Difference Between Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption

The main key difference between these two types of encryption is that the symmetric encryption uses one key for both encryption and decryption, While asymmetric encryption uses a public key for encryption and private key for decryption. The main key difference between symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption are listed below.

What is symmetric encryption?


 Symmetric encryption is technique that allows the use of only one key for performing both the encryption and the decryption of the message shared over the internet. It is also known as the conventional method used for encryption.


What is asymmetric encryption?


Asymmetric encryption is an encryption technique that uses a pair of key for encryption and decryption. Asymmetric encryption uses the public key for the encryption of the message and the private key for the decryption of the message.


Difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption:


  • Symmetric encryption only requires a single key for both encryption and decryption, while asymmetric encryption requires two key ones to encrypt and the other one to decrypt.
  • Symmetric encryption is an old technique while asymmetric encryption is the newer one.
  • The size of ciphertext is the same or smaller than original plain text, while in asymmetric encryption the size of ciphertext is the same or larger than the original plain text.
  • The encryption process is very fast in symmetric encryption, while in asymmetric encryption the encryption process is low.
  • Symmetric encryption only provides confidentiality while in asymmetric encryption provides confidentially, authenticity, and repudiation.
  • Symmetric encryption is used when a large amount of data is required to transfer, While asymmetric is used to transfer a small amount of the data. 
  • Asymmetric encryption is considered to be more secure than symmetric encryption when it uses two keys for the process.
  • Asymmetric encryption was introduced to complement the inherent problem of the need to share the key in the symmetrical encryption model, it will eliminate the need to share the key by using a pair of both public-private keys.
  • Asymmetric encryption takes longer to execute because of the complex logic involved. For this reason, symmetric encryption is used when transmitting data in bulk form.
  • The example of symmetric encryption is3DES.AES, DES, RC4 while in Diffie hellman, ECC, DSA, EI Gamal are the example of asymmetric encryption.
  • The drawback of this asymmetric encryption is that it takes more time than the symmetric encryption process.
  • The execution of asymmetric encryption algorithms is slower as compared to the symmetric encryption algorithms.
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Difference Between Encryption and Decryption

The main comparison between encryption and decryption is, Encryption is a process of converting aa plain text to an encrypted or ciphertext which is not human readable. While decryption is the reverse of encryption and is a process of converting the encrypted or cipher text into plain text which is human readable. Here this article gives information about the difference between encryption and decryption to better understand this topic.

What is encryption?


 Encryption is a process of converting normal data into an unreadable form. It helps you to avoid any unauthorized access to data. Whenever the data is sent between two separate machines. it is encrypted automatically using a secret key.


What is decryption?


 Decryption is a method of converting the unreadable/coded data into its original form. The receiver of the data automatically allows you to convert the data from the coded into its original form.

The main key difference between encryption and decryption 


  • The encryption allows the conversion of plain text into ciphertext while the decryption is the technique of changing ciphertext into plain text.
  • In other words, encryption is the process of converting normal messages into meaningless messages. While decryption is the process of converting meaningless messages into its original form.
  • Encryption is done by the person who is sending the data to the destination. while decryption is done at the same person key is used for both the encryption and decryption process.
  • Encryption data is called ciphertext. As against decrypted data is known as plain text.
  • Encryption is an automatic process of the transmitter white the decryption is generally automatic but in some systems, it is a manual operation. 
  • Encryption is performed as the sender end while decryption is done at the receiver end. 
  • In encryption, the process the sender sends the data to the receiver after encrypted it, while in the decryption process, the receiver receives the information and converts it into plain text.
  • Any message can be encrypted either secret key or public key, while in decryption encrypted message can be decrypted with either secret key or private key.
  • MAC addresses ensure that the physic address of the computer technology is unique for encryption, while in decryption uses the IP address is a logical address of the computer and is used to uniquely locate computer connected via a network.
  • The same algorithm with the same key is used for both the encryption-decryption process.

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Difference Between Serial and Parallel Communication

Both serial and parallel communication is data transmission. The main comparison between serial and parallel communication is that in serial communication data transmission occurs bits by bit at a time, while in parallel communication multiple bits transmit at a time. Here this article gives information about the main key difference between serial and parallel communication to better understand this topic.

