamic link is created the. DLL files will only be used when needed. Dynamic links help programs use resources, such as memory and also hard drive space, more efficiently

A DLL can be used by several applications like at the same time. Some DLLs are provided with the Windows operating systems and available for any windows application. 

MAPI full form

What is the full form of MAPI?Outlook

  • Message Application Program Interface

 What does MAPI mean?

MAPI is a windows proprietary protocol, It works windows applications like outlook. It is used to send email in a way IMAP does. An application that takes advantage of MAPI includes the word, graphics, e-mail note, MAPI include word processor.  While MAPI is designed to be independent of the protocol, it is usually to communicate with Microsoft exchange server.
The distributing features od MAPI is, It allows you to send an email from windows system by attaching the document you are working on.

IMAP full form

What is the full form of IMAP?


Answer:

  • Internet Message Access Protocol


What does IMAP mean?


IMAP is an internet message standard protocol. It is used by e-mail clients to retrieve the e-mail message from a mail over a TCP/IP connection. As its name allows to access your e-mail message wherever you are much more time. It is accessed via the internet. Basically, the email message is stored on servers. Whenever you check your inbox message, your email client contacts the server to connect you with your message. When you read an email message using IMAP protocol devices, you aren't actually downloading or storing it on your computer, instead, you are reading it off the server. As a result of its possible to check your different devices without missing a thing.
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  1. Full form of PPP

POP full form

What is the full form of POP?

Answer:

  • Post Office Protocol


What does POP mean?

POP stands for post office protocol. It is most commonly used as a protocol to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Most of the e-mail application is used as a POP protocol, although some can use the newer IMAP access protocol. 

There are two versions of POP called POP2 and POP3. The first called POP2 became a standard in the mid-'80s and it requires SMTP to send a message. The second one and newer version POP3 can be used with or without SMTP.

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  1. Full form of SMTP

Difference between dwdm and cwdm

CWDM and DWDM both are effective methods to solve the increasing bandwidth capacity of information transmission at present. The main development goals of CWDM and DWDM are both high capacity and also low cost. but the difference between CWDM and DWDM is as given below:

The main key difference between DWDM and DWDM is listed below:
  • DWDM stands for dense wavelength division multiplexing, CWDM stands for coarse wavelength division multiplexing, 
  • CWDM defined by wavelength, DWDM defined by frequencies.
  • CWDM has lower capacity, DWDM has higher capacity.
  • CWDM has lower cost, DWDM has a higher cost.
  • CWDM has short-range communication, DWDM has long-range communication.
  • CWDM has used a wide range of frequencies, DWDM uses a narrow range of frequencies.
  • In DWDM cooled laser may be used due to tighter control of wavelength, Whereas in CWDM uncooled laser is used due to the longer channel spacing 
  • In CWDM break spectrum is large in a large section, While in DWDM break spectrum in smaller sections
  • CWDM is more wavelength spacing, While DWDM has less wavelength spacing.
  • DWDM precision laser is needed to keep channels on the target, while in CWDM wavelength drift is possible.
  • CWDM has Mux and Demux systems are developed to be used in multiplexing multiple, CWDM channels into one or two fibers.
  • In CWDM no of active wavelength per fiber is fewer than 8 while DWDM more than 8.
  • DWDM is used for application for light signal amplification.
  • DWDM systems are capable to fit more than forty different data streams in the amount akin to that of fiber used for two data streams in a CWDM system.
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CWDM full form

What is the full form of CWDM?

  • Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

What does CWDM mean?

CWDM is a wavelength multiplexing technology for the city and also it accesses the network. Transmission is realized using a total of 18 channel wavelengths between 1270 nm and 1610 nm. Due to the channel spacing of around 20 nm, cost-effective lasers can be used. The channel width itself is 13 nm. The remaining 7 nm designed to secure the space to the next channel.