What is serial communication?


In serial communication, data is sent bit by bit from one computer to another in bi-direction where each bit has its close pulse rate. Eight bits are transferred at a time having a start and stop bits. 0 and 1 respectively. e

What is parallel communication?


In parallel communication, the various data bits are simultaneously trasmitted using multiple communication links between the sender and receiver.

Difference between serial and parallel communication


  • Serial communication supports higher bandwidth but parallel communication supports comparatively lower bandwidth.
  • Serial communication is straight forward and simples while in parallel communication Unreialble and complicated.
  • Serial communication is efficient for high-frequency operation. while in parallel communication shows its suitability more in case of low-frequency operations.
  • Due to the presence of a single communication link the speed of data transmission is slow. While multiple links in case of parallel communication allow data transmission at a comparatively faster rate.
  • Serial communication is suitable for long-distance transmission of data as against parallel communication is suitable for short-distance transmission of data.
  • Whenever there exists a need for system up-gradation then upgrading a system that uses serial communication is quite an easy task as compared to upgrading a parallel communication system.
  • Serial communication accomplishes full-duplex communication using only two channels, while the parallel communication uses the same number of channels as bits form of half-duplex communication. 
  • Due to the existence of a single link, the problem of crosstalk is not present in serial communication. While in multiple links increase the chances of crosstalk in parallel communication.
  • Cost is comparatively low in serial communication, while in parallel communication cost is high.
  • The example of serial communication is USB, SATA, I2C, SPI, etc. While the example of parallel communication is a computer to the printer and communication between an internal component in an embedded system.
  • The number of bit transferred at 1 clock pulse 1 bit in serial communication, while in parrel communication 8 bit or 1 byte. 
  • Error and noise are low for serial communication while in parallel communication error and noise are high.
  • In serial communication, all data bits transmitted over a common channel thus proper spacing is required to be maintained in order to avoid interference. While in parallel communication the utilization of multiple links reduces the chances of interference between the transmitted bits. 
  • The cable used in a serial transmission is thinner, longer, and more economical compared to the cable used in parallel transmission.
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Application of step up transformer

This article might help to understand the application of the transformer. Also, find out the advantages and disadvantages related to the transformer to learn more about the transformer.

Application of step-up transformer:


  • Step-up transformer is used in the transmission line for transmitting the high voltage produced by the alternator. 
  • It is used for electrical isolation, in a power distribution network, for controlling the home application, in a doorbell, etc.
  • It is used as a generating step-up transformer for stepping up the generated power to a higher voltage level for efficient transmission purposes.
  • It will decrease the current to keep the power into the device which is equal to the power out of it.
  • In the modern power system, electrical power is generated at a voltage of around  12kV to 25kV. The transformer will step up the voltage to between 110kV to 1000kV for transmission over long distances at very low loss.

Ammeter | Definition | Symbol | Formula | Type | Advantages | Uses

What is ammeter?


The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the instrument ammeter. The current is the flow of electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the flow of current in ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter.

The ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance. But practically the ammeter has small internal resistance. The measuring range of the ammeter depends on the value of what resistance we have to set.

Symbolic representation:




Types of ammeter:


Following the type of ammeter regarding to construction:

  1. Permanent moving coil ammeter
  2. Moving iron ammeter
  3. Electro dynamometer ammeter
  4. Rectifier type ammeter 

1. Permanent moving coil ammeter


It is also called the PMMC instrument the conductors are placed between the pole of the percent magnet. When the current flows through the coil, it starts defecting. The deflection of the coil depends on the magnitude of current flows through it. This ammeter used only for the measurement of the direct current. 

2.  Moving coil ammeter

It is also called as the MI type of matter. The MI ammeter measure both the alternating and direct current. In this type of ammeter, the coil freely moves between the poles of a permanent magnet. When the current passes through the coil, it starts deflecting at a certain angle. The deflection of the coil is proportional to the current passes through the coil. 