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Advantages and disadvantages of FDM

The most important application of FDM (frequency division multiplexing)  is broadcasting, telephone communications. In this article, you will find a lot of pros and cons of FDM to better understand this topic. 
Advantages of FDM:
  • It does not need synchronization between its transmitter  as well as receiver
  • FDM is simpler and easy demodulation
  • Less expensive
  • FDM system does not need synchronization but TDM needs synchronization. It is an advantage of  FDM over TDM
  • FDM provides more latency than TDM
  • Using FDM system  multimedia data can be transferred with very high efficiency and low noise and distortion 
  • FDM system has high reliability
  • It is used for analogue signals
  • In this system due to slow narrowband fading, only one channel gets affected
  • A large number of the signal can be transmitted simultaneously

Disadvantages of  FDM:
  • It is suffering the problem of cross talk
  • FDM is only used only when a few low-speed channels are desired
  • Intermodulation distortion takes place
  • The  circuitry for FDM is complex than TDM
  • FDM requires more hardware than TDM
  • FDM system extremely expensive
  • FDM provides less throughput
  • FDM has not dynamic coordination
  • The full bandwidth of the channel cannot be used on the FDM system
  • The communication must have very large bandwidth
  •  A large number of modulator and filter required 
  • FDM channel can get affected wideband fading 
  • FDM system needs a carrier wave or carrier signal but TDM does not need carrier signal
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2G technology features

2G technology uses digital signals and this digital signal uses for voice transmission. This signal provides services to deliver text and picture message at low speed (in around kbps range). Here this post gives information about 2G technology features to better understand this topic.

 2G technology is a second-generation wireless telephone technology, It is based on the technology known as the global system for mobile communication or in short we can say GSM. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone network to provide services such as text message, picture message, and also  MMS called multimedia messages. All text message is digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.

Basic key features of 2G technology:
  • Utilized digital signal processing rather than the analog signal used in 1G.
  • Digital signaling processing allowed the network to support data transfer as well as the voice traffic previously supported by analog signaling
  • 2G became very popular because the user was capable of connecting their mobile devices to the internet and business work.
  • It supports phone calls.
  • It provides better quality and capacity.
  • It supports MMS
  • 2G technology has steadily improved with increased bandwidth as well as packet routing, and the introduction of multimedia.
  • 2G provided speeds of 135 Kbps to customers at its peak.
  • It can uses send/ receive an email message.
  • 2G is a digital version of 1G technology.
  • 2G technology became very popular because users were capable of connecting their mobile device to the internet and business networks.
  • 2G technology is utilized in digital signaling processing rather than the analog signaling used in 1G.
  • 2G technology support voice as well as data.
  • TDMA, as well as CDMA technology, must be used for multiple access
  • 2G technology must be used digital signal processing so it allowed a network to support data transfer as well as the voice traffic previously supported by analog signaling.
  • 2G became very popular because the user was capable of connecting their mobile devices to the internet and business network.
  • It takes time 6 to 9 minute  to download a 3 minute MP3 songs

Difference between ZigBee and WIFI

ZigBee technology is designed to carry a small amount of data over a short distance while it consuming very little power, while in WIFI is a mesh networking standard, meaning each node in the network is connected to each other. This post gives information about the difference between ZigBee and WIFI to better understand this topic.

Difference between ZigBee and WIFI

  1. Series: Zigbee has IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Alliance, While Wifi has IEEE 802.11 series.
  2. Network: Zigbee as WPAN network, WiFi has WLAN network type.
  3. Frequency: Zigbee has 868/915 band and 2.4 GHz frequency, WiFi has 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
  4. Stability: ZigBee frequency are less stable, but the WIFI frequency are more stable.
  5. Channel Bandwidth: Zigbee has about 1 MHz channel bandwidth, while WiFi has 0.3 to 0.6 or 2 MHz channel bandwidth.
  6. Topology: Zigbee has star and mesh type topology used, WiFi has BSS, ESS configuration used.
  7. Modulation: Zigbee has BPSK, OQpsk modulation type while WiFi has OFDM, CCK, QPSK,64QAM, 16QAM,256QAM modulation techniques used.
  8. Data rate: Data rate up to 250 Kbps low data rate, while WiFi up to 54 Mbps using 802.11a/g/OFDM technique, even more, is achievable using 802.11n, 11ac,11ad standard based products.
  9. Range: Zigbee has the range of 10 to 30 meter, but the Wifi is the range of 30 to 100 meter.
  10. Distance cover: In Zigbee typical distance coverage around 10 to 30 meters, while WiFi 30 to 100 meters distance covered.
  11. Manage: Zigbee managed by alliance and IEEE, WiFi Alliance and IEEE.
  12. Number of RF channel: Number of RF channel in ZigBee 1(868MHz), 10(915MHz), 16(2.4GHz)  while WiFi 14(2.4GHz)
  13. Cost: Zigbee chip cost $2 less per device than WiFi device at high volume.
  14. Power consumption: Zigbee chip or module has a power consumption of 0.39 watts over WiFi chip of 0.87 watts.
  15. Transmitted power: Transmitted power of ZigBee is -25dbm to 0 dBm while WiFi 15 to 20 dBm.
  16. Data protection: Data protection using CRC is 16 bit while WiFI 32 bit CRC.
  17. Used: Zigbee is used for home automation, while WiFi is used for cellular connection within home.
  18. Chip: Popular Zigbee chip is Freescale, Texas, Marvell, ATMEL, Microchip while WiFi chip Texax instruments, repine, microchip, Broadcom, etc.
  19. Application: ZigBee is wide are network based application, WiFI is local area based applications.
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Advantages and disadvantages of microcontroller

This post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages to better understand this topic.