3. Electro dynamometer ammeter


It is used for the measurement of both AC and DC. The accuracy of the instrument is high as compared to the permanent moving coil (PMMC) and Mvoinf coil (MI) instrument. The calibration of the instrument is the same both for AC and DC. If DC calibrations the instrument then without recalibration, it is used for AC 
measurement. 

4. Rectifier ammeter


It is used for measuring the alternating current. The instrument using the rectifying instrument which converts the direction of current and passes it to the PMMC instrument. Such a type of instrument is used for measuring the current in the communication circuit.

Application of ammeter:

  • The application of this device will range from school, colleges or to industry.
  • These are used to measure the current flow in the building to ensure that the flow is not too low or too high.
  • It is used with a thermocouple to check the temperature.
  • These current flowing through the coil produces the desire deflecting torque.
  • Electricians frequently use these devices to check the faults of the circuits in the building.
  • It is used in manufacturing and instrumentation companies to check the functionally of the devices.
  • This instrument is used to measure current in the circuit.
  • It is always connected series in the circuit and carries the current to be measure,
  • It is used with a thermocouple to check the temperature.
For detailed information>> Live use of an ammeter 


Advantages and disadvantages of ammeter

Advantages of ammeter:

  • It is strong, portable.
  • It does not dependent on the earth's magnetic field.
  • It could be made very accurate.
  • An ammeter is used to measure the magnitude of electric current in an electric circuit.

Disadvantages of ammeter:

  • It is heavy.
  • It needed multiple heavy meters to measure a different range of amperage.
  • It could not store data.

For detailed information>> Advantages and disadvantages of ammeter 

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Difference between Step-up and Step-down transformer

The main key difference between step-up and step down transformers is, the step-up transformer raises the output voltage whereas the step-down transformer reduces the output current. Here this article gives information about the main key difference between step up and steps down transformer are listed below.

Definition of a step-down transformer:


A step-down transformer reduces the output voltage or in other words, converts high voltage, low current power into voltage, high current power. Our power circuit carries voltage from 230-110 v but the doorbell requires only 16v. Therefore the step-down transformer should be used to reduce the voltage from around 110v or the voltage from 220v to 16v. 

Definition of step-up transformer:


When the voltage is raised on the output side, That time the transformer is called the step-up transformer. In this transformer, the number of turns in the secondary winding is always greater than the turns in the primary winding because a high voltage is developed on the secondary side of a transformer. 

The main key difference between step-up and step-down transformers are listed below:

  • In Step-up transformer, the low voltage winding is the primary winding and the high voltage winding is the secondary winding, while in a step-down transformer, the low voltage winding is the secondary winding.
  • When the output voltage is greater than its input voltage, it is called a step-up transformer, while the step-down transformer output voltage is less. 
  • The step-up transformer extends the voltage from 220v-11kv or above, whereas the step-down transformer has the voltage from 440-220v, 220-110v or 110-24v, 20v, 10v etc. 
  • In a step-up transformer, high voltage winding is the secondary winding, while in a step-down transformer high voltage winding is the primary winding.
  • In a step-up current is low on the secondary winding, while in a step-down transformer, the current is high on the secondary winding. 
  • Step-up transformers are mainly used in power plant, x-ray, machine, microwave, etc while step-down transformer is mainly used in doorbell, voltage converter, etc. 
  • In a step-up transformer, the primary winding is made up of thick insulated copper wire and the secondary is made up of thin insulated copper wire while in a step-down transformer, the output current is high so the thick insulated copper wire is used for making secondary winding. 
  • In a step-up transformer, the current and magnetic field is less developed in the secondary winding, and it is highly developed in the primary wiring. but in a step-down transformer voltage is low on the secondary end thus the current and magnetic field is high.
Explore more information:
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  2. Difference between a power transformer and distribution transformer 

Difference between switch and bridge

It is apparent that both bridges and switches in computer networks are of great importance. However, they differ from each other in a certain way. Here this article gives a information about the difference between switch and bridge to better understand this topic.

What is a bridge?


The bridge is known as the network bridge, it is a network interconnection device used to connect two or more local area networks. This bridge network is a responsible for network bridging, which is received and amplifies signals from a network cable and then sends them to the next table. It connects multiple networks of the network at the data link layer.

What is the switch?


A switch is a network device that is used for electrical or optical signal forwarding. It provides an exclusive signal path for any two network nodes and that access the switch. It has multiple ports, each with a bridge function that can be connected to a LAN or some high-performance server or uses workstations.

The main key difference between switch and bridge are listed below:

  • Switches have a higher no of ports while the bridge gave a lesser number of ports.
  • Packet forwarding in switches is performed using ASICS. Thus a switch is hardware-based, While the packet forwarding in the bridge is performed using the software. These bridges are software-based. Thus switch is hardware-based while the bridge is software-based.
  • The switch is generally used for connecting single topology while the bridge is generally used for connecting two different topologies. 
  • Switch segments a large LAN into many smaller segments, While the bridge segments a local area network into a couple of smaller segments.
  • Switch contains many ports for LAN connectivity, While the Bridge contains only a few ports for LAN connectivity. 
  • Switch contains many instances of spanning tree, Bridge contains only one instance of spanning tree. 
  • The switch has a buffer for each link connected to it which is missing in a buffer.
  • Methods
  •  of switching of a switch can be store and forward, cut through or fragment free, while the method of switching of a bridge is a store and forward. 
  • Switches are used to connect the work stations or computer systems. If there are 20 workstations connected to a switch then will be separate collision for each of the nodes while the bridges divide the collision domain into two parts. The bridge can create a collision domain but not the broadcast domain.
  • The switch performs error checking which is not done in the buffer, while the bridge does not perform for error checking.  
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Difference between batten and lead sheathed wiring

In batten wiring only used for serviceman etc. because of its high cost and heavy short circuit in case of leakage. while in lead sheathed wiring mainly used for workshop, public building, etc. Here this article give the information about the difference between batten wiring and lead sheathed wiring to batter understand this topic.

Definition of batten wiring:


This is when happening a single wire or some group of wire is laid over a wooden batten. These wires are held to the batten for using a brass clip and spaced at an interval of 10 cm for horizontal runs and 15 cm for vertical runs.


Definition of lead sheathed wiring:


The lead sheath is earthed at each and every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current. They are fixed means that of metal clips on wooden battens. The wiring system is very expensive. It is suitable for low voltage applications.

Difference between lead sheathed wiring and batten wiring:

  • Batten wiring is a low cost, while the lead sheathed wiring is costly.
  • Both have low voltage up to 250V.
  • Both have a long life.
  • In batten wiring protection against fire is fair, while the lead sheathed wiring the protection ain't fire is good.
  • Dampness protection is good for both wirings.
  • Appearance is good for batten wiring, while the lead sheathed wiring appearance is fair.
  • General reliability is good for batten wiring, while the lead sheathed wiring fairly good.
  • No point that can be wired per day by a wireman with a mate is 4, while in lead sheathed wiring is three.
  • Alteration or addition to the existing wiring to very difficult, while in lead sheathed wiring most difficult. 
  • Material required for batten wiring is teak wooden batten, lead, sheathed cable, round board, screw, clip, clipboard, wooden while in lead sheathed wiring material required for VIR or PVC cable, Huck, screw, IC boxes, IC bands, saddles or pipe hooks, IC socket, and screw, etc.  
  • In batten wiring only used for serviceman etc. because of its high cost and heavy short circuit in case of leakage. while in lead sheathed wiring mainly used for workshop, public building, etc. 

Advantages and disadvantages of repeater

A repeater is a network device that regenerates the incoming signal gives strengthen to transmit it to the next devices which are connected without losing any actual data or the information. To know more about repeater let us discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a repeater,


Advantages of the repeater:
  • Repeaters can extend a network's total distance.
  • A repeater is simple to connect.
  • Repeaters do not seriously affect network performance.
  • It is cost-effective.
  • Certain repeaters can connect networks using different physical media.
  • It has the ability to boost or strengthen the digital to retransmit.
  • Some reporters can connect networks using various physical media.