Advantages of the microcontroller:

  • The low time required for performing the operation
  • It is easy to use, troubleshooting and system maintenance is simple
  • At the same time, many tasks can be performed so the human effect can be saved
  • The processor chip is very small and flexibility occurs
  • Due to their higher integration, cost and size of the system is reduced
  • The microcontroller is easy to interface additional RAM, ROM, and I/O port
  • Once microcontroller is programmed then they cannot be reprogrammed
  • Without any digital parts, it can act as microcomputer
  • It is easy to use, troubleshooting and system maintaining is simple
Disadvantages of the microcontroller:
  • It is generally used in micro equipment
  • It has a more complex structure as compared to microprocessor
  • The microcontroller cannot interface a higher power device directly
  • It only performed a limited number of executions simultaneously

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Advantages and disadvantages of microprocessor

A microprocessor is a basic computer-based processor that incorporates the function of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of the microprocessor to better understand this topic.

Advantages of a microprocessor:
  • The microprocessor is that these are general purpose electronics processing devices which can be programmed to execute a number of tasks
  • Compact size
  • High speed
  • Low power consumption
  • It is portable
  • It is very reliable
  • Less heat generation
  • The microprocessor is very versatile
  • The microprocessor is its speed, which is measured in basically Hertz. For instance, a microprocessor with a measured speed 3 GHz, shortly GHz is capable of performing 3 billion tasks per second
  • The microprocessor is that it can quickly move data between the various memory location
Disadvantages of a microprocessor:
  • The main disadvantages are it's overheating physically
  • It is only based on machine language
  • The overall cost is high
  • The large size of PCB is required for assembling all components
  • The physical size of the product is big
  • Overall product design requires more time
  • A discrete component is used, the system is not reliable
  • Most of the microprocessor does not support floating point operations
  • The processor  has a limitation on the size of data
  • This processor should not contact with the other external devices
  • The microprocessor does not have any internal peripheral like ROM, RAM and other I/O devices

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Advantages and disadvantages of digital multimeter

A digital multimeter is a device which can provide combined functionality of ammeter, ohmmeter, ammeter. It is commonly known as DMM. DMM is Most widely used due to its small size, price, and ease in case of operation. Here this post gives information about the advantages and disadvantages to better understand this topic.

Advantages of digital multimeter:
  • The output can be interfaced with external equipment
  • They are having high input impedance, so there is no loading effect in multimeter
  • They are available in smaller sizes or compact
  • An unambiguous reading is obtained
  • There are more accurate  than an analog multimeter 
  • Portable size makes it is easy to carry anywhere
  • They have a very high input impedance
  • They cause less meter loading effects on the circuit being tested
  • Some advanced digital multimeter has a microprocessor and can store the reading for further processing
  • They reduce reading and interpolation errors
  • Unlike analog multimeter, zero adjustments is not required
  • It can be used for measurement AC and DC both quantity
  • It can be used for measurement of various parameters such as resistance, voltage,  and current, etc
  • It has a sensitivity of 20 kilo-ohms/ V which is fairly high
  • Measurement of quanties with different range can be possible
  • It is very simple to use unlike analog multimeter as a result are displayed in value of like numeric value directly and user need not have read manually from the scale
  • The auto polarity function can prevent problems from connecting the meter to test circuit with the wrong polarity
  • Parallax errors are eliminated. If the pointer of an analog
  • Digital multimeter displays have no moving parts. This makes them free from wear and shock failures
  • With the advent of ICs, the size, cost and power requirement of digital multimeters has been drastically reduced
  • DMMs can be used in testing continuity, capacitors, diodes, and transistors. A more advanced digital multimeter can also measure the frequency
  • The digital output is suitable for further processing or reading and can be useful in a rapidly increasing range of computer-controlled applications
  • Digital multimeter has an LCD display to show an accurate reading
  • There is digital multimeter which provides auto-range feature. In this type of meter, the user need not have to worry about setting the range of measurement. It is done automatically  by the meter itself
Disadvantages of digital multimeter:
  • It is more expensive than the analog type
  • The LCD display depends on a battery or an applying external power source. When the battery is  too much low, the display will be dim, making it difficult to read the result
  • There is a voltage limitation. If it increased beyond the limit, the meter will be damaged
  • It should be used as per manufacturer range and as per category rating. Failing to do this will cause damage to the equipment and also cause personal injury
  • In case of fluctuations or transients, it can record an error
  • Warming of the meter during its use can change its properties leading to errors in the measured value
  • The digital nature makes it unsuitable for adjusting the  tuning circuits or in the peaking tunable responses
  • The A/D converter has a limitation on word length which can cause quantization noise giving rise to an error in the measured value
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Difference between resistance and resistivity