Disadvantages of the repeater:

  • Repeater are unable to reduce network traffic.
  • Limitation in the number of repeaters.
  • It cannot connect difference network architectures. 
  • It does not segment the network.
  • Repeaters do not separate the device in the collision domain.
  • Most of the repeaters on a network produce noise on the wire and increase the possibility of packet collisions.
  • A device that is separated only by a repeater is part of the same collision domain.

Application of ammeter

Meter is an instrument that can measure a particular quantity. As we know that the unit of current is ampere. An ammeter is ampere meter which measures ampere value. Ampere is the unit of the current so an ammeter is a meter or an instrument that measures current. Here this article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of the ammeter to better understand this topic.

Uses of ammeter:

  • The application of this device will range from school to industry.
  • These are used to measure the current flow in the building to ensure that the flow is not too low or too high.
  • It is used with a thermocouple to check the temperature.
  • These current flowing through the coil produces the desire deflecting torque.
  • Electricians frequently use these devices to check the faults of the circuits in the building.
  • It is used in manufacturing and instrumentation companies to check the functionally of the devices.
  • This instrument is used to measure current in the circuit.
  • It is always connected series in the circuit and carries the current to be measure,
  • It is used with a thermocouple to check the temperature.
  • When PMMC is used as an ammeter, except for a very small current range, the moving coil is connected across a suitable low resistance in shunt, so that only a small part of the main current flow through the coil of the device.
  • The shunt consists of a number of thin plates made up of alloy metal, which is usually magnetic and has a low-temperature coefficient of resistance, fixed between two massive blocks of copper. A resistor of the same alloy is also placed in series with the coil which reduces due to temperature variation.
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Application of wattmeter

The wattmeter is an electric instrument which used to measure the electric power of the various circuit. It consists of a current coil and voltage coil. This instrument is an important role in the measurement of power in distribution and transmission of power. This instrument also used for protection purposes. Here this article gives information about the application of wattmeter to better understand this topic.

Uses of wattmeter:


  • The wattmeter is used extensively in electrical circuit measurement and debugging.
  • Wattmeter plays an important role in the measurement of power in distribution and transmission of power.
  • The electromagnetic wattmeter is used to measure utility frequencies.
  • They are also used in industry to check the power rating and consumption of electrical appliances.
  • They are used with refrigerators, electric heater and other equipment to measure their power rating. 
  • These wattmeters are used in various laboratories for specific purposes.

Advantages and disadvantages of ammeter

As we know a word meter is used with the measurement system. Ammeter is an instrument that can measure a particular quantity. As we know that the unit of current is ampere. An ammeter is ampere meter which measures ampere value. Ampere is the unit of the current so an ammeter is a meter or an instrument that measures current. Here this article gives the information about the advantages and disadvantages of the ammeter to better understand this topic.

Advantages of ammeter:

  • It is strong, portable.
  • It does not dependent on the earth's magnetic field.
  • It could be made very accurate.
  • An ammeter is used to measure the magnitude of electric current in an electric circuit.
  • Some ammeter has no hysteresis error.
  • It is used both AC and Dc measurements.

Disadvantages of ammeter:

  • It is heavy.
  • It needed multiple heavy meters to measure a different range of amperage.
  • It could not store data.
  • Heat and vibration can affect the permanent magnet.
  • It reduces the accuracy of the device.
  • The meter is subject to parallax as well.
  • It is expensive than other measuring instruments etc.

Live use of voltmeter

A voltmeter is also known as the voltage meter. It is an instrument that measures the voltage or potential difference in voltage known as the voltmeter. As we know, The voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the circuit. Some voltmeter is intended for the direct current called as a DC circuit and other designed for alternating current called the AC circuit.

Following precautions are taken:


  • Select the highest range voltage of the meter when the value of the voltage being measured is unknown.
  • The voltage of the circuit can be measured without breaking the circuit.
  • The test probe should be suitable to withstand against voltage tinder measurement.

Live use of ammeter

The ammeter is also known as the ampere meter. The ampere is the unit of the current, so the ampere meter is the type of meter which measures the magnitude of current passes through it. It is connected in series wit circuit for determining the exact value of the circuit current. 

Following precaution must be taken:


  • The meter should be capable to measure the required current.
  • Avoid short circuit.
  • The connection should be tight and clean.
  • Use the proper selection for AC or DC current.
  • The highest range should be selected (if the current value is unknown).
  • The meter should be capable to measure the required current.
  • The probe should be according to system voltage.

Difference between one-way switch and two-way switch

The main difference between one way and two-way switch is them is the number of contacts that they have. A one-way switch only has two contacts while the two-way switch has three contacts.


What is a one-way switch?

One way switch is an electrical switch, which operates as a brake switch. When it get turn on, the two terminals get connected. When we take how it turn off. the connections get fell apart because it goes on to the reverse position. It is effective in similar like areas room, washrooms, balconies, corridors, stores, etc,

What is a two-way switch?

A two-way switch is an electrical switch, It is combined one-way switches. But keep in mind, one of the terminals get merged to any of the switch but not both at a time. In this breakage can occur. When one connection is made the other gets damaged automatically.

The main key difference between one-way switch and two-way switch:

  • One way switch is only ave two terminals while two-way switches have three terminals.
  • A two-way switch can be used to control the light from two locations while a one-way switch cannot.
  • The one-way switch has defined ON and OFF states while the two-way switch does not define. 
  • In two way switch, there are two, once way switches combined in one. One of the terminals can be connected to either of the two, but not both at the same time.
  • The one-way switch also called the single-phase switch, it is effective in small rooms and for domestic electrical appliances but the two-way switch pays for multi-door large rooms, stairways, and long corridors. An easy switch top operate but a little complicated in installation.
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  3. Advantages and disadvantages of switch 

Difference Between Lead Sheathed Wiring and Cleat Wiring

As we all know the wiring system is dangerous for life, it is a potentially dangerous task if done improperly. There are many different types of electrical wiring systems. Let us look at the different types of electrical wiring that are used in the home, company electrical and some domestic properties. Wiring technology will help to understand a few basic terms used in describe wiring system. Electrical wiring is one type of conductor, which is a material that conducts some electricity. In our home application and some other application, most of the wire is used in the insulated, meaning that they are wrapped in a nonconductive plastic coating. Here this article gives information about the difference between lead sheathed wiring and cleat wiring to better understand this topic

What is lead sheathed wiring?

The lead sheath is earthed at each and every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current. They are fixed means that of metal clips on wooden battens. The wiring system is very expensive. It is suitable for low voltage applications.
What is Cleat wiring?

Cleat wiring comprises of PVC insulated wires or ordinary VIR that are braided ad compounded. This type of wiring is most suitable for temporary wiring purposes such as in marriage halls, some events, some functions etc so the most important advantage of this wiring system is it saves labour cost and installation cost. So this type of wiring is important and can be very easily installed and materials can be recovered for further use.

The main key difference between lead sheathed wiring and cleat wiring are listed below:

  • In lead sheth, wiring cost is very low, while cleat wiring is costly.
  • Life is long in lead sheath wiring, while the cleat wiring life is very short.
  • Lead sheathed wiring protection against fire is very good, while the cleat wiring protection against fire is poor.
  • Material required for lead sheathed wiring for lead sheathed cables, wooden, screws, clips, or joint clips, boards, round boards, teak wood batten, etc. While in cleat wiring material required for clear, VIR or PVC cables, screw, blocks, boards, gutters.
  • Both of having low voltage is required(250 v).
  • Mechanical protection is fairly good in lead sheathed wiring, while the cleat wiring mechanical protection is low.
  • Appearance is fair in lead sheathed wiring, while appearance is not good in cleat wiring.
  • skilled labour required in lead sheathed wiring, while in cleat wiring semi-skilled labour is required.
  • Dampness protection is good in lead sheathed wiring, while in cleat wiring dampness protection is none.
  • Addition or alteration to the existing wiring in lead sheathed wiring is not very difficult, while in cleat wiring Addition or alteration to the existing wiring is very easy.
  • In lead sheathed wiring the number of points that can be wired per day by a wireman a mate is 4 while the cleat wiring is 6. 
  • Generation is fairly poor in lead sheath wiring, while the generation of cleat wiring is poor.
  • Lead sheathed wiring is mostly used for serviceman etc because of its high cost and heavy short circuit in case of leakage, while the cleat wiring is for temporary installation like for function, marriages etc.
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We hope that you have got a better understanding of this concept. Furthermore, any quires regarding this concept or some electrical or electronics projects give your feedback in the comment section below. 