Resistance and resistivity are both concepts for electrical engineering. Resistance gives the ratio of potential difference to current across a conductor at a given time, whereas resistivity is the ratio of an electric field to current density for a material at a specific temperature. Here this post gives the difference between resistance and resistivity to better understand this topic.

Definition:

Resistance: Resistance is the physical property of a substance because of which it processes the flow of current.  Example - electrons
Resistivity: Resistivity is the physical property of a particular substance which is having particular dimensions.

The basic key difference between resistance and resistivity are given below:
  • Resistance is directly proportional to the length and temperature while it is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the material while resistivity is only proportional to the nature and temperature of the particular material.
  • The symbol of resistance of  R, while the symbol of resistivity of ρ.  
  • The SI unit of resistance in Ohms, The SI unit of resistivity is ohms-meter.
  • The resistance is the property of the material which obstructs the flow of current, whereas the resistivity gives the resistance of the material which has a fixed dimension.
  • The resistance of the conductor depends on its length and area of cross sections, The resistivity of the conductor does not depend on its length and area of cross-section. It depends on the nature and temperature of the material
  • The property of resistance is used in several places like heaters, fuses, sensors, etc, Electrical resistivity measurement is used as a quality control test for calcareous soil.
  • R=V/I or R = ρ (L/A),  ρ = (R*A) / L . V=Voltage, I=Current, ρ=Resistivity, A= Cross sectional area, L=Lengh, R = Resistance.
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Difference between force and pressure

There can be a major difference between force and pressure is that, even though both are physics entities. In oreder to understand the difference, we need to definition and application. Force is the push and pulls action resulting in the change of motion and direction whereas pressure is the physical force per unit areas.

Definition:

Force: Force is any kind of push or pulls resulting from the interaction of two bodies, that can cause the object to accelerate.
Pressure: Pressure is a force to extend over an area, acted upon something in the direction perpendicular to its surface.

The main key difference between force and pressure have given below:

  • Force is the push and pulls action resulting in acceleration of the project, Pressure acting upon a certain area, and acted upon something perpendicular to its surface.
  • Forced measured in units called newtons, the Pressure measurement unit is the pascal.
  • Force has both magnitude and direction, Pressure has magnitude but no direction.
  • Force is an instrument of measurement is a dynamometer, Pressure is an instrument of measurement is a manometer.
  • Force can be acted upon on the face, sides, edges, or vertices of the object, Pressure only acts on the surface or face of the object.
  • Force is a vector quantity which means it also has direction, Pressure is a scalar quantity which means it does not have direction.
  • The velocity of the object can be changed with the application of force in one direction, Pressure on the object won't change the direction of the object.
  • Force has subcategories like normal, gravity and applied forces, Pressure has no subcategories.
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Difference between energy and power

Definition:
Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy is power integrated over time.
Power: Power is the rate at which work is done or must be energy is transmitted.

Here this post gives the difference between energy and power to better understand this topic.

The main key difference between energy and power are listed below:
  • Energy can be defined as the capacity of the object to perform work, while power implies the rate at which work is done upon an object.
  • Energy indicates how much work a person can do? Whereas power represents how quickly work can be done?
  • Energy is indicated by W, while power is indicated by P.
  • Energy is neither generated not destroyed it is only turned from to another on the contrary power cannot be transformed from one form to another.
  • Energy can be measured in terms of joules which is equal to watt seconds as power is expressed in terms of watt which is equal joules per second.
  • Conversion of energy is possible to power cannot be stored.
  • Energy is time quantity or component while power is an instantaneous quantity.
  • Various type of energy like kinetic, thermal, sound, electromagnetic, elastic, light, etc while a different type of power like electric power, human power, optical power, etc.
  • Energy is known to be stored which can be used in the future, Power quantity is not suitable or cannot be stored.
  • Energy is used in moving car, heating home, flying an airplane, lighting night, etc, Power finds its uses in mechanical applications, electrical applications, heat applications, etc.
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Difference between work and power

Work and power are two very important concepts discussed in mechanics. Work describes the amount of energy transferred, while power describes the rate of energy transfer. Both of these concepts are very important in fields such as engineering, Thermodynamics, physics, and even every human biology. Here this post gives the discussion of what work and power are, their similarities, applications and the most important difference between them.