Working Principle of a Synchronous Motor

What is a synchronous motor?


The definition of the synchronous motor states that, An AC motor in which at steady state, rotation of the shaft is in sync with the frequency of the applied current. The synchronous motor works as AC motor but here the total number of rotation made by the shaft is equal to the interference multiple of the frequency of the applied current.

Working principle of synchronous motor


  • The synchronous motor will work on the basic principle of magnetic locking.
  • When two unlike strong unlike magnets poles are brought together in the motor. There exists a tremendous force of extraction between those two poles. In such a condition, the two magnets said to be magnetically locked. 
  • The stator and the rotor are two main parts of the synchronous motor. The stator is the stationary part of the motor while the rotor is their rotating part. The stator excited by the three-phase supply, and the rotor is excited by the DC supply. 
  • The term excitation means the magnetic field induces in the stator and rotor both of the motor. The main aim of the excitation is to convert the stator and rotor both into an electromagnet.

The three-phase supply induces both north and south pole on the stator. The three-phase supply is sinusoidal. The polarity of their wave changes after every half cycle and because of this reason the north and south pole also varies. Thus the rotating magnetic filed develop on the stator.

The magnetic field develops on the rotor because of we have to apply DC supply. The polarity of the DC supply becomes fixed and no change in polarity, and thus the stationary magnetic field develops on the rotor. The term stationary means their north and south pole remain fixed.

Synchronous Motor
 Synchronous Motor

The speed at which the rotating magnetic field that rotates is known as the synchronous speed. The synchronous speed of the motor  N depends on the frequency of f the supply and the number of poles of P  the motor. 

Nₛ =  120f/P

f =  The supply frequency in Hz
P = The number of poles
N = synchronous speed in RPM

When the opposite pole of the stator and rotor face each other, the force of attraction occurs between them. The attraction force develops the torque in the clockwise direction. The torque is the kind of force that moves the object in the rotation. Thus the poles of the rotor dragged towards the pole of the stator.

After every half cycle, the pole on the stator is reversed direction. The position of the rotor will remain the same because of some inertia. The inertia is the tendency of an object to remain fixed in one direction. When the pole of the stator and rotary face each other, the force of repulsion occurs between them and the torque develops in the clockwise direction.


Application of synchronous motor:

  • Power factor correction 
  • Reciprocating pump
  • rolling mills
  • Voltage regulation
  • Constant speed
  • Constant load drives.
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Difference Between Donor and Acceptor Impurities

The dopping process is that adds impurities to a semiconductor. Dopping is important in increasing the conductivity of the semiconductor. There is two main forms of dopping and they are donor doping and accepted dipping. Doner doping adds impurities while the accepted dopping add impurities to the accepted. Here this article give the information about the difference between donor and accepted impurities to better understand this topic.

Difference between donor and acceptor impurities:


  • Donor impurities are also known as an n-type impurity. While in acceptor impurities are secondarily known as a p-type impurity.
  • The donor impurity atom consists of a total of 5 electrons in its valence shell. While acceptor impurity atom consists of 3 electrons in its valence shell.
  • An element like phosphorus, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, etc is donor impurities. While boron, gallium, aluminum, etc are the acceptor impurity atoms.
  • Group V element of the periodic table is considered donor impurity due to the presence of extra electron. Group III element of the periodic table is considered as the acceptor impurity of fewer electrons in the valence shell. 
  • Donor impurity gives its excess electrons present in its outermost shell to the other atom of the crystal structure. While acceptor impurity when added to a semiconductor then it accepts the charge from the neighboring atom of the crystal structure.
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