The main key difference between work and power are listed below:
  • Work is measured in joule whereas power is measured in Watt.
  • Both are a scalar quantity.
  • Power is used more often than work.
  • Power is the rate at which work is being to be done.
  • Work represents the amount of energy transferred when doing something, power represents how fast the energy was transferred.
  • The equation of calculating work is work = force * displacement, The equation to calculate power is power = Work/ time.
  • An object can have for the power without doing work. If the object does any work the value of the power cannot be zero.
  • Work can also be measured in units like electrons volt(eV), kWh, MWh, and GWh, Energy is also measured in units like kW, MW, and GW.
You may also learn about this topic:
  1. Difference between energy and power
  2. Difference between force and pressure
  3. Difference between speed and velocity
  4. Difference between Gravitation and Gravity

Difference between diode and rectifier

The diode and rectifier both semiconductor device but are used in different application due to their different functioning. A diode is a device that allows the flow of current in one direction only while in rectifier is a diode that is able to convert the current from AC to DC. Here this post gives the difference between diode and rectifier to better understand this topic.

Definition:

Diode: A diode is a semiconductor device which conducts when it is forward biased and becomes open circuit when it is reversed biased.
Rectifier: Rectifier is a circuit which consists of a diode, step down transformer and filter circuit which collectively converts AC into pulsating DC.

The main key difference between diode and semiconductor are listed below:
  • The diode is a semiconductor device but a single element or entity in an electronics circuit, While in rectifier itself is an electronics circuit which consists of several elements as its components among which diode holds a crucial place.
  • A diode is a device that allows the flow of current in one direction only, a rectifier is a diode that able to convert from AC to DC.
  • A diode is a semiconductor device which conducts uni-directionally and acts as a switch, while the rectifier is the semiconductor device which converts alternating current into pulsating direct current.
  • Current carrying capability of the diode in low, while rectifier has higher current capability than the conventional diode.
  • Diode example like tunnel diode, PIN diode, Photodiode, Zener diode, etc while the rectifier is basically divided into two categories that are single phase and 3 phase rectifier and single phase is also further subdivided into half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier.
  • A diode is used in switches, clippers and clampers, etc while the rectifier is used in computers, battery, chargers, modulators, demodulators, DC motors, etc.
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Difference between conductor and semiconductor

Basically. semiconductor and conductor are mainly used in different types of electrical and electronics components. The main comparison between conductor semiconductor can be aspects like conductivity variation, electrical resistivity, temperature coefficient, energy bands and current carriers are represented below difference from.

The main key difference between conductor and semiconductor are listed below:
  • The resistivity of the conductor is low, whereas semiconductor is moderate.
  • The temperature coefficient of a conductor is positive, whereas semiconductor has constant.
  • The conductivity of the conductor is high, whereas semiconductor is moderate.
  • The conductor has a large number of electrons for transmission, whereas semiconductor has a very limited number of electrons for transmission.
  • The conductor doesn't have forbidden gap while semiconductor has forbidden gap.
  • The amount of current carrier at the usual temperature in the conductor is very high whereas semiconductor it is low.
  • The resistivity value of the conductor is less than 10-5 ohms meters so it is negligible whereas semiconductor has among the values of conductors and insulator.
  • The valence electrons are a conductor is one in the outer most shell, but in semiconductor, it is four.
  • The 0-kelvin behavior of conductor acts as a superconductor whereas in semiconductor acts as an insulator.
  • The flow of current in a conductor is due to free electrons whereas in semiconductor due to holes as well as free electrons.
  •  The formation of the conductor can be done by metallic bonding whereas in semiconductor it can be formed by covalent bonding.
  • The band overlap in a conductor in both the valence and conduction bands are overlapped whereas in semiconductor both bands are divided with an energy space of 1.1 eV.
  • The main example of a conductor is copper, silver, mercury, and aluminum whereas semiconductor examples are silicon and germanium.
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